Development Of Central Obesity Research Articles

Determinants of central obesity in children and adolescents and associated complications in South Africa: a systematic review.

Central obesity in children is a global health concern associated with cardiovascular risk factors. In 2019 the World Obesity Federation predicted that in 2025, 206 million children and adolescents aged 5 to 19 will be obese, and the number is estimated to reach 254 million by 2030. There is limited literature on the factors that are associated with the development of central obesity in children. We report a systematic review, aimed to describe the current literature on determinants of central obesity and its associated health outcomes in children and adolescents in the South African population. We searched for peer-reviewed studies in Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct search engines, and about seven studies were included. This systematic review has been registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (Registration number: CRD42023457012). This systematic review was conducted and reported according to an updated version of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. The quality of the included studies was assessed by following guidelines from the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). The method considered three main domains: selection, comparability, and outcome across different study designs. The prevalence of central obesity in children and adolescents by waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) ranged from 2.0 to 41.0%; waist-to-hip [WHR ranged from 10 to 25%; waist circumference (WC) ranged from 9 to 35%]. Central obesity was associated with age, physical inactivity, gender socio, and demographic profiles of the household. Central obesity in children was associated with cardiovascular diseases and mental health issues. Central obesity in children and adolescents was determined by gender, pubertal development, and age of the parents, households with high socioeconomic status, dietary practices, and overweight/obesity. Given the high prevalence of central obesity in children which can ultimately result in cardiometabolic diseases, cardiovascular risk factors, and mental health issues. This highlights the need for systems, jointly initiated by healthcare providers, policymakers, and the general society aimed at reducing the burden of central obesity such as introducing children and adolescents to health-promoting lifestyles.

Associations between plasma metal/metalloid mixtures and the risk of central obesity: A prospective cohort study of Chinese adults

Central obesity has increased rapidly over the past decade and posed a substantial disease burden worldwide. Exposure to metals/metalloids has been acknowledged to be involved in the development of central obesity through regulation of cortisol, insulin resistance, and glucocorticoid receptor reduction. Despite the importance, it is lack of prospective study which comprehensively evaluate the relations between multiple metals exposure and central obesity. We explored the prospective associations of plasma metal concentrations with central obesity in a prospective study of the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort. The present study included 2127 participants with a 6.87-year mean follow-up duration. We measured 23 plasma metal/metalloid concentrations at baseline. The associations between metals and incident central obesity were examined utilizing the Cox proportional hazard regression in single and multiple metals models. Additionally, we applied elastic net (ENET), Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR), plasma metal score (PMS), and quantile-based g-computation (Qgcomp) models to explore the joint associations of metal mixtures with central obesity. After adjusting potential confounders, we found significant associations of plasma manganese (Mn) and thallium (Tl) concentrations with a higher risk of central obesity, whereas plasma rubidium (Rb) concentration was associated with a lower risk of central obesity both in single and multiple metals models (all FDR <0.05). The ENET and Qqcomp models verified similar metals (Mn, Rb, and Tl) as important predictors for central obesity. The results of both BKMR model and PMS suggested cumulative exposure to metal mixtures was associated with a higher risk of central obesity. Our findings suggested that co-exposure to metals was associated with a higher risk of central obesity. This study expands our knowledge that the management of metals/metalloids exposure may be beneficial for the prevention of new-onset central obesity, which may subsequently alleviate the disease burden of late-life health outcomes.

Relationship Between Sleep Deprivation and the Incidence of Overweight or Obesity in Chinese Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies

Overweight and obesity in adults have become a global public health problem. Epidemiological studies suggest that sleep duration may contribute to the incidence of overweight and obesity in all stages of life. China has an increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity, and sleep deprivation is common among Chinese adults. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the prospective relationship between insufficient sleep and the incidence of overweight or obesity in Chinese adults and estimate the risk. A systematic search was performed on June 6, 2021, of Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science. The exposure was the sleep duration, and the outcome measure was the incidence of overweight or obesity. The odds ratios, relative risks, hazard ratios, and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were extracted. Heterogeneity and publication bias of the studies were checked with a sensitivity analysis. Four studies fulfilled the criteria for inclusion. A total of 34,877 and 184,796 participants (Chinese men and women, age &gt; 18 years) were included for the analyses of general and central obesities, respectively. The pooled relative risks for a short sleep duration were 1.06 (95% CI: 0.90, 1.25; I2 = 0.00) and 1.12 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.16, I2 = 0.00) for the incidence of general and central obesities, respectively. Studies showed no significant heterogeneity. In conclusion, this study showed that a short sleep duration was associated with the development of central obesity but not with that of general obesity in Chinese adults.

