Development Of Colorectal Cancer In Patients Research Articles

Correlation of serum IGF-1, AGEs and their receptors with the risk of colorectal cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

According to epidemiological evidence, people with type 2 diabetes mellitus have a higher risk of developing colorectal cancer. To examine the relationship between colorectal cancer (CRC) and serum levels of IGF-1, IGF-1R, AGEs,RAGE and sRAGE in patients with type 2 diabetes. By using RNA-Seq data of CRC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, we divided the patients into normal group(58 patients)and tumor group(446 patients), and analyzed the expression and prognostic value analysis of IGF-1,IGF1R and RAGE. Cox regression and the Kaplan-Meier method were used to determine the predictive value of target gene on clinical outcomes in CRC patients. In order to further combine CRC with diabetes research,one hundred forty-eight patients hospitalized in the Second Hospital of Harbin Medical University from July 2021 to July 2022 were enrolled and divided into CA and control groups. There were 106 patients in the CA group, including 75 patients with CRC and 31 patients with CRC+T2DM; the control group comprised 42 patients with T2DM. Circulating levels of IGF-1, IGF-1R, AGEs, RAGE, and sRAGE in the serum of the patients were measured using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbnent Assay(ELISA) kits, and other clinical parameters were also measured during hospitalization. Statistical methods used were χ² test, independent samples t-test and Pearson correlation analysis were. Finally, we controlled for confounding factors and used logistic multi-factor regression analysis. Bioinformatics analysis showed that IGF-1, IGF1R and RAGE were highly expressed in CRC patients, and the patients with high expression also showed significantly lower overall survival rate. Through Cox regression analysis, IGF-1 can be used as an independent influencing factor of CRC. In the ELISA experiment, serum AGE, RAGE, IGF-1, and IGF-1R levels were higher in the CRC and CRC+T2DM groups than in the T2DM group, but the serum sRAGE concentrations in these groups were lower than those in the T2DM group (P < 0.05). Serum AGE, RAGE, sRAGE, IGF1, and IGF1R levels were higher in the CRC+T2DM group than in the CRC group (P < 0.05). In CRC+T2DM patients, serum AGEs were correlated with age (p = 0.027), and the serum AGE levels in these groups were positively correlated with RAGE and IGF-1 levels (p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with sRAGE and IGF-1R levels (p < 0.001). After correcting for confounding factors based on logistic multiple regression analysis, the effects of age, serum IGF-1 and IGF-1R on the development of CRC in patients with T2DM were statistically significant (p<0.05). Serum IGF-1 and IGF-1R levels independently influenced the development of CRC in patients with T2DM. Furthermore, IGF-1 and IGF-1R were correlated with AGEs in CRC patients who also had T2DM, suggesting that AGEs may influence the development of CRC in T2DM patients. These findings suggest that we may be able to lower the risk of CRC in the clinic by regulating AGEs through the regulation of blood glucose levels, which will affect IGF-1 and its receptors.

TCF7L2, CASC8, and GREM1 polymorphism and colorectal cancer in south-eastern Romanian population.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease with an increasing trend and with multiple epigenetic alterations and different molecular features, a major cause of mortality and morbidity. The Wnt/β-Catenin pathway is involved in multiple aspects of cell dynamics, architecture of developing gastrointestinal tissues, and intestinal tissue homeostasis in adults, but its aberrant activity plays an important role in every aspect of colorectal carcinogenesis. The aim of our study was to investigate the association of the TCF7L2 rs7903146, CASC8 rs6983267, and Gremlin1 (GREM1) rs16969681 polymorphism in patients with CRC without other pathologies. A case-control study conducted on 31 patients diagnosed with CRC and 30 healthy controls age and sex-matched with the patients. Real time PCR was used to determine the genotypes of rs7903146, rs698267, rs1696981. We observed no association between rs6983267 and rs16969681 polymorphism and risk of CRC and low association between TCF7L2, rs7903146, polymorphism and risk of CRC. The recessive model of the TCF7L2 rs7903146 had an OR of 1.6 (95% CI 0.058-4.414, P < .05) which means that TT genotype increased the risk and possibility of development of CRC. Our study did not confirm a significant association between TCF7L2 rs7903146, CASC8 rs6983267, and GREM1 rs16969681 with CRC, but emphasizes the possibility of existence of a high risk of CRC development in patients with TT genotype of rs7903146.

