Development Of Clean Technologies Research Articles

Oxygen evolution reaction activity of carbon aerogel supported Pd–Ni–Al catalysts synthesized by microwave irradiation method

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a critical step for oxygen production during the electrochemical splitting of water. Effective OER catalysts support the development of clean energy technologies by increasing the energy efficiency of these processes. In this study, carbon aerogel (CA) was first synthesized as a catalyst support material using sol-gel, supercritical drying, and pyrolysis process. Then, mono-metallic (Pd/CA, Al/CA), bi-metallic (Pd–Al/CA, Pd–Ni/CA), and tri-metallic (Pd–Ni–Al/CA) catalysts were synthesized by microwave irradiation method. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy have been made to examine the structural properties of the synthesized catalysts. Electrochemical analysis was carried out through cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in alkaline media (1 M KOH: Methanol) to examine the effect of metal loading of CA support material towards OER performance. All the compositions showed excellent activity toward OER, among all Pd–Ni/CA catalysts showed the highest activity. The OER peak current increased remarkably up to 48 mA cm−2 with methanol addition, which signifies the substantial application of carbon aerogel supported-Pd-Ni-Al catalysts in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). Pd–Ni/CA display high OER performance with maximum diffusion coefficient, Do (6.6 × 10−8 cm2 s−1) and heterogeneous rate constant, ko (4.706 × 10−4 cm s−1), and smaller value of Tafel slope (128 mV dec−1). Electrochemical studies predicted that all the prepared carbon aerogel supported-Pd-Ni-Al catalysts can be used as efficient catalysts for OER and other related electrocatalysis applications.

Thermal reactivity and gas–solid product evolution during coal catalytic combustion: An experimental study

To achieve efficient and clean coal combustion, catalytic combustion technology has received widespread attention. This paper systematically studied the influence of calcium-based compounds on the thermal reactivity and gas–solid two-phase product evolution behavior of different coal using TG-MS and FTIR analysis, combining kinetics and thermodynamics methods, the catalytic coal mechanism was discussed. Results demonstrated that both catalysts improved the combustion reactivity, the burnout temperatures of lignite, bituminous coal and anthracite were reduced by 30.75 °C, 53 °C and 25.5 °C respectively with CaO, as well as decreased by 24.75 °C, 55.5 °C and 29 °C respectively with CaCl2. Meanwhile, it was worth noting that the activation energy of three coals was also reduced. CaCl2 was more likely to bind with the C = O functional group on the surface of coal, forming CO-Ca2+ complexes, resulting in a decrease in the content of C = O and C-O. While CaO tended to absorb volatile matter, causing local overheating and promoting the breakage of side chains and bridge bonds. Besides, the calcium-based compounds advanced the gas evolution peak of combustion and the emissions of CO2, NO2 and SO2 were effectively controlled. These results aimed at providing a new reference direction for further industrial development of clean coal combustion technology.

Electronic-Structure-Modulated Cu,Co-Coanchored N-Doped Nanocarbon as a Difunctional Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution and Oxygen Reduction Reactions.

To alleviate the problems of environmental pollution and energy crisis, aggressive development of clean and alternative energy technologies, in particular, water splitting, metal-air batteries, and fuel cells involving two key half reactions comprising hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen reduction (ORR), is crucial. In this work, an innovative hybrid comprising heterogeneous Cu/Co bimetallic nanoparticles homogeneously dispersed on a nitrogen-doped carbon layer (Cu/Co/NC) was constructed as a bifunctional electrocatalyst toward HER and ORR via a hydrothermal reaction along with post-solid-phase sintering technique. Thanks to the interfacial coupling and electronic synergism between the Cu and Co bimetallic nanoparticles, the Cu/Co/NC catalyst showed improved catalytic ORR activity with a half-wave potential of 0.865 V and an excellent stability of more than 30 h, even compared to 20 wt% Pt/C. The Cu/Co/NC catalyst also exhibited excellent HER catalytic performance with an overpotential of below 149 mV at 10 mA/cm2 and long-term operation for over 30 h.

