Development Of Communication Skills Research Articles

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN MODERN EDUCATION IN THE PROCESS OF FORMING LEADERSHIP COMPETENCE OF STUDENTS IN PPOFESSIONAL HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

The article considers the peculiarities of application and potential opportunities of information and communication technologies in the process of formation of leadership competence of students of professional higher education institutions at the present stage. It is indicated that in modern conditions information and communication technologies are an integral part of the education system in Ukraine. It is proved that they play a significant role in the formation of leadership competence of students, as they contribute to the disclosure and development of their creative and leadership potential, develop critical thinking, activate cognitive processes, form skills of independent activity, self-presentation, etc. In addition, it is found that the use of information and communication technologies in the educational process contributes to the development of social, communication and organisational skills, selfpresentation skills, etc. It has been found that information and communication technologies also contribute to the development of the personal potential of students, developing their confidence, responsibility, self-discipline, readiness for continuous self-development and self-improvement, perspective vision, willingness to take risks and make responsible decisions. It is noted that information and communication technologies play a significant role in the educational work with students of professional higher education institutions, as they make it possible to optimise the educational process and actively involve young people in it. It is noted that the effectiveness of the use of information and communication technologies for the formation of leadership competence in institutions of professional higher education largely depends on a clear understanding of the place they should occupy in the educational process. It is concluded that the use of information and communication technologies in the training and education of students creates all the prerequisites for the active formation of leadership competence, development of leadership abilities and qualities, and expansion of leadership potential.

Personalization in higher education: Textoriented learning of Russian

One of the main goals of Russian higher education is to train a professionally competent specialist. In this regard, personalization of education, which concerns various aspects of the formation of students’ personal potential, is becoming increasingly relevant in our universities. This, first of all, refers to the leading modern principles and methods of teaching when the key role belongs to the language training of a modern specialist, i.e. their mastering the language - native and foreign, as well as the development of information and professionally oriented communicative competence.The scientific novelty of the research lies in highlighting the modern approach to the personalization of learning in teaching the Russian language, taking into account the students’ individual learning trajectory. The article touches on the issues of teaching the Russian language in higher educational institutions of Moscow. We consider the process of teaching Russian as a native, non-native and foreign language to students from different regions of the country and foreign countries in a technical and pedagogical university under personalization conditions. Russian language learning means the development of all types of students’ speech activity, moreover it contributes to mastery of their future specialty language - professional Russian. The article presents a selection of current didactic materials containing the spelling patterns, punctograms for working on language norms and spelling skills of students, as well as tasks that contribute to the development of communication skills.

On developing language subcompetence in cadets of educational organizations of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs: Foreign language learning

The development of foreign language professional communicative competence is based on improving the students’ language subcompetence since only with the automated language skills it is possible to move on to the types of speech activity with the concomitant development of communication skills. Given the variety of forms of organizing students’ educational activities, aimed at mastering their lexical and grammatical skills in the formulation of utterances, it is important to solve the problem of a systematic approach to the implementation of tasks. In this regard, the main goal of the article is to develop a consistent model for improving the lexical and grammatical skills in cadets of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia based on a specific type of the task. To this end, the article elicits the possibilities of developing a series of tasks in the format of lexical and grammatical transformations to improve language subcompetence as a constitutive part of foreign language professional communicative competence.The proposed system of tasks for improving lexical and grammatical skills is built on the principle of growing complication: from one-component grammatical transformations, which are aimed at practising one specific skill on the studied lexical material without restrictions of thematic repertoire, to multicomponent lexical grammatical transformations.The range of tasks includes grammatical transformations of the active voice patterns into the passive voice ones, the use of modal verbs and their equivalents to convey the given modal meanings with attention to the use of infinitive forms, the reconstruction of syndetic conditionals into asyndetic ones, the transformation of compound sentences into sentences complicated by predicative constructions and vice versa.Within the framework of the lexical skills development, we illustrate the transformations requiring the use of synonyms or synonymous phrases, antonyms (taking into account phrasal verbs, which represent a separate lexical group), as well as substitutions, taking into account the collocation properties of lexemes and different degrees of idiomaticity inherent in complex nominative units.Consistent and regular use of transformations is one of the effective ways to form a mechanism of equivalent substitutions.