LOW WEIGHT GAIN, BETTER GLYCAEMIA AND NO CENTRAL OBESITY ACHIEVED THROUGH A HIGH-PROTEIN DIET

A compendium of metabolic diseases associated with unhealthy habits plague the modern world today. Weight gain, hyperglycemia and excess adiposity are some of the metabolic diseases plaguing our modern society. Unhealthy dietary habits coupled with a sedentary lifestyle are recognized as important factors for the development of some metabolic illnesses. Cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia were recognized as stemming from metabolic dysregulation due to the consumption of excess calories from certain macronutrients. Our objective in this study is to find out which diet most affects circulating blood glucose levels, body weight, and visceral fat tissue deposition. 35 male Sprague - Dawley rats were separated into five groups and were given five distinct diets for the duration of 8 weeks. The five diets are normal rat feed, high-fat, high-protein, high-sugar, and high-starch. The feeding provided was ad libitum with tap water given as drinking water. Every week, each rat was weighed, and blood were sampled for glucose. Post-sacrifice, mesenteric fat was harvested, fixed, and stained for histological analysis. The results revealed a high-protein diet significantly reduces body weight gain, improved blood sugar with no development of central obesity. At the same time, a high-fat diet was shown to be a promoter of mesenteric fat tissue hypertrophy. It was concluded that the consumption of a high-protein diet was found to achieve low weight gain, better glycaemia with no central obesity.

The Association Between Normal BMI With Central Adiposity And Proinflammatory Potential Immunoglobulin G N-Glycosylation.

BackgroundThe mechanism by which normal body mass index (BMI) with central adiposity (NWCA) increases the risk of the diseases has not been completely elucidated. The inflammatory role of immunoglobulin G (IgG) N-glycosylation in obesity defined by BMI or central adiposity defined by waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was reported, respectively. We undertook this three-center cross-sectional study to determine the association between the IgG N-glycans and NWCA.MethodsThe participants were categorized into four different phenotypes: normal BMI with normal WHR (NW), normal BMI with central adiposity (NWCA), obesity with normal WHR (ONCA) and obesity with central adiposity (OCA). The IgG N-glycans were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography analysis of released glycans, and differences among groups were compared.ResultsIn total, 17 out of 24 initial IgG N-glycans were significantly different among the four groups (NW, ONCA, NWCA and OCA) (P<0.05/6*78=0.0001). The changes of IgG glycans in central obesity (12 GPs) were more than those in obesity (3 GPs). In addition, lower galactosylation and bisecting GlcNAc and higher fucosylation were associated with increased risk of NWCA.ConclusionCentral obesity was involved in more changes of IgG N-glycosylation representing stronger inflammation than obesity, which might make a greater contribution to the risk of related disorders. NWCA was associated with an increased pro-inflammatory of IgG N-glycosylation, which was accompanied by the development of central obesity and other related disorders.

Weight Gain During Treatment of Bipolar Disorder (BD)-Facts and Therapeutic Options.

Bipolar disorder (BPD) is a mood disorder, which is characterized by alternating affective states, namely (hypo)mania, depression, and euthymia. Evidence is growing that BPD has indeed a biologic substrate characterized by chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and disturbed energy metabolism. Apart from this, there is obviously a hereditary component of this disease with multi-genetic factors. Most probably a susceptibility threshold favors the outbreak of clinical disease after a cascade of stress events that remain to be elucidated in more detail. Evidence is also growing that weak points in brain energy metabolism contribute to outbreak and severity of BPD. Conventional psychopharmacologic therapy must be reassessed under the aspects of weight cycling and development of central obesity as a deterioration factor for a worse clinical course leading to early cardiovascular events in BPD subgroups.

Endotoxins are associated with visceral fat mass in type 1 diabetes.

Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), potent inducers of inflammation, have been associated with chronic metabolic disturbances. Obesity is linked to dyslipidemia, increased body adiposity, and endotoxemia. We investigated the cross-sectional relationships between serum LPS activity and body adiposity as well as inflammation in 242 subjects with type 1 diabetes. Body fat distribution was measured by DXA and serum LPS activity by the limulus amebocyte lysate end-point assay. Since no interaction between visceral fat mass and sex was observed, data were pooled for the subsequent analyses. LPS was independently associated with visceral fat mass, when adjusted for traditional risk factors (age, sex, kidney status, hsCRP, insulin sensitivity). In the multivariate analysis, serum LPS activity and triglyceride concentrations had a joint effect on visceral fat mass, independent of these factors alone. A combination of high LPS and high hsCRP concentrations was also observed in those with the largest visceral fat mass. In conclusion, high serum LPS activity levels were associated with visceral fat mass in subjects with type 1 diabetes strengthening its role in the development of central obesity, inflammation and insulin resistance.

Longitudinal Changes in Testosterone Over Five Years in Community-Dwelling Men

There are few population-based studies reporting longitudinal changes in total T, LH, FSH, and SHBG levels, and there is limited information on risk factors for their change. The objective of the study was to examine 5-year changes in serum T, LH, FSH, and SHBG levels among Australian men. The study initially included a randomly selected, community-based cohort of 1588 men age 35 years or older at recruitment (mean age, 54 ± 11 y) with available data at 2 visits. Men on medications known to affect, or with established pathology of, the hypothalamo-pituitary gonadal axis were excluded, leaving 1382 for analysis. Mean baseline and follow-up T levels were 16.2 ± 1.4 and 15.6 ± 1.4 nmol/L, a change of -0.13 nmol/L/y. Annualized T changes were associated with obesity, being unmarried, and smoking at baseline, but not with diabetes, hypertension, or cardiovascular disease. T declined in men who had persistent depression or developed chronic disease, and it increased in men who were married, as compared to unmarried, at both time points. In the multivariate analysis, smoking cessation, development of central obesity (waist ≥ 100 cm), or generalized obesity (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m(2)) resulted in T decreases of 0.36, 0.25, and 0.20 nmol/L/y, respectively. Quitting smoking, developing obesity, and having persisting depression were inversely related to SHBG change. An age-related decline in T levels is not inevitable but is largely explained by smoking behavior and intercurrent changes in health status, particularly obesity and depression.

High dairy fat intake related to less central obesity: A male cohort study with 12 years’ follow-up

Objective. To study associations between dairy fat intake and development of central obesity. Design. A prospective population-based cohort study with two surveys 12 years apart. Setting. Nine municipalities selected from different parts of Sweden representing the rural areas in the country. Subjects. 1782 men (farmers and non-farmers) aged 40–60 years at baseline participated in a baseline survey (participation rate 76%) and 1589 men participated at the follow-up. 116 men with central obesity at baseline were excluded from the analyses. Main outcome measures. Central obesity at follow-up defined as waist hip ratio ≥ 1. Results. 197 men (15%) developed central obesity during follow-up. A low intake of dairy fat at baseline (no butter and low fat milk and seldom/never whipping cream) was associated with a higher risk of developing central obesity (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.05–2.24) and a high intake of dairy fat (butter as spread and high fat milk and whipping cream) was associated with a lower risk of central obesity (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.33–0.83) as compared with medium intake (all other combinations of spread, milk, and cream) after adjustment for intake of fruit and vegetables, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, age, education, and profession. The associations between dairy fat intake and central obesity were consistent across body mass index categories at baseline. Conclusion. A high intake of dairy fat was associated with a lower risk of central obesity and a low dairy fat intake was associated with a higher risk of central obesity.

Replication of Association Between a Common Variant Near Melanocortin‐4 Receptor Gene and Obesity‐related Traits in Asian Sikhs

Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in Asian Indians reported strong associations of variants near melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) and MLX interacting protein-like (MLXIPL) genes with insulin resistance and several obesity-related quantitative traits (QTs). Here, we evaluated the association of two variants (rs12970134 and rs4450508) near MC4R and a nonsynonymous (Gln241His) variant (rs3812316) in MLXIPL gene with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity-related QTs in our case-control cohort (n = 1,528; 745 T2D cases and 783 controls) from a Sikh population from North India. We have successfully replicated the association of MC4R (rs12970134) with BMI (P = 0.0005), total weight (WT) (P = 0.001), and waist circumference (WC) (P = 0.001). These associations remained significant after controlling for multiple testing by applying Bonferroni's correction. However, our data did not confirm the association of rs3812316 in the MLXIPL gene with triglyceride (TG) levels. These observations demonstrate that the genetic variation in MC4R locus can have a moderate contribution in the regional fat deposition and development of central obesity in Asian Indians.

