Development Of Chronic Disease Research Articles

Can hypoxic exercise retard cellular senescence? A narrative review

Abstract Background Senescent cells are defined as normal cells that have undergone irreversible division arrest due to various factors. These cells have been found to play a pivotal role in aging and the development of chronic diseases. Numerous studies demonstrated that physical exercise is effective in anti-aging and anti-chronic diseases. Furthermore, the combination of exercise and hypoxia has been shown to optimize the stimulus of oxygen deprivation and extend cellular lifespan. Objective This narrative review offers an exhaustive analysis of existing literature studying the effect of hypoxic exercise on cellular senescence under various conditions. Methods Four electronic databases underwent title and abstract screening to summarize the effect of hypoxic exercise on cellular senescence under various conditions. Papers were deemed eligible if they examined the effect of hypoxic exercise on cellular senescence in full-text, peer-reviewed journals and published in English. The final search was carried out on May 4, 2024. Studied were excluded if they: (a) did not involve the utilization of hypoxic exercise as a sole intervention or a contributing factor; (b) did not investigate cellular senescence; (c) lacked sufficient information regarding the study design and findings. A total of 2033 articles were obtained from four databases. However, only 11 articles were deemed to meet eligibility criteria after thoroughly examining titles, abstracts, and full-text content. Authorship, publication year, details of the experimental subject, types of exercise, training protocols, organ, tissue or cell, markers of senescent cells examined, and their responses elicited by exercise were diligently recorded. Results This review identified 11 articles for data extraction. The sample sizes varied across a spectrum of complexity, ranging from 4 to 60 (Median=20). The studied population encompassed different healthy cohorts, which comprised sedentary males (n=6), trained males (n=2), mountain climbers (n=1), and older adults (n=2). Included studies preferred using bicycle ergometers (72.7%, n=8) as the exercise modality and 10 studies (90.9%) utilized hypoxia chambers to mimic a normobaric hypoxia environment. Four studies (36.4%) opted to utilize hypoxia chambers to mimic an altitude of 2733 and 4460 m. Additionally, 54.5% of studies (n=6) specifically investigated the effect of hypoxic exercise on lymphocytes, commonly utilizing CD28 (n=3) and CD57 (n=3) as markers of cellular senescence. Four studies (33.3%) examined the impact of hypoxic exercise on erythrocytes using CD47 as the marker for detecting senescent cells. Conclusion These data support the notion that hypoxic exercise can retard cellular senescence of specific cells. In the future, standardization on the type of hypoxic exercise and markers of cellular senescence will be essential. Additionally, greater attention should be given to female populations and patients with different disease states. Lastly, further studies of the optimal form and dosage of exercise and the underlying cellular mechanisms are warranted. Trial registration PROSPERO, identifier CRD42023431601.

Pyroptosis in asthma: inflammatory phenotypes, immune and non-immune cells, and novel treatment approaches

Pyroptosis is a form of inflammatory programmed cell death, and is activated by pathogen infections or endogenous danger signals. The canonical pyroptosis process is characterized by the inflammasome (typically NLRP3)-mediated activation of caspase-1, which in turn cleaves and activates IL-1β and IL-18, as well as gasdermin D, which is a pore-forming executor protein, leading to cell membrane rupture, and the release of proinflammatory cytokines and damage-associated molecular pattern molecules. Pyroptosis is considered a part of the innate immune response. A certain level of pyroptosis can help eliminate pathogenic microorganisms, but excessive pyroptosis can lead to persistent inflammatory responses, and cause tissue damage. In recent years, pyroptosis has emerged as a crucial contributor to the development of chronic inflammatory respiratory diseases, such as asthma. The present study reviews the involvement of pyroptosis in the development of asthma, in terms of its role in different inflammatory phenotypes of the disease, and its influence on various immune and non-immune cells in the airway. In addition, the potential therapeutic value of targeting pyroptosis for the treatment of specific phenotypes of asthma is discussed.

