Development Of Chinese Nation Research Articles

Research on the localization of lotus patterns from the perspective of the philosophy of design

Art design is a visual form and spiritual bearer of culture that ensures universal language for communication between civilizations of the world. Competitiveness of the nation is not only a reflection of its economic power, but what is more important, recognition of its culture. Chinese patterns were used throughout the development of Chinese nation and imparted with spiritual connotations, forming a unique Chinese “culture of ornaments”, which is also an artistic sublimation of Chinese national culture. Lotus pattern is one of the earliest traditional ornaments that emerged in China. Throughout its entire history, it turned into a visual symbol that represents commemoration and aesthetic value of the Chinese traditional culture, having a distinct shape and meaning. This article analyzes the peculiarities of localization of the Ancient Chinese lotus pattern, as well as the question of “folk aesthetics” as the major driving force for the consistent development of the means of creating such images. The author examines the main determinants of the Chinese philosophy of design, highlighting such key factors as the artistic consciousness of the Chinese people, “botanical principle” in visual art, aesthetic perception of symmetry and balance in the image, as well as the peculiarities of historical milestones in the development of Chinese floral ornament. The author summarizes the considered aspects with regards to integration of the traditional and modern design.

Global pedigree and national imperative: Hong Kong universities’ response to China’s grand strategies

Literature offers a theoretical framework exemplifying the inherent tensions between “becoming Chinese” and “remaining global” in the evolution of the international status of Hong Kong. Adopting this framework, this paper examines the global position of Hong Kong’s higher education through an investigation of universities’ participation in China’s Belt and Road Initiative and Greater Bay Area development plan. Specifically, drawing on data from interviews about universities’ engagement with the two Chinese grand strategies, the paper discusses university leaders and academics’ experience and perception of Hong Kong’s global status against a policy context that foregrounds a deeper integration with the Chinese national development. This discussion offers a theoretical dialogue that reveals different but overlapping scenarios for the future of Hong Kong’s higher education and sheds light on the link between the changing geopolitical contexts and international higher education.

China: A New Trajectory Prioritizing Rural Rather Than Urban Development?

The adverse effects of rapid urbanization are of global concern. Careful planning for and accommodation of accelerating urbanization and citizenization (i.e., migrants gaining official urban residency) may be the best approach to limit some of the worst impacts. However, we find that another trajectory may be possible: one linked to the rural development plan adopted in the latest Chinese national development strategy. This plan aims to build rural areas as attractive areas for settlement by 2050 rather than to further urbanize with more people in cities. We assess the political motivations and challenges behind this choice to develop rural areas based on a literature review and empirical case analysis. After assessing the rural and urban policy subsystem, we find five socio-political drivers behind China’s rural development strategy, namely ensuring food security, promoting culture and heritage, addressing overcapacity, emphasizing environmental protection and eradicating poverty. To develop rural areas, China needs to effectively resolve three dilemmas: (1) implementing decentralized policies under central supervision; (2) deploying limited resources efficiently to achieve targets; and (3) addressing competing narratives in current policies. Involving more rural community voices, adopting multiple forms of local governance, and identifying and mitigating negative project impacts can be the starting points to manage these dilemmas.

RESEARCH ON SOCIAL SERVICE FUNCTIONS OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES

China is a big agricultural country. The problems of agriculture, rural areas and farmers have always been major issues affecting national security and stability. Chinese agricultural development is facing major challenges. In addition, China is the most populous country in the world and agricultural production is facing great pressure. However, the country has always attached great importance to agricultural development, with special emphasis on the development of agricultural science and technology. China has successively established a large number of agricultural and forestry schools to train a large number of agricultural science and technology personnel for the country. In recent years, Chinese agriculture has developed rapidly and is developing in the direction of agricultural science and technology and modernization. The most important item in Chinese national development strategy is the comprehensive elimination of the poor and the vast rural population is an important target for this work. This means that Chinese agricultural universities and a large number of agricultural talents are facing major development opportunities. The vast number of agricultural and forestry colleges and universities should make full use of their own resources such as science and technology and talents to provide technology, services, products, etc. The exertion of social functions in agricultural and forestry colleges and universities should fully consider the relationship between colleges and major stakeholders. In this context, this paper explores the basic situation of the development and construction of agricultural and forestry universities in China. This paper also studies the problems existing in the development of agricultural and forestry universities and professional education. The basic situation of the number of college students majoring in agriculture and forestry was studied. It studies the development trend of Chinese agriculture and the basic content of social services of Chinese agricultural colleges. And put forward suggestions for them to better realize the social service function.