Design and optimization of a siphon turbine using the response surface methodology

A comprehensive examination of siphon turbine design and optimization using the response surface methodology (RSM) is presented in this study. The goal was to improve the turbine efficiency by analyzing the impact of two key factors: the number of blades (n) and the ratio between the hub diameter (d) and the outer diameter of the rotor (D), (d/D). The application of RSM facilitated the creation of a response surface, unveiling the optimal combination of factors for maximizing efficiency. The novelty of this article lies in utilizing the response surface methodology to refine the design of existing turbines, resulting in a more streamlined and effective design process tailored to the specific requirements of the installation. The findings indicated that rounding the number of blades to 5 and maintaining a constant d/D ratio of 0.35 yielded the highest efficiency (41.4%). Experimental validation was carried out and the accuracy of the optimized design was demonstrated, paving the way for practical applications in renewable energy solutions. Therefore, the effectiveness of RSM in optimizing siphon turbine designs is supported since valuable insights are provided for enhancing the energy efficiency in small-scale hydropower systems. The investigation contributes to the development of sustainable and clean energy technologies, showcasing the potential of siphon turbines in harnessing low-head water sources for power generation.

The Impact of Fossil Fuel Energy, Technological Innovation and Globalization on Tourism Inflows of Top Ten Most Visited Countries

Increased uses of fossil fuel consumption, globalization, and tourism activities have significant adverse effects on the sustainability of our ecosystem. The present study takes into account the top 10 most visited nations by tourists to examine the impact of fossil fuel energy consumption, technological innovation, foreign direct investment (FDI), economic growth, and globalization on tourism inflows from 2008 to 2022.. Choice of appropriate technique for empirical testing is based on the PP-Fisher, ADF Fisher, IPS, and LLC unit root tests. Due to mixed order of integration of variables, the Panel ARDL is more reliable for econometric investigation. The findings of Panel ARDL reveal that the most significant contributing factors towards growth in tourism are technological innovation, the globalization index, growth in gross domestic product, and use of fossil fuels as an energy source. These results imply that advancements in technology, increased globalization trends, and economic growth are facilitating the growth in tourism activities. Likewise, non-renewable energy consumption is significantly linked to tourism growth in these countries which exhibits that these governments are relying upon fossil fuel consumption to meet the energy demand for tourism activities and to fuel economic growth. Though, FDI is having a detrimental effect on tourism inflows in the top 10 most frequently visited nations. This outcome entails that expanded industrialization and economic footprint negatively influence the ecological environment which adversely affects tourism inflows. The policy implications of this research assert that the development of clean and renewable energy technologies is essential for the promotion of sustainable economic growth, promote eco-tourism in these countries. Similarly, smart manufacturing and environment friendly production can alleviate the negative effects of ecological footprint on tourism inflows.

Preface

Available on the latest research progress of clean energy and power generation technology, this paper volume gathers a bunch of papers collected from 2023 8th International Conference on Clean Energy and Power Generation Technology (CEPGT 2023), held via virtual form in Zhuhai, China during December 15th to 17th, 2023.The Conference was attended by about 100 delegates around the globe. In the opening ceremony speech, all academicians, experts and scholars were welcomed to attend the Conference and to share insightful speeches and presentations. Then in the keynote speech part, Prof. Marc A. Rosen (Ontario Tech University, Canada), Prof. Haiping Yang (Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China), Prof. Qinmin Yang (Zhejiang University, China), Prof. Qiang Lu (North China Electric Power University, China) and other professors made wonderful academic reports on international frontier hot spots. Apart from the keynote speeches, oral and poster presentation parts were also held and displayed by various scholars, leading to a warm atmosphere of academic discussion.We received a number of submissions from the Conference. After rigorous review and review rebuttal process by related top experts, various excellent papers were accepted and included in this paper volume. These papers cover many topics of the Conference theme, including Energy Security and Clean Use, Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction, Biomass Energy Engineering, Hydroelectric Power Generation, Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation System, etc. The works of this volume can promote the development of clean energy and power generation technology, and thereby enhance scientific information interchange among scholars from top universities, research centers and high-tech enterprises working all around the world.Featuring the most cutting-edge research directions and achievements related to clean energy and power generation technology, this Conference provided the most comprehensive research in related fields and a more comprehensive understanding of the latest results of cross researches in the fields. Meanwhile, it also helped researchers and engineers understand the research frontier, as well as discover the solutions to potential problems.We would like to acknowledge the authors for their contributions and the reviewers for their time to review the submissions. We are thankful to all the committee members and advisors of this volume. Finally, our appreciation also goes to the editors and members of Journal of Physics: Conference Series for their efforts in publishing this volume.We hope that it will serve as a reference for researchers and practitioners in academia and industry in the areas related to clean energy and power generation technology.The Committee of CEPGT 2023List of Committee Member is available in this pdf.