The Role of Simulation Science in Public Health at the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry: An Overview and Analysis of the Last Decade

Environmental exposures are ubiquitous and play a significant, and sometimes understated, role in public health as they can lead to the development of various chronic and infectious diseases. In an ideal world, there would be sufficient experimental data to determine the health effects of exposure to priority environmental contaminants. However, this is not the case, as emerging chemicals are continuously added to this list, furthering the data gaps. Recently, simulation science has evolved and can provide appropriate solutions using a multitude of computational methods and tools. In its quest to protect communities across the country from environmental health threats, ATSDR employs a variety of simulation science tools such as Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship (QSAR) modeling, and benchmark dose (BMD) modeling, among others. ATSDR’s use of such tools has enabled the agency to evaluate exposures in a timely, efficient, and effective manner. ATSDR’s work in simulation science has also had a notable impact beyond the agency, as evidenced by external researchers’ widespread appraisal and adaptation of the agency’s methodology. ATSDR continues to advance simulation science tools and their applications by collaborating with researchers within and outside the agency, including other federal/state agencies, NGOs, the private sector, and academia.

Acute Hepatitis C: Current Status and Future Perspectives

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection continues to represent a significant public health threat and is a leading cause of liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, and liver-related mortality. The World Health Organization (WHO) has set a goal for 2030: to eliminate HCV infection as a public health threat by reducing new HCV infections by 90% and mortality by 65%. The early phase of HCV infection represents a pivotal point in the evolution of hepatitis C. Despite a favourable course in the majority of patients, approximately 50–70% of individuals with recently acquired hepatitis C will develop a chronic infection, defined as the persistence of viremia for a period exceeding six months. The diagnosis and treatment of a recent HCV infection should facilitate engagement in multidisciplinary care, prevent the development and complications of chronic liver disease, and reduce ongoing transmission in key populations. Therefore, early treatment in the early phase of infection compared with deferring treatment until the chronic infection remains a valid approach in the era of direct antiviral agents (DAAs). This approach is supported by a cost-effectiveness analysis. The aim of this review is to synthesise the existing knowledge on the early phase of hepatitis C virus infection, with a particular focus on the current risk factors, natural history, therapeutic management, and future perspectives.

Probiotic, Postbiotic, and Paraprobiotic Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus as a Modulator of Obesity-Associated Factors

Obesity is a pandemic currently affecting the world’s population that decreases the quality of life and promotes the development of chronic non-communicable diseases. Lactobacillus rhamnosus is recognized for multiple positive effects on obesity and overall health. In fact, such effects may occur even when the microorganisms do not remain alive (paraprobiotic effects). This raises the need to elucidate the mechanisms by which obesity-associated factors can be modulated. This narrative review explores recent findings on the effects of L. rhamnosus, particularly, its postbiotic and paraprobiotic effects, on the modulation of adiposity, weight gain, oxidative stress, inflammation, adipokines, satiety, and maintenance of intestinal integrity, with the aim of providing a better understanding of its mechanisms of action in order to contribute to streamlining its clinical and therapeutic applications. The literature shows that L. rhamnosus can modulate obesity-associated factors when analyzed in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, its postbiotic and paraprobiotic effects may be comparable to the more studied probiotic actions. Some mechanisms involve regulation of gene expression, intracellular signaling, and enteroendocrine communication, among others. We conclude that the evidence is promising, although there are still multiple knowledge gaps that require further study in order to fully utilize L. rhamnosus to improve human health.

Black Garlic Supplementation and Glomerular Protection in Hyperuricemic Rats: A Study on Kidney Health Prevention