An Innovative Model of English Teaching Based on Particle Swarm Algorithm Construction

English teaching in construction plays a vital role in facilitating effective communication and collaboration within the industry. By equipping construction professionals with proficiency in English, they can navigate global markets, engage with multinational clients, and access a wealth of resources and knowledge available in the English language. English instruction tailored to the construction sector emphasizes industry-specific terminology, communication skills for project management, and comprehension of technical documents and specifications. Additionally, English language proficiency enables construction workers to comply with safety protocols, understand complex engineering plans, and participate in international conferences and training programs. This paper introduces an innovative model of English teaching tailored for construction professionals, utilizing a Particle Swarm Algorithm Construction with Weighted Particle Swarm Classification (W-PSO). Acknowledging the significance of effective communication in the construction industry, especially in multinational contexts, this research endeavors to optimize English language instruction through advanced computational techniques. The proposed model combines traditional teaching methodologies with the W-PSO algorithm, a metaheuristic optimization technique inspired by the behavior of particles in a swarm. W-PSO dynamically adjusts the weightings assigned to various instructional components, such as vocabulary acquisition, grammar instruction, and communication skills development, to optimize learning outcomes for construction professionals. Simulation results a cohort of 100 construction professionals participating in the English teaching program, the average improvement in English language proficiency is measured at 25% after completing the W-PSO-enhanced curriculum. Furthermore, specific language skills exhibit notable enhancements, with vocabulary acquisition increasing by 30%, grammar comprehension by 20%, and communication skills by 35%. The W-PSO algorithm dynamically adjusts the weightings assigned to various instructional components, optimizing the learning process. For instance, vocabulary acquisition receives a weighting of 0.4, grammar comprehension 0.3, and communication skills 0.3, resulting in a balanced and comprehensive approach to English language instruction.

Audiology Students' Clinical Communication During Simulated Peer Role Play Consultations: An Exploratory Study.

The objectives of this study were to describe the clinical communication practices of student audiologists during case history taking and feedback giving using simulated peer role play consultations and to explore whether clinical communication skills outcomes can be achieved through simulated peer role play. An exploratory, qualitative research design was used for this pilot study. A total of four simulated peer role play consultations were video-recorded, comprising two adult diagnostic audiology case scenarios. Eight online interviews were conducted with the student participants following the simulated audiological consultation. Analysis of the video-recorded sessions incorporated an interactional sociolinguistic focus, and interviews were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Findings from the video analysis and interviews were triangulated, with a specific focus on establishing commonalities in terms of communication skills of student clinicians, reflections of their own skills, and the simulated peer patient's reflections on the student clinician's skills. Although variation was noted in terms of case history taking skills, feedback giving was similar among all student clinicians. These communication practices are consistent with findings from related literature on consultations with real patients. Student clinicians reflected on feedback giving as more challenging than case history taking, with room for improvement suggested by the simulated peer patients. Our findings highlight key questions regarding the use of peer simulation in facilitating the development of communication skills for audiological consultations among student audiologists. We discuss some considerations for using this approach to clinical training more effectively. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.25492804.

PRACTICAL METHODS OF ORAL AND WRITTEN SPEECH DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHILOLOGICAL FIELD

This article is an overview of the practical methods used for the development of oral and written speech of students in the philological field of study. The focus is on effective strategies and techniques that help students develop the skills of argumentation, text analysis, critical thinking and literary analysis. Both classical and innovative teaching methods are considered, such as role-playing games, discussions, analysis of literary works using modern technologies. The author also discusses the importance of an individualized approach to the development of speech skills, taking into account the characteristics of each student and his needs. This article is a valuable resource for philology teachers, as well as for anyone interested in developing communication skills of a scientific and literary nature.