Self-operation and low-carbon scheduling optimization of solar thermal power plants with thermal storage systems

Photo thermal power generation, as a renewable energy technology, has broad development prospects. However, the operation and scheduling of photo thermal power plants rarely consider their internal structure and energy flow characteristics. Therefore, this study explains the structure of a solar thermal power plant with a thermal storage system and analyzes its main energy flow modes to establish a self-operation and low-carbon scheduling optimization model for the solar thermal power plant. The simulation results of the example showed that for the self-operating model oriented towards power generation planning and peak valley electricity prices, the existence of a thermal storage system could improve the power generation capacity and revenue of the photovoltaic power plant. For example, when the capacity of the thermal storage system was greater than 6 h, the penalty for insufficient power generation in the simulation result was 0 $, and the maximum increase in revenue reached 84.9% as the capacity of the thermal storage system increased. In addition, when the capacity of the thermal storage system increased from 0 to 8 h, the comprehensive operating cost decreased from 1635.2 k $ to 1224.6 k $, and the carbon emissions decreased from 26.4 × 103 ton to 22.1 × 103 ton. Compared with the existing literature, this study provides a more comprehensive and systematic solution through detailed energy flow analysis and optimization model. The research has practical and far-reaching significance for promoting the development of clean energy technology, improving the sustainable utilization of renewable energy, and optimizing the overall performance of the energy system.

Effect of Equivalent Ratio and Hydrocarbon Ratio on Explosive Characteristics of Synthetic Gas

With the development of society, the importance of energy is increasing day by day, and more and more people realize the importance of energy for social development.Therefore, people began to explore energy utilization, energy exploitation, clean energy and other fields.Therefore, in order to use coal resources cleanly and efficiently and reduce the damage to the environment, the development of clean coal technology is particularly important.As a kind of clean energy, syngas has been paid more and more attention, so people pay more and more attention to the safety application of syngas. This paper explores its influence on syngas explosion by changing the equivalent ratio of syngas and the ratio of hydrogen and hydrogen.The results show that the maximum explosion pressure of syngas occurs near the equivalent ratio 1.2, the maximum explosion pressure rise rate reaches the maximum near the equivalent ratio 1.5, and the maximum explosion pressure time reaches the minimum near the equivalent ratio 1.5.The change of hydrocarbon ratio does not shift the equivalent ratio of the above result, but only changes its value. The prediction equations for predicting the maximum explosion pressure under different equivalent ratios are obtained

Innovation policy for sustainability transitions in small economies: Energy technology innovation in Hong Kong

In this paper, we analyzed Hong Kong's sustainable energy transitions innovation policy, and compared it to the policies in 11 small, high-income jurisdictions. To do this, we identified 696 innovation interventions implemented between 2008 and 2020. We classified them into 42 types of policy instruments. Then we visualized the policy mixes of the jurisdictions with the assistance of correspondence analysis methods. The results suggest that Hong Kong's overall policy mix heavily relies on overarching policy strategies to guide research and demand side policies to support energy technology adoption. However, Hong Kong's support for research and development of domestic clean energy technologies to overcome the so-called “valley of death”, a critical gap between public and private support, remains limited. This contrasts with the policy mixes of more innovative peer jurisdictions, which provide R&D funding and business support targeted at encouraging clean energy technologies and facilitating connections across the innovation system.

Optimization of a parametric product design using techno-economic assessment and environmental characteristics with application to an electric traction motor

Accelerating the development of clean energy technologies is required to move towards a sustainable future. New design approaches are being proposed to help accelerate these developments. This study proposes and improves a novel design framework that incorporates life cycle assessment (LCA) and techno-economic assessment (TEA) with an optimization-based design model of a discrete product at early stage. Objective functions for mass, energy consumption, and two metrics relating to manufacturer and consumer economic interests are considered; these objectives are minimized using a Pareto-like approach. An electric traction motor for an electric vehicle is used as a discrete product case study. The approach demonstrates the utility of considering four-objectives in the design problem, uncertainty analysis via Monte Carlo simulation, and the power of employing LCA and TEA methods. Future work may explore a broader range of objective functions to cover different challenges that inhibit the development of clean energy technologies.