Introduction: Hyperuricemia is a significant risk factor for the development of chronic kidney disease. Excessive uric acid can deposit in the kidneys, triggering inflammatory reactions and oxidative stress, leading to structural damage in the glomeruli. Black garlic, with its antioxidant and bioactive compounds, has the potential to protect the kidneys from hyperuricemia-induced damage. Our objective is to evaluate the effect of black garlic supplementation on the histopathological features of glomeruli in a hyperuricemic rat model. Methods: This study was an analytical observational study using Biological Remnant Materials (BRM) from a previous study. The sample consisted of 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats divided into 5 groups: disease control, drug control (allopurinol), and 3 black garlic dose groups (240 mg/day, 480 mg/day, and 960 mg/day). Data were collected through histopathological examination of kidney tissue using the glomerular damage scoring method (0-3). Data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc LSD tests. Results: Black garlic demonstrated protective effects on the histopathological features of glomeruli in hyperuricemic rats. The 240 mg/day dose showed the most significant improvement in kidney health, reducing glomerular damage scores compared to the disease control group (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that black garlic can serve as a preventive agent against kidney complications caused by hyperuricemia. Conclusion: Black garlic provides protective effects on glomerular histopathology in hyperuricemic rats, with the 240 mg/day dose being the most effective. These results suggest potential use for black garlic in preventing kidney complications in hyperuricemia.

Noninvasive, Multimodal Inflammatory Biomarker Discovery for Systemic Inflammation (NOVA Study): Protocol for a Cross-Sectional Study.

Prolonged systemic inflammation is recognized as a major contributor to the development of various chronic inflammatory diseases. Daily measurements of inflammatory biomarkers can significantly improve disease monitoring of systemic inflammation, thus contributing to reducing the burden on patients and the health care system. There exists, however, no scalable, cost-efficient, and noninvasive biomarker for remote assessment of systemic inflammation. To this end, we propose a novel, multimodal, and noninvasive approach for measuring inflammatory biomarkers. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the levels of inflammatory biomarkers in serum (gold standard) and those measured noninvasively in urine, sweat, saliva, exhaled breath, stool, and core body temperature in patients with systemic inflammation. This study is a single-center, cross-sectional study and includes a total of 20 participants (10 patients with systemic inflammation and 10 control patients). Eligible participants provide serum, urine, sweat, saliva, exhaled breath, and stool samples for biomarker analyses. Core body temperature is measured using a sensor. The primary end point is the level of C-reactive protein (CRP). The secondary end points are interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels. The tertiary end points are fractional exhaled nitric oxide, calprotectin, and core body temperature. Samples will be collected in 2 batches, enabling preliminary analysis of the first batch (patients 1-5 from each group). The full analysis will include both batches. CRP and cytokine levels will be measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. For statistical analysis, the Shapiro-Wilk test will be used to evaluate the normality of the distribution in each variable. We will perform the 2-tailed t test or Wilcoxon rank sum test to compare the levels of inflammatory biomarkers between patients with systemic inflammations and control patients. Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients will assess the relationship between inflammatory biomarkers from noninvasive methods and serum biomarkers. Using all-subset regression analysis, we will determine the combination of noninvasive methods yielding the highest predictive accuracy for serum CRP levels. Participants' preferences for sampling methods will be assessed through a questionnaire. The study received ethics approval from the independent research ethics committee of Canton Zurich on October 28, 2022. A total of 20 participants participated in the study measurements. Data collection started on February 22, 2023, and was completed on September 22, 2023. Participants were on average 52.8 (SD 14.4; range 24-82) years of age, and 70% (14/20) of them were women. The analysis results reporting findings are expected to be published in 2025. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of noninvasive, multimodal assessment of inflammatory biomarkers in patients with systemic inflammation. Promising results could lead to the creation of noninvasive and potentially digital biomarkers for systemic inflammation, enabling continuous monitoring and early diagnosis of inflammatory activity in a remote setting. DERR1-10.2196/62877.

Pharmacological Manipulation of the Aging Pathways to Effect Health Span and Lifespan with Special Reference to SGLT2 Inhibitors as Powerful Anti-aging Agents in Humans

Calorie restriction has been shown to slow the aging process in numerous organisms including primates. Caloric excess states, such as type 2 diabetes, are associated with accelerated aging and the incidence and severity of chronic diseases. The nutrient-sensing pathways and intestinal microbiome are important systems that affect aging and chronic disease development. This manuscript reviews the various pathways involved with aging and chronic disease development and examines the pharmacological manipulation of these systems which appear to slow aging and the chronic diseases of aging in experimental model organisms and collaborating human data when available. Finally, the abundance of experimental and human data suggesting the newer diabetic medications, the sodium-glucose transport inhibitors, are potent anti-aging agents is provided.