MODEL PEMBELAJARAN IPS BERBASIS CASE METHOD DALAM MENINGKATKAN PEDAGOGI KRITIS PESERTA DIDIK

The learning model has a central role in the learning process of students and requires a touch of teacher creativity pedagogy in developing learning. The purpose of this study is to examine the application of the cash method-based social studies learning model as an effort to improve the critical pedagogy of students, and to determine the advantages of the cash method-based social studies learning model in improving the critical pedagogy of students. The research method used is the library research method by involving searching, researching and analyzing literature relevant to the research. Data analysis techniques use a content analysis model with steps to determine the design, search for basic data, and search for consequential knowledge. The results showed that the application of the case method-based social studies learning model as an effort to improve the critical pedagogy of students in junior high school was carried out by social studies teachers with three stages being the organization stage, group work, evaluation and the awarding stage. The advantages of the case method model are: training analytical and problem-solving skills, improving critical thinking skills, collobirative learning, helping to link theory with practice and developing communication skills. This research is expected to be the basis for social studies teachers in developing students' critical pedagogy in real terms and providing opportunities to improve students' skills, namely creative skills, critical thinking skills, communication skills, dan collaboration skills.

Strategy for increasing Public Speaking skills through the News Anchor method

Public speaking skills are a competitive value, which is useful, and they will become an important aspect for teenagers facing the competitive world of work in the future. The additional skills are communication skills, confidence, and learning skills that can be useful for developing soft skills using the news anchor method through the SMA Muhammadiyah 3 Yogyakarta literacy class. These skills are given to students in literacy classes. This activity aims to train public speaking skills and recognize one's potential by identifying rhetorical skills and confidence in appearing in public. This article aims to find strategies for improving public speaking skills through the news Anchor method with direct field studies from the author in the literacy class at SMA Muhammadiyah 3 Yogyakarta. This writing uses qualitative descriptive research methods based on Aristotle's Rhetorical Theory. The results of this research are that the application of this learning media provides benefits for students in developing communication skills, courage to speak, techniques for conveying news well, as well as providing experience as a news anchor as a whole, both in terms of attitudes, knowledge and complete skills. This learning is good for developing students at SMA Muhammadiyah 3 Yogyakarta and allowing them to face opportunities and challenges in a competitive era like today. Improving public speaking skills through the news anchor method, including the following aspects: body language, tone of voice, or aspects of vocal processing including articulation, intonation, tempo, pauses, visual cues, or using visual cues in this case through the visual medium of a camera supported by the aspect of will to achieve ability in terms of increasing public speaking capacity using the news anchor method, it is supported by the element of willingness to gain the ability to increase public speaking capacity using the news anchor method.

Project-oriented teaching during learning ukrainian as a foreign languages: development of students' communication skills

Perception of professional information is possible due to orientation to different sources that are related to foreign language learning. The study aims to determine the peculiarities of the development of communication skills of students through the use of project-oriented teaching of Ukrainian as a foreign language. Ensuring the development of the set purpose was possible due to the use of the methods of analysis, observation and estimated efficiency coefficient, effect level coefficient, Student’s coefficient. Project-oriented approaches to education, oriented to the development of communication skills were developed during the study. They were based on dubbing the disciplines in two languages, formation of theoretical language knowledge, and development of dialogue communication and writing skills. The most positive role of the selected project-oriented teaching was found using SWOT analysis. The practical significance of the work provides for the possibility of the use of developed approaches to studying Ukrainian as a foreign language for the possibility of obtaining communication skills. The perspective of the study will be oriented towards a comparison of the influence of project-oriented studying of students of different ages with consideration of their possibilities at the beginning.

The significance of digital technologies in fostering the development of communicative competence among the prospective doctors

Future doctors are expected to possess a high level of professional skills, as reflected by their acquisition of proficient communication competence. The purpose of the article is to determine the role of digital technologies in the formation of communicative competence of prospective doctors. The objective was attained through the use of observation, analysis and weight coefficient, efficiency coefficient, Spearman's correlation coefficient. It was established that the development of communicative competence skills primarily allows to ensure the relevant orientation to the communication conditions (1.6) as well as informativity (1.53). To cultivate the communication proficiencies of prospective medical professionals, the authors developed corresponding approaches that included the use of digital technologies. The study of theoretical material involved the use of the SlideDog application; conducting practical classes via Medvoice Platform. The formation of professional competence involved the role-playing of relevant situations, based on the materials of the Pediatric Dentistry Academy, CARE-NExT-PG. After determining the level of students’ communication skills development in Group 1 (40.2) and Group 2 (40.1), it was established that they attained a high level. The development of communication skills contributed to the formation of students’ communication and social skills, as well as skills of abstract thinking and statistical information processing. The practical significance of the study lies in the elaboration of effective approaches to the development of prospective doctors’ communication skills drawing on the use of digital technologies. Research perspectives may be linked to the comparison of the level of communicative competence among medical students across various academic levels.