PHP11 - The “Second Negotiation” Policy in Chinese Hospitals

The “second negotiation” is a new health policy proposed by Chinese National Development and Reform Commission in 2013. It allows hospitals to further negotiate the drug price with manufacturers after provincial negotiation. The policy’s appropriateness to control drugs expenditure is debatable; therefore, our study aimed to discuss potential advantages and disadvantages of this policy. A literature review was performed using Chinese databases (CNKI, Wanfang, and CQVIP), government official websites, and grey literature. Papers on second negotiation were identified and information on its rationale, implementation level, and potential outcome were extracted. Discrepant points of view were identified. Supporters believe that second negotiation can help to decrease the hospital expenses, to increase transparency of price setting of hospital products, to avoid under-the-table kickbacks for physicians, and to control over-prescription of expensive drugs. However, others argue that second negotiation is against the transparency principle of the new medical reform program. The drug prices in large hospitals may be substantially lower than in small hospitals, due to differential negotiation power. Additionally, it may cause a shortage or a lower quality of essential drugs as manufacturers may supply in priority high cost acquisition hospitals. Some provinces are very proactive in exploring second negotiation, such as Chongqing and Anhui provinces, whereas others are resistant, such as Liaoning and Jiangsu provinces. The magnitude of implementing second negotiation could not be assessed due to unavailable accurate numbers of hospitals practicing this policy. The pricing mechanism in China is changing. After new mechanisms of price control were introduced in the reform of June 2015; several provinces are piloting the “second negotiation.” Pharmaceutical companies and payers need to prepare for these new reforms and their potential impact. Further studies assessing their impact on adopters and non-adopters are needed.

Policy Infusion Through Capacity Building and Project Interaction: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading in China

Capacity-building projects can be a vehicle for fostering policy diffusion. They should not, however, be considered as exclusively externally driven; the receiving jurisdiction’s receptiveness and leverage to steer the design of those projects can be crucial factors, shaping the process of infusing different external policy expertise and experiences into domestic policy design and implementation. This article shows that the Chinese National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) has played a key role in steering the capacity-building efforts of external financiers in the case of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trading. The focus here is twofold: analyzing, on the one hand, the interaction among capacity-building projects financed by different external financiers, and on the other, the role that central actors and brokers can play in the complex structure of interacting projects.

Analysis of Short Circuit Fault for 4.6GHz/6MW LHCD High Voltage Power Supply

4.6GHz/6MW Lower Hybrid Current Drive (LHCD) is one of plasma current heating methods for Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). High Voltage Power Supply (HVPS) is the power supply subsystem of 4.6GHz/6MW LHCD system, which was designed, built and accepted successfully by Chinese National Development and Reform Commission in 2015. Then the new system has been in use for the 2015 EAST campaign. This paper presents the structure of 4.6GHz/6MW LHCD-HVPS and its transient operation state when its klystron load has short circuit fault. In order to protect the klystron and HVPS itself, the short-circuit fault and its transient process are analyzed and calculated in detail. And a three-electrode gas switch has been built to eliminate the short-circuit fault in microseconds. In addition, the effectiveness of the three-electrode gas switch has been verified by simulation and experiment result. The HVPS has been used in 4.6GHz/6MW LHCD system and it has good performance for the entire 2015 EAST campaign.

Russia and China

Russia and China have closely interconnected histories and partially coinciding interests in the globalizing world. Disillusioned with the counteraction with the West, especially as a result of the ‘Ukrainian crisis’, Moscow started to construct its ‘own world’, consisting of its own partners. Under this scenario China, with its economic abilities and deep historic ties with the USSR/Russia, looked to be a very privileged partner. But the attempts to change the declared ‘strategic partnership’ between Beijing and Moscow into a closer alliance did not coincide with China’s policy of a ‘peaceful rise’ which was intended to get the maximum possible advantage for Chinese national development from all participants of the world process, without complicating, except with very good reason, its relations with any state. This article analyses the developments in the principal fields of the Russian–Chinese cooperation in the context of the attitudes of the Russian political elite.

A ascensão da China e seus reflexos no Brasil: fundamentos e evidências para uma estratégia de desenvolvimento

O artigo analisa os fundamentos da estratégia nacional de desenvolvimento da China, que permitiram ao país se tornar um dos principais centros de gravidade da economia internacional, em trajetória que promoveu diversos impactos nas demais economias e tem pressionado a reestruturação da agenda de desenvolvimento dos países a partir de uma nova realidade global. Com fundamentação teórica e estatística, o trabalho apresenta evidências da ascensão da economia chinesa, de seus fundamentos e de seus impactos na economia brasileira. Diante da análise dos dados e da experiência chinesa, sugere-se a necessidade de o Brasil elaborar uma estratégia nacional que seja fundamentada na articulação institucional de políticas, na internacionalização e na inovação de sua economia.