Effect of physical fitness on colorectal tumor development in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis.

Although accumulated epidemiological evidence indicates that a good physical fitness level may prevent the development of sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC), few studies have examined the effect of physical fitness level on familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the relationship between physical fitness and CRC development in patients with FAP.A total of 119 patients (54 male; 65 female) with FAP, aged 17 to 73 years, underwent a step test to induce exercise stress. Predicted maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was calculated for each patient by using heart rate as an index of physical fitness. The association of VO2max with the presence or absence of CRC and polyp diameter was examined. Patients with FAP were divided into 3 categories according to their VO2max (high, medium, and low). The association between maximum polyp size and VO2max among the patients with FAP without a history of colectomy was examined.The risk of CRC was significantly higher in the low VO2max group than in the high VO2max group (odds ratio = 4.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-16.26). The maximum polyp diameter was significantly negatively correlated with the VO2max among the patients with FAP without a history of colectomy (r = -.44, P = .01). In the multiple linear regression analysis, maximum polyp diameter was independently correlated with VO2max.Our results suggest a preventive association between physical fitness and CRC development or colorectal adenoma growth exists in patients with FAP.

CD31-positive microvessel density within adenomas of Lynch Syndrome patients is similar compared to adenomas of non-Lynch patients.

Background and study aims Microsatellite instability accelerates colorectal cancer development in patients with Lynch syndrome (LS). Previous research showed that virtual chromoendoscopy increases detection of adenomas during colonoscopy surveillance of patients with LS. Because previous research revealed that Lynch patients have an increased vascular network in the oral mucosa, we hypothesized that increased vascularization of LS-associated adenomas is the cause of better detection with virtual chromoendoscopy. Patients and methods In this pilot study, patients with LS having a proven germline mutation were selected from two tertiary referral hospitals and non-LS patients from an outpatient colonoscopy center. Adenomas from patients with LS were exactly matched in size and histology with adenomas from non-LS patients. Initial adenoma diagnosis was confirmed by a specialist pathologist. All adenomas were stained with CD31 and adenomatous tissue was annotated by the specialist pathologist. Image analysis of CD31-positive microvessel density was conducted using FIJI software. Results Colonoscopy of 63 patients with LS and 24 non-LS patients provided 40 adenomas that could be exactly matched in size and histology. In image-analysis, the CD31-positive microvessel density (2.49 % vs. 2.47 %, P = 0.96), the average size of CD31-positive structures (514 μm 2 vs. 523 μm 2 , P = 0.26) nor the amount of vascular structures per mm 2 (183 vs. 176, P = 0.50) differed between adenomas of LS patients and non-Lynch patients. Conclusion The outcomes of this pilot case-control study did not provide further insights into the mechanism of increased adenoma detection in LS patients using virtual chromoendoscopy techniques.

Abdominal obesity, glucose intolerance and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol as components of the metabolic syndrome are associated with the development of colorectal cancer

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components has been thought to be involved in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the results is often inconsistent according to gender or anatomical location of tumor. This study aimed to investigate the association between MetS and its components and CRC development by gender and tumor location. We evaluated the data of 22,809,722 Korean individuals of the National semi-compulsive cohort who underwent regular health check-ups between 2009 and 2012. Compared to subjects without MetS components, the hazard ratio for CRC development in patients with MetS was 1.22 (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.20-1.24) and this association was more prominent in men than in women (HR 1.41 95% CI 1.37-1.44 vs. HR 1.23 95% CI 1.20-1.27, P for interaction < 0.001). Left-sided colon cancers were more associated with MetS among men compared to women (HR 1.70, 95% CI 1.61-1.80 vs. HR 1.43, 95% CI 1.33-1.54), while right colon cancers showed a stronger association with MetS among women than men (HR 1.63, 95% CI 1.49-1.78 vs. HR 1.34, 95% CI 1.24-1.44) (all P for interaction < 0.001, respectively). Having two MetS components was still associated with CRC development and the association was the highest when two of glucose intolerance, abdominal obesity and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) combined. Individuals with glucose intolerance, abdominal obesity or low HDL-C levels, may need to undergo thorough screening for CRC even if they do not meet the diagnostic MetS criteria.