The importance of nutrition and overweight as a risk factor in family medicine

Improper nutrition leads to changes in the body that are not only an aesthetic problem, but also lead to chronic diseases. The goals of the research are to analyze knowledge, habits and attitudes about nutrition and knowledge about obesity, to determine the body mass index (BMI) of all respondents, to analyze the connection between nutrition, excess body weight and the frequency of chronic non-communicable diseases. The study was cross-sectional epidemiological, descriptive-analytical, was conducted on a sample of 200 respondents of patients Family medicine, Public Health Center of the Sarajevo Canton. The survey was conducted by interviewing respondents using a modified questionnaire, made up of 27 questions. Analyzing the results, it was determined that the respondents' knowledge of nutrition is satisfactory, but that the majority of respondents (121) have a BMI over 25. For men in the age group of 46-55 years, the average BMI is 29.3, and for women in the same age group, it is 27. 5, which shows that they do not apply their own knowledge about nutrition. The majority of respondents (32%) whose BMI is over 25 have one or more chronic non-communicable diseases. Most respondents stated that they get information about proper nutrition through the media, although many of them suffer from some chronic diseases, they do not get information at the health center. In the family doctor's clinic, it is very important to recognize excess body weight, bad eating habits of patients in time, plan a prevention strategy, and prevent the further development of chronic diseases with professional counseling.

РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЙ МОНИТОРИНГ ФАКТОРОВ РИСКА РАЗВИТИЯ ХРОНИЧЕСКИХ НЕИНФЕКЦИОННЫХ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ ПОСЛЕ ПЕРЕНЕСЕННОГО COVID-19

Annotation. Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCD) represent a major public health problem in recent decades. NCD kill 41 million people annually, accounting for 74% of all deaths worldwide. WHO predicts that the total number of deaths from NCD will rise to 55 million by 2030 unless drastic measures are taken. Cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease and diabetes are the four leading causes of premature mortality among NCD. Multimorbidity affects 65% of people over 65 years of age, requiring more patient-centred and complex models of care. The aim of the study was to conduct regional monitoring of risk factors for chronic noncommunicable diseases in geriatric patients. Outpatient charts of 152 patients aged 60 years and older who had undergone COVID-9 and had undergone an in-depth adult check-up were used for the study. The average age of the patients who underwent the dispensary was 70.0±5.7 years. Questionnaire survey of 152 patients aged 65 years and older to identify NCD and senile asthenia showed that the highest proportion of patients had risk factors for cardiovascular diseases - 63.2%, osteoporosis - 40.8%, GI diseases - 28%, senile asthenia - 27% and polypragmasia - 20.4%. 32.2% of respondents noted a decrease in memory, perception of material, impaired comprehension, loss of ability to distribute time, 30.9% experienced a decrease in mood, loss of energy, depressive state, 24.3% each experienced vision and hearing problems that impair the quality of life, and 22.4% of persons over 65 experienced difficulty in walking. Based on the results of the study, data collection modules based on the STEPS system were identified for the step-by-step assessment of risk factors for the development of chronic non-communicable diseases, and a model for a comprehensive approach to improving the health of citizens aged 60 years and older, who have the highest risk of developing NCD, was proposed.

Serum Osmolality as a Predictor of Renal Function Decline: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Background and Aims: Dehydration is a prevalent and costly healthcare concern, linked to heightened risks of acute kidney injury and in-hospital mortality. Despite its significance, limited evidence exists regarding its prevalence and correlation with renal function decline in apparently healthy individuals. This retrospective cohort study aimed to investigate the prevalence and association of dehydration with renal function decline and the development or progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the general population. Methods: The medical records of subjects undergoing annual health check-ups from 2016 to 2019 at a single center in Taiwan were analyzed, and those with CKD stage V, insufficient data, or an increased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were excluded. Serum osmolality, eGFR, and relevant parameters were measured. Logistic regression and Kaplan–Meier analyses were used to assess associations between osmolality and CKD-related outcomes. Results: Among the 4449 eligible subjects, those in the higher osmolality quartiles had an elevated risk of CKD or CKD progression. Multivariate analyses identified age, systolic blood pressure, serum osmolality, uric acid, proteinuria, and a history of diabetes as independent risk factors, with high-density lipoprotein being protective. Cumulative incidence curves demonstrated a significant increase in the risk of CKD with increasing osmolality levels. Restricted cubic spline analyses confirmed a nonlinear relationship between osmolality and CKD risk. Conclusions: Elevated serum osmolality independently predicted renal function decline and CKD development in apparently healthy individuals, and this effect persisted after adjusting for established risk factors. Our findings underscore the importance of addressing dehydration as a modifiable risk factor for CKD.