Short and Long Pulse High Magnetic Field Facility at the Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center

The pulsed high magnetic field facility funded by the Chinese National Development and Reformation Committee has been developed at the Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center (WHMFC). Magnets of short pulse, long pulse and the combination of both with bore sizes from 12 to 34 mm have been developed and are operational for electric transport, magnetization, magneto-optics and electron spin resonance at temperatures in the range from 100 mK to 350 K. The power supplies for these magnets consist of a capacitor bank with 12 modules of 1 MJ/25 kV each and 2 modules of 0.8 MJ/25 kV each, a 100 MVA/100 MJ flywheel pulse generator and a 771 V/180 kAh battery bank. A dual-coil magnet driven by the capacitor banks has successfully generated 86.3 T field with a total pulse duration over 350 ms in a 12-mm bore. A dual-coil long pulse magnet wound from soft copper wire energized by the flywheel generator produces 50 T peak field with a 100 ms flat-top and a total 1.1 s pulse duration in a 22 mm bore. A battery bank driven long pulse magnet composed by the series connection of two nested coils generates 32 T peak field with the pulse duration of 1.5 s in a 21-mm bore.

Resolving the Tension between CCS Deployment and Chinese Energy Security

T energy penalty associated with carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technologies is a key barrier to largescale deployment in China, because consuming extra fossil fuels to capture CO2 could be considered as conflicting with domestic priorities favoring energy conservation, diversity, and self-sufficiency. Flexible CO2 capture designs could, however, allow CCS power plants to temporarily reduce the level of CO2 capture, thus, in the short term, the energy penalty could potentially act as a “strategic virtual reserve” that could reduce the risk of fossil fuel supply interruptions and provide extra reserve capacity margin. Furthermore, an upgradable futureproof design for CO2 capture could help avoid “energy penalty lock-in” during a plant’s lifetime as technology learning takes place. In 2011, global emissions of carbon dioxide increased by 1 Gt, of which 720 Mt of the increase was attributable to China. China’s share of global emissions increased to 24%, now far ahead of the United States, the next largest emitter, at 15%. Overall, 45% of global CO2 emissions are produced from coal and fully half of those emissions are from China, the vast majority of which is used in the power sector. Therefore, CCS, as the only technology that can decarbonize fossil fuels, should logically be central to any plausible strategy for significant cuts in emissions. On the other hand, China is the second largest importer of crude oil in the world in 2012. Even more dramatically, China shifted from being a net exporter to a net importer of coal in 2009 and by 2011 became the largest net importer of coal in the world, though there is still debate on whether China will need to increase coal imports in the future. Energy conservation is a top Chinese national development target, but energy demand will inevitably grow substantially in the next two decades given that Chinese per capita energy consumption remains much lower than the OECD average level even though its per capita CO2 emissions are reaching European levels. Despite these pressures, security of primary energy supply has become a major national priority. In 2011, the Chinese government (National Development and Reform Commission and Ministry of Finance) launched the emergency coal reserve program that encourages large coal-mining companies, large power generation companies, and major coal transportation terminals to develop a strategic coal reserve. Deploying state-of-the-art CCS technologies in the power generation sector would avoid roughly 85% of CO2 emissions with an energy penalty of 20−30%. An aggressive strategy to capture CO2 at, say, 40% of Chinese coal-fired power plants would then lead to a rise of approximately 10% in national coal consumption, equivalent to 1.5 times net coal imports in 2010. In other words, significant extra fossil fuel consumption and power plant infrastructure would be required if CCS technologies were widely deployed. This explains why even though CCS is widely recognized as a key technology to decarbonize the Chinese fossil fuel dominated energy system, there is very limited financial support for demonstrating and deploying CCS projects at large-scale. CCS is therefore not currently a high priority on the list of possible climate technology options also compatible with energy supply security and energy efficiency priorities. The extra energy infrastructure requirement for CCS to meet peak electricity demand could be minimized through flexibility in operating CCS systems (e.g., by shutting down CO2 capture during supply shocks) while the experience curve could reduce the energy penalty in the long term. To do so will require investing in flexible, future-proof designs for CO2 capture power plants. With a flexible CO2 capture design, CCS power plants could temporarily reduce the level of CO2 capture in order to generate more power to complement intermittent and inflexible technologies in the energy system. Notably, the

The Demography of Chinese Nationalism: A Field-Experimental Approach

AbstractEmpirical evidence concerning the demographics and development of Chinese nationalism is sparse but important for scholarship and policy. Its collection entails methodological challenges in access and reliability. We conducted a field experiment to measure nationalism in incentive-compatible choices among a diverse group of 447 Chinese subjects in a field setting. Our results demonstrate greater nationalism in female, older, less affluent and more rural respondents. We also find support for nationalism in professional and educated individuals. Our results provide qualified support for a middle-class nationalism in China.