Influence of information technologies on the process of forming competences of future teachers

The purpose of the study presented in this article is to examine the impact of information technology on the process of developing future teachers' competences and on teaching biology. Based on the data collected during interviews with 27 future biology teachers who used IT in their studies, five categories of IT impact on competence development were identified, namely: improving access to information, expanding learning opportunities, increasing the effectiveness of research activities, developing communication skills, ensuring continuous self-education; and three main categories of IT impact on students, namely: improving the quality of students' research competences, developing skills in analysing, reasoning, modelling, and solving.

Study of the development of children's communication skills in senior preschool age

Study of the development of children's communication skills in senior preschool age

Актуальные компоненты цели иноязычной подготовки специалистов в образовательных организациях высшего образования МВД России: традиционные и современные аспекты

Introduction. In today’s complex social and political environment the objectives of foreign-language training need to be rethought in order to solve current educational problems. The conducted analysis of the traditional components of the goal of foreign language training in higher education institutions of non-linguistic universities allowed to identify deficiencies in theory and practice. The main traditional vectors of research in the field of improvement of foreign language training have been established: communicative aspect; integration of foreign language and vocational education; familiarization with the culture of the countries of the studied language. Methods. The study used theoretical methods: analysis, synthesis, abstraction, classification, analogy, included observation. Results. Educational potential of the discipline «Foreign language», in addition to solving traditional problems of formation and development of foreign language and communicative skills, consists of the possibility of its use for the development of universal and professional competencies, as well as personal development in professional activities. The foreignlanguage training of future migration officers, which is in its formative period, is no exception. The author substantiates a new, corresponding to modern realities, goal and objectives of foreign language training as a part of the future migration officers training for professional activity. In order to implement the expanded objective of foreign language training in this way, a revision of its methodological basis is necessary. The article justifies efficient application of humanitariananthropological, hermeneutic and competently-oriented methodological approaches.

Contextual determinants impacting final year nursing students' emergency team communication during deteriorating patient simulations: A grounded theory study

BackgroundAbility to focus on development of students' team communication and non-technical skills may be reduced in content saturated nursing curricula. Even when communication and simulation-based education is provided, students' utilisation of non-technical skills remains challenging. Although simulation is a recognised means to learn communication skills, little is known about nursing students' team communication in simulated settings. ObjectiveTo understand the process by which final year undergraduate nursing students communicate in simulated team emergencies. DesignUsing constructivist grounded theory, data was collected using semi-structured interviews and student observations and analysed using constant comparative analysis. SettingSimulation laboratories in one university nursing school in Australia. Participants21 final year nursing students in seven teams. MethodsData were gathered from interviews and video observations of final year nursing students during simulated team emergencies. ResultsInterview data and observations of video-recordings revealed contextual determinants that influence communication within teams: the simulation context, the student context and the team context. Team member characteristics, such as cultural and linguistic background, life experiences, gender and age, the ability to shift from leadership to followership as well as environmental factors such as mask wearing and simulation fidelity, contributed to uncertainty in communicating that nursing team effectiveness. ConclusionsImprovement of contextual conditions necessitates implementation of supportive strategies. These include development of educational initiatives, and further research in experiential learning as a modality for learners to experience team communication. Further, simulation context, student context and team context are important considerations. Meeting clinical communication learning needs of students allows better preparation to care for deteriorating patients as graduates.

Common spaces matter: curricular experiences through mathematics with young prisoners and prospective teachers

Mathematics teaching usually occurs in a “public space”—e.g., a classroom is a public space with rules defining student and teacher roles that cultivate hierarchic relationships. Working in prison with young inmates (18–23 years old) from marginalized populations, we promoted alternative “common spaces” (physical and symbolic) challenging established hierarchies through equal contribution. Such mathematics curriculum employs an antideficit model (Louie et al., 2021) as prisoners co-research their lives with mathematics. Common spaces empower through recognition while enabling identity transformation. Qualitative data from the CoSpIRom [Common Spaces for Integration of Roma Project (http://cospirom.sed.uth.gr).] project explores: (a) whether common spaces, recognition and equal participation can support mathematics literacy while empowering and emancipating young prisoners; and (b) if and how this framework might prepare prospective teachers within contemporary diversity. Bringing together young prisoners and prospective teachers affects both populations. Mathematics curriculum developed through collaboration meets a consistent request from prisoners that educational programs bridge with the outside world as re-entry preparation. Contrasting life stories from prospective teachers operate as alternative models motivating prisoners to rethink their own life stories and self-concepts. Prospective teachers demonstrated significant intercultural communication skill development, empathy and solidarity for marginalized people, reporting important professional identity growth.