The stem and progenitor cells and the functional activity of liver from age-different Wistar rats

The liver has a big potential for self-healing, but the activity of regeneration decreases with age. Changes are occurring, including in the functional activity of various liver cell populations, the study of the characteristics of which can become the basis for the development of new therapeutic approaches to the liver diseases treatment at older people. The aim of this research was to study the level of stem and progenitor cells and the functional activity of the healthy liver from age- different rats. Material and methods. Experiments were carried out on Wistar rats aged 6 and 12 months. Ultrasound and histological examination of the liver from rats was used to assess morphological changes. The lipid profile of blood serum was evaluated by biochemical methods. Cytometric methods were used to study the surface and intracellular antigens of stem and progenitor cells isolated from the bone marrow, arterial blood and liver of rats. Results and discussion. In 12-month-old male Wistar rats, compared with 6-month-old rats, excessive formation of extracellular matrix components, disruption of tissue architecture, development of portal hypertension, as well as an increase in the concentration of cholesterol, triglycerides, high- and low-density lipoproteins were revealed. We identified age- related differences in the content of hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells, epithelial cells (CD45–CD326+) in the bone marrow, blood and liver of rats. In the liver parenchyma, the populations of hepatocyte precursors (CD45– CD326+CD133+), oval cells (CD45–CD326+CD133+CD90+). At the same time, the level of all cell populations in the liver parenchyma of rats expressing the intracellular marker Sox9 was higher in one-year-old animals compared to younger ones, regardless of the cell phenotype. Conclusions. In the liver of 12-month-old rats, compared to 6-month-old rats, the number of cells expressing Sox9, lymphocytes with an inflammatory phenotype increases, the number of stem cells and various populations of epithelial and endothelial cells decreases, which leads to a decrease in the regenerative capacity of the liver, disruption of the tissue architecture of the organ and changes in lipid metabolism. These changes largely determine the increased susceptibility with age to the development of chronic liver diseases.

Metagenome-based characterization of the gut bacteriome, mycobiome, and virome in patients with chronic hepatitis B-related liver fibrosis

IntroductionThe gut microbiota is believed to be directly involved in the etiology and development of chronic liver diseases. However, the holistic characterization of the gut bacteriome, mycobiome, and virome in patients with chronic hepatitis B-related liver fibrosis (CHB-LF) remains unclear.MethodsIn this study, we analyzed the multi-kingdom gut microbiome (i.e., bacteriome, mycobiome, and virome) of 25 CHB-LF patients and 28 healthy individuals through whole-metagenome shotgun sequencing of their stool samples.ResultsWe found that the gut bacteriome, mycobiome, and virome of CHB-LF patients were fundamentally altered, characterized by a panel of 110 differentially abundant bacterial species, 16 differential fungal species, and 90 differential viruses. The representative CHB-LF-enriched bacteria included members of Blautia_A (e.g., B. wexlerae, B. massiliensis, and B. obeum), Dorea (e.g., D. longicatena and D. formicigenerans), Streptococcus, Erysipelatoclostridium, while some species of Bacteroides (e.g., B. finegoldii and B. thetaiotaomicron), Faecalibacterium (mainly F. prausnitzii), and Bacteroides_A (e.g., B. plebeius_A and B. coprophilus) were depleted in patients. Fungi such as Malassezia spp. (e.g., M. japonica and M. sympodialis), Candida spp. (e.g., C. parapsilosis), and Mucor circinelloides were more abundant in CHB-LF patients, while Mucor irregularis, Phialophoraverrucosa, Hortaea werneckii, and Aspergillus fumigatus were decreases. The CHB-LF-enriched viruses contained 18 Siphoviridae, 12 Myoviridae, and 1 Podoviridae viruses, while the control-enriched viruses included 16 Siphoviridae, 9 Myoviridae, 2 Quimbyviridae, and 1 Podoviridae_crAss-like members. Moreover, we revealed that the CHB-LF-associated gut multi-kingdom signatures were tightly interconnected, suggesting that they may act together on the disease. Finally, we showed that the microbial signatures were effective in discriminating the patients from healthy controls, suggesting the potential of gut microbiota in the prediction of CHB-LF and related diseases.DiscussionIn conclusion, our findings delineated the fecal bacteriome, mycobiome, and virome landscapes of the CHB-LF microbiota and provided biomarkers that will aid in future mechanistic and clinical intervention studies.