Sustainable Territories: Rural Dispossession, Land Enclosures and the Construction of Environmental Resources in China

As urbanization and industrialization continue to spread through China's countryside, the central government has officially declared the construction of master planned eco-industrial zones and eco-cities as primary strategies for accelerating the transformation of industrial structure and the prevailing model of economic development, as well as for “constructing a socialist economic, politically, culturally… and ecologically civilized… harmonious society” (NPC 2011: chapter 1, np). Based on recent fieldwork, this paper demonstrates how these strategies extend beyond the “green washing” of rural land enclosure and transformation, arguing that processes of rural dispossession are linked to the commodification and circulation of natural capital. This paper analyzes processes of environmentalization and enclosure as linked state-led strategies for governing economic growth, rural transformation and interventions into global market-based solutions to climate change as integral problems of Chinese national development and modernization. As a basis for theorizing the relationships between Chinese models of “green development,” forms of environmental governance and new circuits of accumulation, the paper utilizes a case study of Yixing city, where eco-city, renewable energy and ecological conservation projects are being planned in tandem, enclosing over 300 square-kilometers of rural land and displacing over 50,000 residents since 2006. The technical and discursive “dividing practices” (Foucault 1972, 1977) of local government planners are examined in conjunction with the scalar construction of rural land as a fungible national “resource” under central government policies for renewable energy development, food security, “ecological withdrawal of agriculture” and arable land reclamation quotas (e.g. State Council 2007). Following Marxian scholarship on the enclosure of access to land and the establishment of property regimes as ongoing moments of “primitive” accumulation and state-territorial projects (Thompson 1975; Harvey 2003; Hsing 2010; Peluso and Lund 2011; Corson and MacDonald 2012), this paper argues that rural land enclosure in China functions in different circuits of accumulation corresponding to varied constructed scales of environmentalization. The paper analyzes such environmentalized transformations, including ecological set-asides, non-fossil fuel energy generation, and high-intensity non-village agriculture and the requisite conversion of collectively owned rural land into state controlled urban land, as a process of territorialization. Drawing upon the work of Poulantzas and recent scholarship on environmental enclosures (e.g. the volume by Peluso and Lund 2011), I argue that the construction of discrete environmental functions for—and apart from—rural land is fundamental to the constitution of “homogenizing enclosure” and territoriality as the “institutional materiality of the state” (Poulantzas 1978: 93–107). Following Lefebvrian analysis of the production of space (Lefebvre 1991[1974]; e.g. Roth 2008), I find that such abstraction refigures the local in a process of territorialization, highlighting the importance of state power to the establishment of market-based forms of environmental governance and the circulation of “natural capital.”

Progress in the Development of the Wuhan High Magnetic Field Center

Since April 2008 the Wuhan High Magnetic Field Center (WHMFC) has been under development at the Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) at Wuhan, China. It is funded by the Chinese National Development and Reformation Committee. Magnets with bore sizes from 12 to 34 mm and peak fields in the range of 50 to 80 T have been designed. The power supplies for these magnets are a capacitor bank with 12 modules of 1 MJ, 25 kV each and a 100 MVA/100 MJ flywheel pulse generator. The objective of the facility is to accommodate external users for extensive experiments in pulsed high magnetic fields. Up to seven measurement stations will be available at temperatures in the range from 50 mK to 400 K. The first prototype 1 MJ, 25 kV capacitor bank with thyristors, crowbar diodes and a mechanical switch has been developed and successfully tested. For the protection of the thyristor switch, a toroidal inductor is developed to limit the current at 40 kA. Five magnets have been wound with CuNb and copper wires and internal reinforcement by Zylon fiber; external reinforcement is a stainless steel shell encased by carbon fiber composite. Two Helium flow cryostats have been successfully tested and reached temperatures down to 4.2 K. Measurement stations for magneto-transport and magnetization are in operation. The design, construction and testing of the prototype system are presented.

Disrespect and Distrust: the external origins of contemporary Chinese nationalism

With the rise of China, the importance of understanding Chinese nationalism increases. Assessing Chinese nationalism, many people claim that it has grown stronger and more intense in recent years. Some believe that this is the case because the Chinese Government deliberately promotes nationalism to serve its own purposes. This paper argues that the reality with Chinese nationalism is much more complicated than many assume. It has grown stronger in some respects but weaker in others. The role of the Chinese Government is at best mixed. In explaining the development of Chinese nationalism, one needs to look at external as well as internal and historical causes. Only by doing so can one gain a fuller and more balanced understanding of this intriguing phenomenon.