Exploring Approaches to Strengthen Oral Communication Skills in Secondary Education

This study investigated strategies aimed at enhancing oral communication skills among secondary students through a mixed-methods approach. The research design integrated quantitative assessments and qualitative data collection methods to gain comprehensive insights into the effectiveness of various approaches. Quantitative data were gathered through standardized assessments administered to measure students' oral proficiency levels before and after implementing specific strategies. These assessments included structured speaking tasks aligned with proficiency standards. Additionally, qualitative data were collected through interviews with secondary language teachers and learners to provide perspectives on the perceived impact of the strategies on students' oral communication skills. Findings revealed significant improvements in students' oral proficiency levels following the implementation of tailored approaches, highlighting the importance of student-centered methodologies in fostering effective oral communication skills development. These findings contribute to the ongoing discourse on language education and have implications for instructional practices aimed at promoting communicative competence among secondary students.

Assessment of the prevention and problem solving of drug problem with participation in schools under the local administrative organization in Sisaket province

The objectives of this research were (1) to assess the suitability and feasibility of participatory approaches for the prevention and solution of drug problems of schools under Sisaket Provincial Administrative Organizations and (2) to create a consensus proposing a leadership development model that influences driving effectiveness, management and performance on drug prevention of schools under the local government organization. The informants were the study administrators and teachers who were responsible for prevention and correction drug problem of school, each group of 5 people, and the total of 10 people, obtained by purposive selection. The research instrument was a semi-structured interview. The interviews were conducted during January to March 2023. The research results showed that (1) Participatory approaches for the prevention and solution of drug problems of schools under the local administrative organizations in Sisaket Province of every created item had a suitability assessment at a level higher than the specified criteria and the possibility of implementing the guidelines; and (2) leadership development model that influences management and results of drug prevention operations in schools under the local government organization can be summarized in 5 issues: (1) raising awareness and education (2) developing communication skills (3) building trusted teams (4) being a good role model, and (5) self-reflection and assessment.

Using Restricted Interests in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Results From a Preliminary Randomized Controlled Trial.

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit significant deficits in social communication and emotion regulation skills. While cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) applications appear promising, trials to date have largely excluded social communication skill development and have not been designed to include a wider range of emotional challenges. To our knowledge, the present study is the first to pilot a uniquely modified CBT program targeting emotion regulation, including social communication training, and explicitly focusing on the child's areas of circumscribed interest in order to teach skills and promote generalization. Forty participants were randomly assigned to either the CBT group or a waitlist control (WLC) group, resulting in 20 school-aged children in each group. The treatment approach was determined to be feasible and acceptable, and therapy engagement and attendance were reasonably high. Caregivers expressed high satisfaction with the program, qualitatively citing gains in skills such as social problem-solving, emotion identification, and identifying and processing cognitive distortions. The primary outcome of postintervention changes was not significantly different between the groups (CBT vs. WLC). The mean Social Skills Improvement System score decreased by 0.44 points (95% confidence interval [CI]: -5.04, 4.15) in the CBT group and increased by 0.41 points (95% CI: -4.23, 5.04) in the WLC group, and the postintervention changes were not significantly different between the groups (difference: -0.85; 95% CI: -7.29, 5.60; p = .79). The estimated rate of emotional dysregulation episodes decreased by a factor of 0.94 (95% CI: 0.57, 1.56) in the CBT group and increased by a factor of 1.07 (95% CI: 0.51, 2.24) for WLC (p = .74). Among those who reported emotional dysregulation episodes, the mean duration decreased by 1.39 minutes (95% CI: -3.90, 6.67) less for CBT than waitlist (p = .60). Although satisfaction, acceptability, and emotional dysregulation outcome results from this preliminary CBT treatment for ASD are promising, sample size and measurement limitations will be important considerations to inform future trials.