Numerical simulation of the dust pollution characteristics and the optimal dustproof air volume in coal washing plant screening workshop

Dust pollution generated during the working process of a screening workshop in a coal washing plant seriously threatens the occupational health of workers. To improve the working environment for workers, we investigated the effects of various airflow parameters on the diffusion of dust particles and pollutants. We established a proportional model of the screening workshop and conducted spatiotemporal analysis of the evolution laws of airflow and particulate matter. We used numerical simulation and on-site measurements to obtain the optimal dust removal air flow rate in a coal washing plant workshop. When the air flow rate is between 360 and 1260 m³/min, the overall dust concentration in the workshop and the average dust mass concentration in the breathing zone decrease significantly as the air flow rate increases. However, if the air flow rate is too high, this can cause re-entrainment of dust, which will pollute the operation area again. The optimum dust removal airflow for the inlet air was 1260 m³/min. This air flow rate decreases the dust at the height of the breathing zone in the working area, and the dust concentration at the sidewalk in the working area decreases by 58.82%. This air flow rate can act as a reference value for workshop ventilation design to provide a clean and safe production environment for coal miners. Our methodology and results are of value the formulation and development of effective dust control and clean production technologies.

Energy, exergy and exergo-economic analysis of a novel HT-PEMFC based cogeneration system integrated with plasma gasification of food waste

Landfill and incineration of food waste would result in a significant waste of resources. Plasma gasification, as a novel solid waste treatment technology with cleaner product, is suitable for this perishable kitchen waste with high water and oil content. In present research, a food waste plasma gasification driven HT-PEMFC cogeneration system is proposed. Based on the established models, a comprehensive study is conducted from the perspective of energy, exergy and exergo-economy. Effects of key operational parameters on critical performance indicators are investigated. Results show that current density imposes an obvious effect on the cogeneration efficiency, this efficiency is obtained as 0.523–0.457 at low current density varying from 0.1 to 0.4 A/cm2. Exergy analysis results indicate that the plasma gasifier and the stack have the largest exergy destructions, accounting for 62.1 % and 32.2 % of the total, respectively. Gasification temperature has a great effect on the system exergy efficiency which is 0.603–0.384 when this temperature increases from 1000 K to 1300 K. Current density also has an obvious effect on the exergo-economic performance, the exergy cost per unit is obtained as 46.1–51.8 $/GJ when current density varies from 0.2 to 0.4 A/cm2. The optimization results are obtained as cogeneration efficiency of 0.4636, exergy efficiency of 0.6125 and exergy cost per unit of 24.58 $/GJ. This research provides a novel solution for substantial treatment of food waste, and guidelines for sustainable development of efficient and clean utilization technology of municipal solid waste.

Communicating clean technology: Green premium, competition, and ecolabels

AbstractIn markets where differences in the environmental performance of competing firms arise due to differences in technology that cannot be altered in the short run and firms have private information about their own current technology, I show that market competition creates a strategic disincentive for adopting ecolabels (even if the cost of adoption is negligible) to directly and credibly communicate this private information to environmentally conscious consumers. Firms adopt ecolabels only if the green premium that buyers are willing to pay is large relative to the production cost advantage of dirty firms; ecolabels reduce market power, increase the market share of clean firms, and reduce expected environmental damage. I analyze firms' strategic (long‐run) incentive to invest in the development of clean technology where the outcome of such investment is uncertain. The availability of an ecolabel to directly communicate private information about the final outcome of such an investment enhances the expected net surplus whereas it reduces the ex ante strategic incentive to invest which in turn lowers industry investment in cleaner technology, relative to the case with no ecolabels.

Enhanced electrochemical oxygen generation from sillenite phase of bismuth iron oxide (Bi24Fe2O39) ultrafine particles stabilised at room temperature

Recently, lot of research is going on in development of clean energy-based technology to address the issue of exponentially increasing energy demands. Electrochemical water splitting is a clean and efficient process for generation of H2 and O2. Water electrolysis produces hydrogen and oxygen on cathode and anode respectively as separate half-cell reactions is one of the most important clean alternative processes. This work reports synthesis of Bi24Fe2O39 ultrafine crystalline nanoparticles via facile room temperature chemical method for the first time. Bi24Fe2O39 shows a spherical morphology with an average size of 8 nm. As obtained Bi24Fe2O39 acts as an electrocatalyst for electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Electrochemical oxygen generation studies confirm the overpotential of 420 mV in 1 M KOH solution at a current density of 10 mA/cm2. Tafel slope and EIS studies give further insight of oxygen generation process. The results show that Bi24Fe2O39 exhibits low Tafel slope of 63 mV dec−1 and a very low charge transfer resistance of ∼10 Ω. This study paves a new way for future research into bismuth based sillenite structure for various energy related applications.

Evaluating the potential benefits of float solar photovoltaics through the water footprint recovery period

In the context of higher demands on the development of clean energy technologies due to the issue of water shortage in China and the implementation of the 2060 carbon-neutral objective, floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems present novel opportunities for transforming the energy structure through land conservation and enhancement of power generation efficiency compared to conventional solar systems. However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive analysis on the potential benefits of FPV. Utilizing reservoir databases and employing a professional FPV system design, a methodology for determining the water footprint recovery period was introduced, which enables the assessment of potential FPV benefits. The water footprint recovery period for constructing FPV on 909 reservoirs in China was found that ranges from 1.86 yr to 10.48 yr. It is found that reservoir evaporation, latitude, and climate are closely related to the water footprint recovery period of FPV. Furthermore, by implementing FPV panels with an optimal tilt angle, covering 30% of the area in each reservoir, the annual electricity generation can amount to 1429.19 TWh, leading to savings of 5.76 billion m3 of water. This achievement corresponds to 19.41% of the national electricity consumption and a 6.86% reduction in the national residential water consumption in 2020. The overall economic benefit is 5.61 myriads RMB, equivalent to 5.76% of the national GDP. These benefits are unevenly distributed and mainly concentrated in areas with more reservoirs. The anticipated enhancement of FPV system benefits is foreseen with the ongoing development and implementation of future reservoir power infrastructure and energy storage technology. These results demonstrate the significant potential of installing FPV systems on the reservoirs in China. This study proposes a method to comprehensively evaluate the comprehensive benefits of constructing FPV in China and conduct a thorough analysis of the feasibility of FPV, which could provide reference for the development of regional industries and the achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs).

The impact of digital economy on environmental pollution: Evidence from 267 cities in China.

Environmental pollution has become a pressing global issue, severely threatening human health and ecosystems. As an emerging driver of economic development in countries worldwide, the digital economy (DE) has the potential to enhance resource utilization efficiency and promote the development of clean technologies, thereby reducing environmental pollution. Based on the panel data of 267 cities in China from 2012 to 2021, the spatial econometric model is used to test the impact of DE on environmental pollution. The mediating effect model is used to explore the transmission mechanism of DE affecting environmental pollution. The panel threshold model is used to examine the threshold effect of marketization. The results are as follows: (1) DE can significantly reduce environmental pollution. The conclusion is still valid after conducting robustness tests such as selecting historical data as instrumental variables and the "Broadband China" pilot as a quasi-natural experiment. (2) From the perspective of transmission mechanism, DE can reduce environmental pollution through green technology innovation and industrial structure upgrading. (3) From the perspective of spatial spillover effect, DE can reduce the environmental pollution level of surrounding cities. (4) From the perspective of threshold effect, DE has obvious market-oriented single threshold effect on environmental pollution. When the marketization level crosses the threshold of 11.6611, the emission reduction effect of DE is significant. (5) From the perspective of heterogeneity, DE has a heterogeneous impact on environmental pollution in cities with different geographic locations, resource endowments and administrative level. Regarding geographical heterogeneity, DE can effectively reduce environmental pollution in eastern and central regions, but has no significant impact on environmental pollution in western regions. Regarding the heterogeneity of resource endowment, compared to non-resource-based cities, resource-based cities suffer more from the negative effects of DE on their environment. Regarding the heterogeneity of administrative levels, compared with non-central cities, the DE of central cities has a greater emission reduction effect. Based on empirical results, this paper proposes strategic recommendations in areas such as enhancing the application of DE in emission reduction, upgrading industrial structures, promoting green technology innovation, and improving the level of marketization. This study not only enriches the research of DE and environmental pollution, but also provides a reference for the formulation of environmental pollution control policies.

The multi-scale pore structure of superfine pulverized coal. Part 2. Mesopore and closed pore morphology

Superfine pulverized coal exhibits extraordinary properties in thermal conversion processes like pyrolysis and combustion. The exploration of closed pores is of great significance for studying of the macromolecular structure, and developing advanced clean combustion technologies. In this work, the influences of coal rank and particle size on the mesopore characteristics (i.e., pore size, volume, and specific surface area), especially closed pores, were obtained by combining nitrogen adsorption and synchrotron-based small-angle X-ray radiation (SAXS). In addition, combined with the closed pore volume measured by He density and SAXS, research focuses on the formation and opening mechanisms of closed pores in different rank coals at a molecular level. The results indicate that both the bituminous (NMG) and anthracite coal (HN) have a few large open pores (>100 nm), with large amount of small mesopores and micropores (<2 nm). The HN coal has more open mesopores which have a smaller pore size than NMG coal. The closed pore proportion of HN coal in the studied pore size range is between 2 and 52 %, while that of NMG coal is between 47 and 67 %. In addition, both coals have a certain amount of closed pores formed by shear force and ash blockage, while the matrix compression also contribute to certain types of closed pores in NMG. These findings contribute to illustrating the closed pore structure in coal at the molecular level, which sheds light on constructing comprehensive macromolecular pore models of coal and thus promoting the development of clean coal utilization technologies.

A transition towards clean propulsion in shipping: The role of PESTLE drivers and implications for policy

In the context of the ongoing green transition within the maritime sector, this study seeks to explore the interplay of factors influencing the development of clean propulsion technologies. We identify the drivers underpinning the shift towards cleaner propulsion in maritime operations and outline the implications for the future of such technologies. This research is a result of industry-academia effort to develop a collective vision and strategy for a consortium of companies within propulsion sector. The market drivers are identified as part of a technology roadmapping process following PESTLE framework. Additionally, we employ the MICMAC method to discern dependencies and influences among these drivers. The findings indicate that certain drivers, such as fuel pricing and economic incentives, wield considerable independent influence, whereas others, including green financing, political will, and emission targets, exhibit substantial influence but are interdependent with other variables. Overall, most of the 30 drivers identified in the study both influence and depend on other drivers, creating a complex and uncertain system. This research contributes empirically to a holistic understanding of the intricate interplay among diverse market drivers in the context of clean propulsion in the maritime sector. Theoretically, it unveils the interdependent structure of socio-technical regimes and its implications in terms of “windows of opportunity” for niche development.

Environmental Regulation Design: Motivating Firms’ Clean Technology Investments With Penalties and Subsidies

The recently enacted Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) includes a number of incentive-based programs (e.g., tax credits) designed to motivate firms to develop new clean technologies for fighting climate change. However, the IRA also includes a fee firms incur for excessive methane emissions. This represents the first time the United States government has ever levied a fee on greenhouse gas emissions, and it raises an interesting research question—how should a budget-constrained regulator balance the use of both incentive and penalty-based levers for stimulating investment in clean technology development? In this paper, we examine a regulator’s optimal penalty and subsidy decisions for motivating firms to invest in clean technology development. We illustrate how the level of competitive intensity in the market can influence a budget-constrained regulator with multiple competing objectives—the environment, firm profits, and consumer welfare. We find that a subsidy is always beneficial, irrespective of the regulator’s objective. While imposing a firm penalty always benefits the environment, it always negatively impacts the sum of firm profits and consumer welfare. However, depending on the level of competition in the market, instances can occur where imposing a high penalty actually benefits total firm profits or consumer welfare (separately). Interestingly, a regulator that cares about all three dimensions of its objective equally, should always set the penalty to either its minimum or maximum value, depending on whether the environmental cost of the harmful product is high or low.

Electrosynthesis of ruthenium nanocluster incorporated nickel diselenide for efficient overall water splitting

Design of effective catalyst activation strategies that enable efficient electrocatalytic activity towards overall water splitting is necessary for the development of clean energy conversion technologies.