Serrated Colorectal Neoplasia: From Sideshow to Center Stage

Serrated Colorectal Neoplasia: From Sideshow to Center Stage

The miR-200 family is increased in dysplastic lesions in ulcerative colitis patients.

BackgroundColorectal cancer (CRC) is a life-threatening complication of ulcerative colitis (UC), and patients are routinely screened for the development of precancerous lesions (dysplasia). However, rates of CRC development in patients with confirmed low-grade dysplasia vary widely between studies, suggesting a large degree of heterogeneity between these lesions that is not detectable macroscopically. A better understanding of the underlying molecular changes that occur in dysplasia will help to identify lesions at higher risk of malignancy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) post-transcriptionally regulate protein expression and cell-signalling networks. Aberrant miRNA expression is a feature of sporadic CRC but much less is known about the changes that occur in dysplasia and in UC.MethodsComprehensive microRNA profiling was performed on RNA extracted from UC dysplastic lesions (n = 7) and UC controls (n = 10). The expression of miRNAs in UC post inflammatory polyps (n = 7) was also assessed. Candidate miRNAs were further validated by qPCR, and miRNA in situ hybridization. Serum levels of miRNAs were also assessed with a view to identification of non-invasive biomarkers of dysplasia.ResultsUC dysplasia was associated with a shift in miRNA expression profiles that was not seen in inflammatory polyps. In particular, levels of miR-200b-3p were increased in dysplasia, and this miRNA was localised to epithelial cells in dysplastic lesions and in UC cancers. No changes in miRNA levels were detected in the serum.ConclusionUC-Dysplasia is linked to altered miRNA expression in the mucosa and elevated miR-200b-3p levels.

Chronic inflammation confers to the metabolic reprogramming associated with tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer

ABSTRACTIt's well known that microenvironment inflammatory signals could promote cancer development and progression. In colorectal cancer (CRC), chronic inflammation is a major driving mechanism for the development of CRC in patients having long-standing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Though it has been addressed that cancer cells ferment much of their glucose supply into lactate regardless of the presence of oxygen, it is unclear whether cell metabolism has been reprogramed during the process from IBD to CRC. Herein, with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse colitis model, we found that inflammation upregulated key glycolytic enzymes expression via activation of STAT3/c-Myc signaling pathway. Interestingly, during the whole phase of chronic inflammation, the key metabolic enzymes demonstrated increased expression constantly, indicating the metabolic reprogramming was induced by long-term inflammatory signal. Moreover, either the inhibition of STAT3 signaling or c-Myc activity could block the glycolytic enzymes expression induced by interleukin 6 (IL-6). Thus, we presented the view that inflammation could induce the metabolic reprogramming and promote the progression from chronic colitis to colorectal cancer.

Higher Expression of Proteins in IGF/IR Axes in Colorectal Cancer is Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Preexisting type 2 diabetes mellitus (preDM) increases occurrence and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC). Insulin growth factor (IGF)/insulin receptor (IR) axes play an important role in the development of both diabetes and CRC. We aimed to explore the characteristics of proteins expression in IGF/IR axes in CRC tissues with preDM. Two hundred fifty CRC patients in West China hospital were included in analysis. Among them, 125 patients had history of diabetes matched by 125 CRC without diabetes at a 1:1 ratio. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of proteins in IGF/IR axis. More positive expression of IGF-1, IGF-1R and IR were found in CRC group with diabetes than in non-diabetes group. No difference was detected in the expression of IR substrate-1, IR substrate-2, IGF-2, IGF binding protein 3, and mammalian target of rapamycin between two groups. Multivariate analysis showed that diabetes history was associated with all of the expression of IGF-1, IGF-1R and IR, and higher T staging and lymph node metastasis were respectively independent factors of IGF-1 and IGF-1R expression in CRC patients. Besides, IGF-1 expression was positively associated with IGF-1R and IR expression in all CRC tissues, and the association of IGF-1 and IR expression seemed to be closer in diabetes group than in non-diabetes group. Higher expression of IGF-1, IGF-1R and IR proteins in CRC was associated with diabetes, suggesting IGF-1/IR signaling may play a special part in development of CRC in patients with diabetes.