The role of the somatotype in the development and course of chronic diseases of the organs of the hepatobiliary area

Each person is characterized by a certain somatotype, which is formed at the early stages of ontogenesis and remains constant throughout life. Currently, the somatic constitution of a person is becoming increasingly important in predicting the course and risks of diseases of various organ systems. There are theoretical and clinical materials on somatotypological features of the course of diseases of the digestive system. The literature review of data that affect the violation of the proper functioning of the organs of the hepatobiliary region, depending on the somatotype and anthropometric indicators.

Oral Spore-Based Probiotic Supplementation Alters Post-Prandial Expression of mRNA Associated with Gastrointestinal Health.

Background/Objectives: Unregulated post-prandial dietary endotoxemia may accumulate over time and underlie the development of chronic disease (e.g., leaky gut, inflammatory bowel disease, etc.), for which oral probiotic supplementation may be a prophylactic. The purpose of this study was to determine if 45 d of oral spore-based probiotic supplementation altered gastrointestinal-associated mRNA expression following a high-fat meal. Methods: A subset of apparently healthy individuals from a larger study who had dietary endotoxemia at baseline completed 45 d of supplementation with either a placebo (rice flour; n = 10) or spore-based probiotic (Megasporebiotic™; Novonesis, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; Bacillus indicus (HU36™), Bacillus subtilis (HU58™), Bacillus coagulans (SC208™), and Bacillus licheniformis (SL-307), and Bacillus clausii (SC109™); n = 10). Venous blood was collected in Paxgene RNA tubes prior to (PRE), 3 h, and 5 h after consumption of a high-fat meal (85% of the daily fat RDA and 65% of the daily calorie needs). Total RNA was analyzed for 579 mRNAs of interest (Nanostring nCounter Sprint; Seattle, WA, USA). After normalization to housekeeping controls and calculation of differential expression relative to PRE and controlled for FDR, 15 mRNAs were determined to be significantly changed at either 3 h and/or 5 h post-prandial in the probiotic group but not in the placebo group. Results: Significant mRNA expressions were associated with gastrointestinal tract barrier function (four mRNAs: BATF3, CCR6, CXCR6, and PDCD2), gastrointestinal immunity (four mRNAs: CLEC5A, IL7, CARD9, and FCER1G), or future IBD risk (seven mRNAs: PD-L1, CSF1R, FAS, BID, FADD, GATA3, and KIR3DL). Conclusions: Collectively, the present findings may support the notion that post-prandial immune response to eating is enhanced following 45 d of probiotic supplementation.