Association of the Slc30a8 rs13266634 polymorphism with type 2 diabetes and central obesity in a Cuban‐American population

Several genome‐wide association studies identified a strong association between the zinc transporter Slc30a8 rs13266634 polymorphism with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in individuals of European ancestry. We investigated the association of the Slc30a8 rs13266634 polymorphism (CC, TT and CT genotypes) with diabetes status and central obesity in Cuban‐Americans. Participants were randomly recruited from South Florida. The polymorphism was genotyped in 242 subjects (127 with and 115 without T2D) and 175 participants were classified as having central obesity. The polymorphism was significantly associated with central obesity (p=0.043). The post hoc analysis showed that this significant association was only true between CC and CT genotypes (p=0.012). No significant association was found between the polymorphism and diabetes status (p&gt;0.05). Logistic regression analysis indicated that the odds of having central obesity were 2.11 times greater in subjects with the genotype CC than in participants with the CT genotype (OR= 2.11, 95% CI 1.1 to 3.8, p= 0.013).These results suggest a role of the Slc30a8 rs13266634 polymorphism in the development of central obesity. The lack of association between the polymorphism and diabetes status in this study could be attributed to the small sample size used. Supported by a grant from NIH/MBRS.

Associations of visceral adiposity and exercise participation with C-reactive protein, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction in Korean healthy adults

The aim of the current study was to examine the associations of visceral adiposity and exercise participation with C-reactive protein (CRP), insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction in Korean adults selected from the general population. We studied 160 Korean adults (aged 41.3 ± 13.0 years; n = 38 men and n = 122 women) who volunteered in a health promotion program. Subjects were divided into 2 groups based upon spontaneous exercise participation for using a cross-sectional approach. We measured anthropometric factors (body mass index [BMI], percentage body fat, waist-hip ratio [WHR], and abdominal fat area by computed tomographic scanning), blood pressure (BP), blood levels of glucose, lipids, fibrinogen, CRP, leptin, hemoglobin A 1c, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), and carotid intima media thickness (IMT; via ultrasonography). Associations among the variables were assessed by Pearson partial correlation and linear regression, controlling for age and sex. Independent t tests were used to assess differences between exercise participants and nonparticipants. Significance was accepted at P < .05. As expected, the measures of adiposity (BMI, percentage body fat, WHR, abdominal fat area) were highly correlated with each other ( r = .49-.86, P < .01). Blood levels of high-sensitivity CRP (hsCRP), leptin, and HOMA were modestly correlated with all measures of adiposity. Visceral fat area was the most important predictor of hsCRP, explaining 19.6% of the variance using stepwise linear regression analysis ( P < .01). As visceral fat area tertiles increased from low to high, a significant stepwise increment in blood levels of CRP ( P < .001), HOMA ( P = .005), and left carotid IMT ( P = .035) was observed. However, hsCRP and HOMA were not significantly different when compared across whole-body fat tertiles. Systolic BP, diastolic BP, and left carotid IMT were modestly correlated with WHR and visceral fat area ( P < .05); but systolic BP and diastolic BP were also correlated with BMI and percentage body fat ( P < .05). Therefore, the relative importance of central adiposity as opposed to total body fatness in endothelial dysfunction is unclear. Compared with the nonexercise group, exercise participants had significantly lower ( P < .05) WHR, visceral fat area, ratio of visceral fat area to subcutaneous area, hsCRP, hemoglobin A 1c, and HOMA, with no significant differences in BMI, percentage body fat, and physical fitness. Central obesity with high visceral fat is strongly associated with blood level of hsCRP, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction–related factors in healthy Korean adults. In addition, exercise participation, even in the absence of difference in physical fitness, may be protective against development of central obesity and insulin resistance in this understudied Korean population.