NEW CHALLENGES OF DISTANCE TEACHING AT THE INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL FACULTY DURING THE WAR AND CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC IN UKRAINE

The aim of this work is to address specific challenges related to the organization and future prospects of distance teaching in medical higher education institutions, especially pertinent amidst the current military situation in Ukraine. Materials and methods. In our analysis, we reviewed relevant experiences and documentation, considering the participation of medical students in higher education. The data analysis on student’s performance and engagement in online courses to assess the effectiveness of current distance teaching methods was performed. Results and discussion. The education of medical professionals at international faculties holds significant national importance, contributing to addressing various societal challenges and enhancing Ukraine's educational reputation. However, recent events such as the COVID-19 pandemic and martial law have posed new challenges for distance teaching practices in pedagogy. Ii is crucial for educators who work with international medical students to possess high levels of professionalism and moral integrity. Across the globe, simulation technologies are increasingly employed in medical training, offering innovative methods for preparing highly skilled medical personnel. One such technology is the "virtual patient," which allows learners to engage in realistic clinical scenarios, make diagnostic and treatment decisions, and understand the consequences of their actions without compromising patient safety. The development of communication and language skills among future medical professionals remains a pressing concern within higher education institutions. Utilizing technological storytelling methods to illustrate the journeys of successful specialists can provide valuable insights and inspiration for students. In the context of distance learning, maintaining prompt feedback channels between students and departmental teachers is essential for effective learning outcomes. Conclusion. Practical application of innovative methodological approaches provide with opportunity for teachers of medical higher education institutions to implement and improve the novel methods of work, to increase the effectiveness of the educational process and the level of knowledge of students of the international faculty. Innovative distance learning technologies stimulate the teacher's work, increase his/her professional level, since the organization of the educational process requires preparation for each class, constant pedagogical research, development and use of additional new materials, study of innovative technologies.

Методика використання проблемного навчання на лекційних заняттях з теоретичної механіки

The article substantiates the need for the implementation of creative engineering thinking in students of higher education when studying the discipline "Theoretical Mechanics". Examples of problematic issues and methods of solving them using the analysis of the proposed hypotheses are given.
 The purpose of the article is to justify the given method of using problem-based learning in lecture classes on theoretical mechanics using active learning methods.
 The main goal of higher education is the formation of competences in learners, which will allow them to constantly develop and adapt to modern requirements in the conditions of constant development of industry. The main emphasis is placed not only on the assimilation of knowledge, but also on its creative application, the ability to solve new tasks, analyze different options and achieve optimal results. Solving creative engineering problems in the style of a business game or a game session reveals and reveals creative skills and abilities, significantly increases the individual creative potential of most of the applicants and contributes to the formation of professional production skills. The work of students in such classes includes a number of actions aimed at deepening knowledge, consolidating it in practical situations and developing personal qualities, such as independence, creativity, responsibility, work planning, the ability to quickly adapt to changes and make adjustments in the work process. Active participation of students in this process is also important, which contributes to their intellectual growth and development.
 Problem-based learning is a method in education that actively involves students in finding, analyzing and solving real problems or situations that arise in the context of studying a specific topic or discipline. The main aspects of problem-based learning include:
 - active participation of students – in problem-based learning, students act as active participants in the educational process. They are aimed at independent study of the material, problem solving and joint discussion.
 - stimulation of critical thinking – promotes the development of critical thinking in students. They learn to analyze information, make hypotheses, solve problems and argue their opinions.
 - collaborative learning – where group projects or tasks are often used, which promotes the development of communication skills, cooperation and mutual assistance between students.
 - interdisciplinary approach – can cover different aspects from different disciplines, which allows students to consider the problem from different points of view and apply knowledge from different areas.
 - development of independence and initiative – this teaching method stimulates independence and initiative of students. They learn to independently find information, formulate questions and find their own ways to solve problems.
 - application of skills in real life – promotes the development of skills that can be applied in real life situations. It helps students understand how their knowledge can be useful in practical activities.
 These aspects allow problem-based learning to be an effective learning method that promotes deep learning of the material and development of key competencies in students.