Risk Factors Associated with Colorectal Cancer in a Subset of Patients with Mutations in MLH1 and MSH2 in Taiwan Fulfilling the Amsterdam II Criteria for Lynch Syndrome.

Background and AimLynch syndrome, caused by germline mutations in mismatch repair genes, is a predisposing factor for colorectal cancer (CRC). This retrospective cohort study investigated the risk factors associated with the development of CRC in patients with MLH1 and MSH2 germline mutations.MethodsIn total, 301 MLH1 and MSH2 germline mutation carriers were identified from the Amsterdam criteria family registry provided by the Taiwan Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer Consortium. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to determine the association between the risk factors and CRC development. A robust sandwich covariance estimation model was used to evaluate family dependence.ResultsAmong the total cohort, subjects of the Hakka ethnicity exhibited an increased CRC risk (HR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.09–2.34); however, those who performed regular physical activity exhibited a decreased CRC risk (HR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.41–0.88). The CRC risk was enhanced in MLH1 germline mutation carriers, with corresponding HRs of 1.72 (95% CI = 1.16–2.55) and 0.54 (95% CI = 0.34–0.83) among subjects of the Hakka ethnicity and those who performed regular physical activity, respectively. In addition, the total cohort with a manual occupation had a 1.56 times higher CRC risk (95% CI = 1.07–2.27) than did that with a skilled occupation. Moreover, MSH2 germline mutation carriers with blood group type B exhibited an increased risk of CRC development (HR = 2.64, 95% CI = 1.06–6.58) compared with those with blood group type O.ConclusionThe present study revealed that Hakka ethnicity, manual occupation, and blood group type B were associated with an increased CRC risk, whereas regular physical activity was associated with a decreased CRC risk in MLH1 and MSH2 germline mutation carriers.

Su1210 The Prognostic Value of the Natural Killers (NK-Cells) in Case of Ulcerative Colitis Depending on Its Severity

The goal: to study the quantitative parameters of the effector NKand NKT-cells of ulcerative colitis patients in case of different activity rate of autoimmune process. Materials and methods: From 2011 till 2012 42 ulcerative colitis (UC) patients being under treatment in the Intestines Pathology Department in CSRIG (Central Scientific Research Institute of Gastroenterology) were studied. 32 of them men, 10 women. The age of the patients ranged from 19 to 70 years, average age 41,3±2,3 (M±σ). The diagnosis was verified using data of clinical, laboratory, immunological, histological and instrumental methods of research. Immunophenotyping of NKand NKT-cells by the method of flow cytometry using twoparameter reagents (CD3-FITC/CD16/56-PE and CD3+FITC/CD16/56-PE, «Bekman Coulter») was performed. The sample was analyzed by flow cytometers FACSCalibur («Bekman Dickinson»). The statistic data analysis was performed using the computer program «STATISTICA 6.0», the statistical significance of the values was verified by the Student t-test. Results: The analysis of lymphocyte parameters determining the killer effect without the help of antigen recognizing receptor of natural killers (NK-cells) showed a significant (p<0,001) reduction of relative and absolute quantity of lymphocytes expressing CD3-CD16+56+ to 6,0±1,2% in patients with heavy UC severity comparing to the patients with mild and medium severity (12,3±1,9 and 17,5±2,5% respectively). A statistically significant reduction (up to 4,6±1,4%, p<0,001) of relative quantity of the CD3+CD16+56+NKT-cells was observed during the study of the patients with heavy UC severity comparing to the patients with mild severity (9,4±1,4%); there was no significant difference between medium and heavy UC severity (p=0,834). Insufficient functioning of natural killers (NK-cells) should be taken into account in connection to the problem of colorectal cancer development in patients with long-lasting progressive state of UC. Conclusion: The obtained data show the decrease of relative and absolute abundance of NKand NKT-cells in patients with heavy UC severity, but it should be noted that apart from the quantitative parameters an important role in the