FUNCTIONAL STATE OF RENAL PARENCHYMA IN CHILDREN WITH DYSMETABOLIC NEPHROPATHY

Abstract. Metabolic nephropathy in children is a relevant issue in our time, as the prevalence of this disease is increasing. Negative consequences of metabolic nephropathy include a gradual deterioration of kidney function. A significant aspect is the fact that metabolic nephropathy can lead to the development of chronic kidney disease in children. Chronicity requires continuous medical monitoring and treatment to support kidney function and prevent further complications, such as renal insufficiency and other metabolic disorders. There is no doubt that one of the leading pathogenetic factors in kidney dysfunction is hypoxia. It can be caused by both hemodynamic disturbances associated with renal pathology and tissue respiration disorders in congenital dysplasia of the kidney's connective tissue, which arises in the embryo under the influence of epigenetic factors in utero and is further exacerbated by various epigenetic factors in postnatal life. Purpose of the work to investigate the functional state of kidney parenchyma in children with dysmetabolic nephropathy. Materials and methods. Two groups of children were examined: those with a complicated course of dysmetabolic nephropathy, a history of inflammatory episodes of the urinary system organs (Group I - UN, 52 children), and dysmetabolic nephropathy with persistent crystalluria (Group II - DN, 56 children). A control group consisted of 65 healthy children. Tubular reabsorption, as a partial function of the proximal segment of the nephrons, was assessed based on urinolysis test data, specifically the levels of excretion of inorganic phosphates, proteinuria, amino acids, reduced sugars (maltose, sucrose, fructose by Benedict's test), glucose (by Gaines's test), and calcium (by Sulcovitch's test). The level of creatinine and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) excretion in daily urine in children with dysmetabolic nephropathy was determined and compared with data from healthy children in the control group. Research results. In children from both observation groups, a significantly high frequency of hyperphosphaturia (94.23% and 96.42%), calciuria (94.23% and 89.28%), glucosuria (78.85% and 73.21%), increased excretion of amino acids in the urine (40.38% and 37.5%), microproteinuria (32.69% and 28.57%), and increased excretion of reduced sugars (28.85% and 26.79%) were observed. The daily excretion of creatinine, glycosaminoglycans, and oxypyrrolidine in the urine of children with dysmetabolic nephropathy indicates a significantly reduced level of creatinine in the daily urine in the majority of children in Group I (0.56±0.19 g/L, 80.77% of those examined) and more than half of the children in Group II (0.83±0.08 g/L, 57.14% of those examined), compared to the data from healthy children in the control group (1.25±0.75 g/L, 0.0%). Conclusions. The analysis of the functional state of the kidney tissue in oxalate dysmetabolic nephropathy in children allows us to testify to the presence of tubular and glomerular partial renal tissue failure. Significant decreases in creatinine excretion and increased excretion of glycosoaminoglycans in the urine and significantly higher levels of oxyproline in the urine indicate the presence of glomerular type partial renal failure in oxalate dysmetabolic nephropathy in children and the presence of undifferentiated dysplasia of the renal connective tissue with the onset of its sclerosis with subsequent transition to interstitial nephritis. The presence of these changes in the vast majority of children with complicated course of oxalate dysmetabolic nephropathy in the period of clinical and laboratory remission of the inflammatory process indicates the priority of renal connective tissue dysplasia and paucity of renal failure in the pathogenesis of dysmetabolic nephropathy and its severity in children. Indicators of oxyproline creatinine, glycosoaminoglycans and oxyproline excretion can be used as epigenetic markers of susceptibility to dysmetabolic nephropathy in general and its more severe course in particular. Keywords: dysmetabolic nephropathy, functional state, kidney parenchyma, nephron.

Nicotine addiction is the main risk factor for the formation and development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A review

The article considers the issue of studying the effect of nicotine dependence on the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as the main factor in the formation of inflammation mediated through the use of tobacco-containing, as well as alternative tobacco products, not only the epithelium of the bronchi, but also the endothelial cells of large and small vessels. Morphological changes in bronchopulmonary structures lead to pronounced tissue hypoxia, which in turn aggravates the course of the underlying disease, leads to the formation of concomitant pathology in the form of cardiovascular diseases, pathology of blood rheology, increased risks of thrombosis. Without considering the risks of early death in this context, we can say with confidence that a decrease in the level of quality of life and human activity will directly depend on the availability of constant and prolonged use of nicotine-containing products.

Patterns of beverages consumption and prevalence of non-communicable chronic diseases.