The Role of Dietary and Lifestyle Factors in the Development of Colorectal Cancer: Case Control Study in Minia, Egypt

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide, after lung and breast cancer, and is associated with the population dietary and lifestyle factors. To determine the relation between dietary and lifestyle factors and development of CRC in patients attending Minia oncology centre and compare them with their control. Study included 150 CRC patients attending Minia oncology centre and 300 control subjects matched by age and sex. Subjects participating in the study filled in a questionnaire including questions about socio-demographic data, medical data concerning CRC and its treatment as well as dietary and lifestyle factors. The most significant dietary and lifestyle CRC risk factors were higher consumption of red meat (OR = 57.1), preserved food (OR = 39.4), artificial sweeteners (OR = 20.8), fast foods (OR = 12.8), soft drinks (OR = 4.6), spicy foods (OR = 4.2), processed meat (OR = 2.4), and smoking (OR = 8.8). The most significant protective factors were physical activity (OR = 0.001), calcium rich diet (OR = 0.08), higher consumption of fruits and vegetable (OR = 0.02), cruciferous vegetables (broccoli OR = 0.11, cauliflower OR = 0.30 and cabbage OR = 0.30), high fiber bread (OR = 0.15), fruit juice (OR = 0.18), and sea foods (tuna OR = 0.28 and fish OR = 0.38). Sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy dietary choices were prevalent among CRC cases. This study provides strong evidence that lifestyle and dietary modification are important factors in the prevention of colorectal cancer.

Primary sclerosing cholangitis as an independent risk factor for colorectal cancer in the context of inflammatory bowel disease: a review of the literature.

To examine and evaluate recent evidence regarding the epidemiology, pathogenesis and management of colorectal cancer (CRC) development in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) patients. Using the PubMed database, a literature search was conducted for relevant articles in English from the past 10 years. Relevant studies investigating PSC as a risk factor for CRC in IBD in the context of incidence and prevalence, pathogenesis, prevention and prognosis were included in this review. Recent evidence increasingly points to PSC as a significant risk factor in the development of CRC in patients with concomitant IBD. PSC may be an important risk factor for CRC in different populations worldwide. The mechanism for this increase in risk is still unclear. The efficacy of UDCA as a chemopreventive agent remains controversial. Liver transplantation does not halt the development of CRC, although there is not enough evidence to suggest that it is associated with increased incidence of CRC. While routine colonoscopic surveillance should be performed in patients with concurrent PSC and IBD, more high-level evidence is required to support the benefits of the procedure. While many new developments have taken place in the last decade, the pathogenesis and optimal management of CRC development in IBD-PSC patients remain unclear.

Role of Rho-Kinase Gene Polymorphisms and Protein Expressions in Colorectal Cancer Development

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate a possible association between Rho-kinase (ROCK1 and ROCK2) gene polymorphisms and colorectal cancer (CRC) development. Methods: Eighty-five patients operated due to CRC and 178 healthy controls with similar age and sex were included to this study. Genomic DNA from the patients and the healthy control cases was analyzed by a BioMark 96.96 dynamic array system. The protein expressions of ROCK1, ROCK2 and p53 were determined by immunohistochemical staining. Results: There were significant associations between ROCK1 (rs73963110 and rs35996865) and ROCK2 gene polymorphisms (rs2290156, rs10178332, rs35768389, rs10929732 and rs34945852) with CRC development. However, no marked associations were found between ROCK2 gene rs965665, rs2230774, rs6755196 and rs1515219 polymorphisms and the risk of developing CRC. Rho-kinase and p53 immunohistochemical stainings were markedly elevated in the tumor tissue. There were significant correlations between vascular and perineural invasions with ROCK2 or p53 protein expressions. Conclusions: These results are the first to demonstrate the contribution of Rho-kinase in CRC development in patients. Our data showed that the ROCK1 and ROCK2 genes might be a risk factor for CRC development and that genetic polymorphisms in these genes may modify individual susceptibility to CRC in the Turkish population.

Pathogenesis and biomarkers of carcinogenesis in ulcerative colitis

One of the most serious complications of ulcerative colitis is the development of colorectal cancer. Screening patients with ulcerative colitis by standard histological examination of random intestinal biopsy samples might be inefficient as a method of cancer surveillance. This Review focuses on the current understanding of the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer and how this knowledge can be transferred into patient management to assist clinicians and pathologists in identifying patients with ulcerative colitis who have an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Inflammation-driven mechanisms of DNA damage, including the generation and effects of reactive oxygen species, microsatellite instability, telomere shortening and chromosomal instability, are reviewed, as are the molecular responses to genomic stress. We also discuss how these mechanisms can be translated into usable biomarkers. Although progress has been made in the understanding of inflammation-driven carcinogenesis, markers based on these findings possess insufficient sensitivity or specificity to be usable as reliable biomarkers for risk of colorectal cancer development in patients with ulcerative colitis. However, screening for mutations in p53 could be relevant in the surveillance of patients with ulcerative colitis. Several other new biomarkers, including senescence markers and α-methylacyl-CoA-racemase, might be future candidates for preneoplastic markers in ulcerative colitis.

AGA Medical Position Statement on the Diagnosis and Management of Colorectal Neoplasia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

The AGA Institute Medical Position Panel consisted of the authors of the technical review, a community-based gastroenterologist (Robert P. McCabe, MD, Minnesota Gastroenterology), academic-based gastroenterologists (Themistocles Dassopoulos, MD, James D. Lewis, MD, and Thomas A. Ullman, MD), an insurance provider representative (Tom James III, MD Physician Advisor, Strategic Advisory Group, Humana), a colon and rectal surgeon (Robin McLeod, MD, Mount Sinai Hospital-Canada), a pathologist (Lawrence J. Burgart, MD, Minnesota Gastroenterology), chair of the AGA Institute Clinical Practice and Quality Management Committee (John Allen, MD, Minnesota Gastroenterology), and chair of the Practice Management and Economics Committee (Joel V. Brill, MD, Predictive Health, LLC) .

Metachronous cancer development in patients with sporadic colorectal adenomas—multivariate risk model with independent and combined value of hTERT and survivin

Accurate, long-term risk predictors for colorectal cancer development in patients with sporadic adenomas are lacking. We sought to validate biomarkers predictive of metachronous colorectal cancer (mCRC) in patients with sporadic colorectal adenomas, using 374 consecutive patients from a large defined population. Risk evaluation was performed for patient and adenoma risk factors (morphometric longest nuclear axis and immunohistochemical markers survivin, human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), beta-catenin, p16INK4a, p21CIP1, and cyclin D1). Diagnostic accuracy was assessed by receiver-operating characteristics curve analysis, and uni- and multivariate survival analysis was performed. Of the 374 patients, 26 (7%) developed mCRC with a median of 5.6 years (range 2-19) from index adenoma. Independent risk factors included age greater than or equal to 60 years, proximal location, multiplicity (greater than or equal to three adenomas), and high-grade neoplasia, with high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and proximal location as the strongest on multivariate analysis (hazard ratio [HR] of 4.1 and 5.2, respectively; both p< 0.05). The molecular markers hTERT (HR 11.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.9-33.1; p < 0.001) and survivin (HR 7.0, 95% CI 2.4-20.5; p < 0.001) were independent predictors for mCRC, and proximal location (4 of 16 = 25% with mCRC) was the only clinical one. The value of hTERT and survivin were retained in the validation set. Survivin and hTERT together yielded high mCRC risk when both were positive (15 of 51 = 29%; HR 14.3, 5.6-36.5), modest with one positive (survivin 4 of 90 = 4.4%; hTERT 4 of 60 = 6.7%), and no risk with both negative (0 of 144 = 0%). hTERT and survivin are the best risk predictors for long-term, mCRC development in patients with sporadic colorectal adenomas.