Beverages consumption influences diet quality in general and has been associated with the development of non-communicable chronic diseases (NCCD). We aimed to verify the association between beverage consumption patterns and the prevalence of NCCD. A cross-sectional household and population-based study was conducted with 489 individuals aged 20 years and older. The presence of NCCD (arterial hypertension, diabetes, cancer and hypercholesterolemia) was obtained by self-report, while obesity was diagnosed by measuring body weight, height and waist circumference. Beverage consumption patterns were obtained by principal component analysis. The association between beverages patterns and the prevalence of NCCD was verified using Poisson regression, expressed as prevalence ratio (PR) and adjusted for potential confounding factors. Three beverage patterns were identified: ‘ultra-processed beverages’, ‘alcoholic beverages’ and ‘healthy beverages’. Individuals with greater adherence to the Ultra-processed Beverages Pattern had a 2·77 times higher prevalence of cancer (PR: 3·77; 95 % CI 1·57, 9·07). Higher adherence to the Alcoholic Beverages Pattern was associated with a higher prevalence of obesity (PR: 1·97; 95 % CI 1·13, 3·44). In contrast, individuals in the second tertile of adherence to the Healthy Beverages Pattern had a 39 % lower prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (PR: 0·61; 95 % CI 0·40, 0·92), and individuals in the third tertile had a 10 % lower prevalence of abdominal obesity estimated by the waist-to-height ratio (PR: 0·90; 95 % CI 0·83, 0·97). Beverage consumption patterns may be associated with a higher prevalence of NCCD, regardless of other risk factors. It is therefore important to conduct more studies investigating the impact of beverages patterns on health.

From Fetus to Eight: the CHILD Cohort Study.

The CHILD Cohort Study is an active multi-center longitudinal, prospective, population pregnancy cohort study following Canadian infants from fetal life until adulthood. We hypothesized that early life physical and psychosocial environments interact with biological factors (e.g. immunologic, genetic, physiologic, and metabolic) influencing burdensome non-communicable disease outcomes, including asthma and allergic disorders, growth and development, cardio-metabolic health, and neurodevelopmental outcomes that manifest during the life-course. Detailed clinical and physiologic phenotyping at strategic intervals was complemented by environmental sampling, actigraphy and global positioning system measures, biological sampling including gut, breastmilk and nasal microbiome, nutritional studies, genetics, and epigenetic profiling. Of 3,454 families recruited from 2008 to 2012, study retention was 96.0% at 1-year, 93.2% at 5-years and 90.7% at 8-years. Data collection during the SARS-2 COVID-19 pandemic was partially completed via virtual visits. A sub-cohort was implemented, capturing detailed information on the prevalence and predictors of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the health and psychosocial impact of the pandemic on Canadian families. The 13-year clinical assessment launched in 2022 will be completed in 2025. Ultimately, the CHILD Cohort Study provides a data science platform designed to enable a deep understanding of early life factors associated with the development of chronic non-communicable diseases and multimorbidity.

The nexus between appendicitis and chronic inflammatory bowel diseases: Unraveling an intriguing association.

Appendicitis is 1 of the most frequent diseases worldwide. In general, it is treated with appendectomy, which, in almost all cases, leads to the healing of the disease and averts acute complications. However, only limited data regarding long-term sequalae, including inflammatory bowel diseases following appendicitis are available. We therefore investigated the association between appendicitis and both Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The present study included 23,991 patients with a history of appendicitis and 23,991 that did not have such a history. Patients were identified within the Disease Analyzer (IQVIA) database in Germany between 2010 and 2020. After a follow-up period of up to 10 years, 0.74% of patients with a history of appendicitis and 0.45% of those in the nonappendicitis cohort were diagnosed with CD (P < .001). Our regression analysis revealed a robust and statistically significant association between appendicitis and the incidence of CD in the entire study population (Hazard ratio: 1.82; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.31-2.53). Importantly, this association remained largely consistent across all age groups and both genders. In contrast, no statistically significant link was observed between appendicitis and the subsequent development of UC (Hazard ratio: 1.24; 95% CI: 0.90-1.71). The present study presents novel data from a large cohort of outpatients in Germany, providing strong evidence for an association between appendicitis and the development of CD (but not UC). These findings contribute to the existing body of literature and may facilitate the recognition of appendicitis as a risk factor for the development of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases.