Development Of CCS Research Articles

Carbon Capture and Storage in Hydrogen Production: World Experience and Growth of Export Opportunities of the Russian Hydrogen Sector

The purpose of this paper is a review of the commercialization and demonstration of CCS projects and an analysis of the commercial prospects for CCS industrial application in the production of low-carbon hydrogen in Russia and globally. The research was carried out using the methods of literature review, detailed analysis of regulatory documents, descriptive statistics, meta-analysis, and case studies. The results of the study clearly show that the widespread introduction of carbon capture and storage technologies can significantly affect the future development of the global energy market and the share of the Russian Federation in it. Despite the growing share of renewable energy in the global energy balance and the production of innovative energy products, the prospects for completely ousting hydrocarbon fuels from the market currently seem unattainable. Therefore, decarbonization of the global economy is impossible without the development of CCS in the coming decades.

THE UPPER PERMIAN ZECHSTEIN SUPERGROUP OF NE ENGLAND AND THE ADJACENT SOUTHERN NORTH SEA: A REVIEW OF ITS ROLE IN THE UK'S ENERGY TRANSITION

As the United Kingdom reduces its CO2 emissions in order to meet its 2050 net zero greenhouse gas targets, there will be a significant evolution of the UK's energy mix. The reliance on hydrocarbons will decrease while there is predicted to be an increase in low carbon energy sources such as renewables and nuclear. In order to decarbonise and achieve the net zero emissions targets while concurrently producing enough energy to provide for national energy needs, large‐scale, low carbon energy generation projects need to be developed alongside energy storage facilities to provide flexibility within a low carbon energy supply. Robust CCUS programmes will need be developed in order to capture and store unavoidable carbon dioxide emissions. The subsurface geology of the UK provides opportunities for the development of low carbon energy generation, energy storage and CCS, and the Upper Permian Zechstein Supergroup deposited in eastern England and offshore in the Southern North Sea is a potential host for these new developments. In NE England, salt cavern gas storage sites have been developed in thick Zechstein evaporites since the mid 20th centrury. In this paper we present new isopach maps and well correlation panels which will help to outline optimal locations for the development of additional salt caverns for gas storage. A review of the Zechstein Supergroup indicates that it does not exhibit great potential for the development of CCS, due both to its complex reservoir characteristics and to difficulties with both subsurface imaging and monitoring. However thick Zechstein evaporites could provide an excellent seal for CO2 storage in the underlying Lower Permian Rotliegend Group.

Psychosexual development, sexual functioning and sexual satisfaction in long-term childhood cancer survivors: DCCSS-LATER 2 sexuality substudy.

Childhood cancer may negatively impact childhood cancer survivors' (CCS) sexuality. However, this is an understudied research area. We aimed to describe the psychosexual development, sexual functioning and sexual satisfaction of CCS, and identify determinants for these outcomes. Secondarily, we compared the outcomes of a subsample of emerging adult CCS to the Dutch general population. From the Dutch Childhood Cancer Survivor Study LATER cohort (diagnosed 1963-2001), 1912 CCS (18-71years, 50.8% male) completed questions on sexuality, psychosocial development, body perception, mental and physical health. Multivariable linear regressions were used to identify determinants. Sexuality of CCS age 18-24 (N=243) was compared to same-aged references using binomial tests and t-tests. One third of all CCS reported hindered sexuality due to childhood cancer, with insecure body the most often reported reason (44.8%). Older age at study, lower education, surviving central nervous system cancer, poorer mental health and negative body perception were identified as determinants for later sexual debut, worse sexual functioning and/or sexual satisfaction. CCS age 18-24 showed significantly less experience with kissing (p=0.014), petting under clothes (p=0.002), oral (p=0.016) and anal sex (p=0.032) when compared to references. No significant differences with references were found for sexual functioning and sexual satisfaction, neither among female CCS nor male CCS age 18-24. Emerging adult CCS reported less experience with psychosexual development, but similar sexual functioning and sexual satisfaction compared to references. We identified determinants for sexuality, which could be integrated in clinical interventions for CCS at risk for reduced sexuality.

Bio-CCS as a policy measure to achieve climate goals – the pioneering support scheme in Sweden

By 2045, Sweden is to have zero net emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. After 2045, Sweden should achieve negative emissions. To accomplish this, the use of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (bio-CCS) will be important. Sweden should aim to capture and store two million tonnes of biogenic carbon dioxide per year by 2030. However, the feasible potential for bio-CCS in Sweden amounts to at least 10 million tonnes of biogenic carbon dioxide per year in a 2045 perspective. To support the development and deployment of CCS the Swedish energy Agency has been given two governmental assignments.1. The first task/assignment, given in December 2020, was to establish a national centre for CCS. This task entails planning, coordination and promotion of CCS throughout the country. The Swedish Energy Agency will carry out its work in dialogue with both national and international stakeholders: industries, academia, governmental authorities and the Government Offices of Sweden. The present tasks for the centre are to implement a support system for bio-CCS and ensure that it is line with international conventions, such as the UN Convention on Biological Diversity and its moratorium on geo-engineering, and the London Convention and the London Protocol. The centre is also working with questions related to the accounting and reporting of negative carbon dioxide emissions in relation to national and international climate goals as well as following the emergence of a carbon market – voluntary and/or regulated – for negative emissions.2. The second assignment was to roll-out the support system earlier proposed by the agency. The Swedish Energy Agency has concluded that a reverse action as the most cost-effective support system as well as to be compatible with EU state aid rules. The support system for bio-CCS has a budget framework of 3.6 billion €. A reverse auction means that, for example, a pulp and paper industry or a combined heat and power plant can submit a bid on how much carbon dioxide they can capture and store, and at what cost. The one who can deliver bio-CCS according to the stipulated requirements at the lowest cost, wins the auction. The Swedish Energy Agency hope to launch the first round of auction in 2023 and have the first storage of Swedish captured carbon dioxide taking place in 2026.Other countries can use Sweden’s knowledge and experiences when implementing bio-CCS. Exchanging knowledge, experiences and ideas with other countries are important to achieve large-scale deployment of bio-CCS in the Nordic-Baltic region and net-zero emissions in 2045.

Bridging the Gap between Technology and Culture: Is CCS Going to Be Part of Our Future?

The slow development of CCS – Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage towards implementation can be seen from multiple perspectives, technological, economical, industrial, communication etc. With this contribution we have explored psychosocial aspects to get insights on how the relationships among stakeholders could improve, to overcome the conflicts that presently make it difficult to find wide societal support for the technology. Building on the outcomes of two studies, one for disseminating CCS to schoolchildren and a multi-stakeholder dialogue performed in ten European countries to develop a common vision for a low carbon society, we highlight the potential value of social environments that facilitate the need for Achievement and thus encourage mutual learning about energy technologies, including CCS, and constructive attitudes for the solution of environmental problems. We also illustrate how these experiences could change the way we look at apparently unsolvable issues and open new pathways for the energy transition and CCS future, through inclusive social processes which take into account the different perspectives to address issues such as competition of CCS with renewables or the bias in CCS evaluation, due to its association with fossil fuels.

Kreativni klasteri - tipologija, odlike, finansijski modeli i faktori uspeha

The global pandemic is changing the world in significantly high speed and in many dimensions-economic, social, cultural, digital. Covid-19 certainly had a negative effect on all sectors requiring traveling and physical presence, including many arts and culture events and organisations, as well as sectors that are complementary to the culture and creative industries value chain. Despite, the global pandemic opened up new opportunities of living more among our communities, consuming more local products, reorganising our life to be more resilient, catalyzing both business and social innovations, using much more digital and online tools, including also for further increase of cultural participation and democratisation of the arts. In the last few months we have received plenty of evidences worldwide that culture does contribute to the economic and social vitality of cities across the world. This paper aims to identify the essence and key characteristics of "creative clusters" (CCs) and to offer a typology of their diverse forms of existence. It also summarises key business models and sources of external financial support for development of CCs. Finally, the paper draws key success factors for their development. The research for elaboration of this paper was done during 3-months long period (April-June 2020) in collaboration with Nikoloz Nadirashvili and Creative Georgia, within the framework of the Project - "Designing a Creative Cluster Ecosystem in Georgia" under the support of UNESCO and the European Commission. The research methods used for elaboration of this paper are: desk research of documents and publications, mapping and analysis of diverse cases and targeted in depth interviews with professionals and managers running creative clusters.

Integrated operation for the planning of CO2 capture path in CCS–EOR project

Carbon utilization and storage (CCUS) project represented by enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology provides a feasible way for the CCS dynamic cost to decline. With the development of CCS and the cost reduction of power plant capture, the possibility of oil companies receiving CO2 from power plants will increase, which makes CO2 and oil resources more fully utilized. Based on this fact, this work proposes a novel model regarding the CCS–EOR project to systematically evaluate the CCS development path and the EOR utilization process. By considering the CO2 source captured by CCS and the utilization process of EOR process, the cost-benefit model of integrated system is established, and the CO2 capture/injection path of CCS/EOR is optimized. This model helps to analyze CCS investment and carbon capture process from the perspective of the whole project process, and provides a feasible reference for practical large-scale engineering decision-making project.

Exploring the Extended Biological Functions of the Human Copper Chaperone of Superoxide Dismutase 1

The human copper chaperone of SOD1 (designated as CCS) was discovered more than two decades ago. It is an important copper binding protein and a homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae LYS7. To date, no studies have systematically or specifically elaborated on the functional development of CCS. This review summarizes the essential information about CCS, such as its localization, 3D structure, and copper binding ability. An emphasis is placed on its interacting protein partners and its biological functions in vivo and in vitro. Three-dimensional structural analysis revealed that CCS is composed of three domains. Its primary molecular function is the delivery of copper to SOD1 and activation of SOD1. It has also been reported to bind to XIAP, Mia40, and X11α, and other proteins. Through these protein partners, CCS is implicated in several vital biological processes in vivo, such as copper homeostasis, apoptosis, angiogenesis and oxidative stress. This review is anticipated to assist scientists in systematically understanding the latest research developments of CCS for facilitating the development of new therapeutics targeting CCS in the future.

The CCS hub in Norway: some insights from 22 years of saline aquifer storage

The development of industrial-scale CCS in Norway, starting with the Sleipner project in 1996, gives a uniquely long track record of experience with CCS and provides valuable insights for the projected global growth in CCS. By the end of 2017, the Sleipner and Snøhvit CCS projects had captured and stored 22 Mt of CO2 in saline aquifers offshore Norway. CO2 plume monitoring observations at Sleipner can be used to indicate an overall storage efficiency of around 5% of the pore volume, with approximately one tenth of this volume dissolved in the brine phase. These estimates are consistent with the fluid dynamics of CO2 injection in which a gravity dominated processes are expected to give efficiencies in the range of 1-6%. Future projects may be able to find ways of improving these efficiencies.

Preliminary results of geological characterization and geochemical monitoring of Sulcis Basin (Sardinia), as a potential CCS site.

The Sulcis Basin is an area situated in SW Sardinia (Italy) and is a potential site for the development of CCS in Italy. This paper illustrates the preliminary results of geological characterization of fractured carbonate reservoir (Miliolitico Fm.) and the sealing sequence, composed by clay, marl and volcanic rocks, with a total thickness of more than 900 m. To characterize the reservoir-caprock system an extensive structural-geological survey at the outcrop was conducted. It was also performed a study of the geochemical monitoring, to define the baseline conditions, measuring CO2 concentrations and flux in the study site.

Developing CCS in the UK and Beyond: Insights from the UK CCS Research Centre

The UK Carbon Capture and Storage Research Centre co-ordinates a programme of research covering all aspects of CCS in support of basic science and UK government efforts on energy and climate change. This paper will present progress and ‘lessons learned’ from the Centre's activities, with a particular focus on the development and use of pilot scale facilities and encouraging industrial and other stakeholder engagement in research. It will also highlight key features of an extensive programme of international engagement activities undertaken by the Centre, identifying added value for both the UK CCS community and global development of CCS.

Integrated Sustainability Assessment of CCS – Identifying Non-technical Barriers and Drivers for CCS Implementation in Finland

The aim of the paper is to discuss the sustainability of CCS technologies from a cross-disciplinary point of view. Due to the complex nature of the current sustainability challenges, such as climate change, which is the key driver for the development of CCS, trans-disciplinary research approaches are required to ensure that all relevant knowledge from disciplines and actor groups related to the problem is incorporated. The findings of the paper are based on a sustainability assessment conducted as part of a Finnish research project Carbon Capture and Storage Program (CCSP). The findings are analysed and integrated using the PESTEL framework, in which most important drivers and barriers having an impact on the general environment and on the potential implementation of CCS technologies in Finland are analysed. The results of the PESTEL analysis indicate that significant barriers at the moment lie in the economic and legal categories. Instead of fossil energy production, carbon capture and utilisation, or bio-CCS could perhaps be viable solutions in Finnish conditions. However, barriers related to price and legal framework would need to be overcome in these cases. Clear policy drivers could act as motivators for the industry and for the academia to continue development of the most potential and promising solutions, and would require ensuring availability of funding for pilot scale demonstrations. However, decision to invest in CCS is not only a technological, economical or legal question, but also an environmental, social, and even ethical question that relates to public acceptance and on the principles of sustainable development. In future, more attention should be paid to the interrelatedness of social and technical aspects of CCS, since open questions regarding the role and potential of CCS in moving towards low carbon future in Finland remain.

Carbon capture and storage: Lessons from a storage potential and localization analysis

The challenges of climate change involve totally rethinking the world’s energy system. In particular, CCS technologies are still presented as a solution to reach ambitious climate targets. However, avoiding the required Gt of CO2 emissions by investing in CCS technologies supposes the development of carbon storage capacities. This analysis, conducted with TIAM-FR and based on a wide review of geological storage potential and various data, aims to discuss the impact of this potential on the development of the CCS option. We also specify a scenario allowing the exclusion of onshore storage due to a hypothetic policy considering public resistance to onshore storage, and carbon transport costs variation effects. The implementation of CCS is less impacted by the level of carbon storage potential - except in the lowest case of availability - than by the type of sequestration site. However, the development of CCS is lower at the end of the period in the case of a decrease in carbon storage potential. Indeed, the question of type of storage site appears to have a greater impact, with an arbitrage between deep saline aquifers and depleted basins and enhanced recovery. Doubling the cost of carbon transport does not limit the penetration of carbon capture technologies, but it does impact the choice of site. Finally, a limitation of onshore storage could have a significant impact on the penetration of the CCS option. The explanation for this limited deployment of CCS is thus the higher cost of offshore storage more than the level of storage potential.

Ship transport of CO2 – breaking the CO2-EOR deadlock

The North Sea contains the larger part of the storage capacity in North West Europe. Countries around the North Sea currently focus their attention on developing that capacity for the CCS demonstration projects. It is generally assumed that a second wave of CCS projects will further develop storage in the North Sea. However, a major hurdle is the development of long-distance pipelines. A requirement for the construction of a ‘backbone’ pipeline is the availability of a sufficient volume of CO2, with a firm commitment on the duration of supply of CO2. Especially for EOR purposes a CO2 pipeline is not attractive, due to continuously decreasing demand for CO2 after an initial peak. Transport by ship can provide a solution, because of its inherent flexibility in combining CO2 from several sources, each too small to warrant a pipeline, to one or more storage locations. This paper describes the case for ship transport of CO2 to North Sea oil fields, especially in the early phases of the development of CCS in Europe, providing the cross-benefit that will increase the lifetime of oil fields and, at the same time, provide the required commercial case for CO2 capture and transport. This will help develop CCS industry, which will help EU Member States to meet their CO2 emission reduction targets

The Study on Prospect and Early Opportunities for Carbon Capture and Storage in Guangdong Province, China

CCS is regarded as an important and strategic technology option to reduce CO2 emission, and has received tremendous attention around the world. Guangdong, as the largest economic and energy-consuming province in China, is necessary to take CCS as an important option to reduce its future CO2 emission. This paper presents the partial outcome of the first CCS-related research in Guangdong, which is aiming for preliminary assessment on the feasibility of CCS development in Guangdong. The main objective of the study is to characterize the industrial CO2 emissions and understand its CCS prospects. Coal-fired power plants in Guangdong are the major point sources, contributing to more than 90% of CO2 emissions from the electric power generation. The power plants are mainly located in the Pearl River Delta, while the newly built and projected large plants are mainly located in eastern coastal zone, which provides a great potential for CO2 capture. For the storage potential, there are six sedimentary basins in or around Guangdong with effective storage capacity of 568 GtCO2. Since the onshore storage capacity in Guangdong is limited, the northern portion of the Pear River Mouth Basin (PRMB) was considered the most promising choice for Guangdong to storage CO2. By considering the distance between source and sink, technology maturity, land resources and other factors, it can be concluded that in the short term the power plants under construction and projected located in the eastern coastal areas will be the most promising resources for CO2 capture and the corresponding storage sites are the existing oil/gas fields which located in the northeast of PRMB. But in the long term, as technologies and the international carbon market mature, the extensively retrofitting of existing coal-fired power plants in the Pearl River Delta region with CO2 capture will become possible. In order to promote the development of CCS in Guangdong, more basic investigation and policy research are necessary in the coming years.

Value Chain Analysis of CO2 Storage by Using the ECCOTool: A Case Study of the Dutch Offshore

A detailed analysis is presented of the short and medium term development of CCS in The Netherlands. Scenarios for CCS development were constructed by combining the most recent estimates of offshore storage capacity, for both depleted gas fields and saline formations, with expected timing and volumes of captured CO2 from two industrialised regions, the Rotterdam harbour area and the Eemshaven area in the north of the country. Individual emitters in both regions were approached to obtain realistic growth profiles for captured volumes. This paper explores the cost of transport and offshore storage of CO2 and explores the benefits of the two regions in joining their storage efforts. Further work is ongoing and will focus on the CCS value chain, to provide the emitters with insight in the cost structure of transport and storage. Furthermore, the study will provide the basis for a national CCS implementation plan.

CIUDEN CCS Project: Status of the CO2 capture technology development plant in power generation

Carbon Capture and Storage technology (CCS) has the potential to play a key role in reducing CO2 emissions as required by international commitments. CCS must be included in the portfolio of solutions in order to reach the target of world emissions reduction by 50% in 2050. One of the most relevant European initiatives for the deployment of CCS technologies is promoted by the Fundacion Ciudad de la Energia (CIUDEN). CIUDEN has a complete programme focused on the development of CCT and CCS, particularly oxycombustion technology. This paper includes the description of CIUDEN’s Capture Technology Developing Plant, currently under construction in NW Spain. The installation includes a 20 MWth PC boiler, a 30 MWth CFB boiler, a fuel preparation unit, a biomass gasifier, a flue gas cleaning train, and a CO2 processing unit. The commissioning of the TDP is planned for November 2010. This is the only installation in the world with two large pilot oxy boilers capable of burning a wide range of coals, biomass and pet coke under conventional combustion or oxycombustion conditions. Results are expected to significantly contribute to the development and deployment of oxycombustion technologies, particularly valuable as technical support for the OXYCFB300 Compostilla Project which aims to validate this technology at demo scale. The Compostilla OXYCFB300 Project is based on a 300 MWe Circulating Fluidised Bed (CFB) supercritical oxycombustion plant, with CO2 storage in a saline aquifer. The operation of this installation is planned to start in 2015.

A U.S. NGO’s perspectives on monitoring of saline and EOR geologic carbon injection and sequestration sites

Abstract Geologic carbon sequestration offers both the potential to provide a permanent sink for industrial CO2 emissions, and added value to tertiary enhanced oil and gas recovery (EOR). Subsurface injection of carbon dioxide is a proven technology developed in the EOR industry over the past three decades. However, EOR efforts have not focused on monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) of permanent geologic sequestration of CO2. The challenge, particularly for early deployment of MRV, will be the implementation of protective monitoring plans that do not become unnecessary barriers to commercialization of geologic carbon sequestration. For well-characterized low risk sites, a three-tiered MRV structure could serve to improve cost-effectiveness and encourage commercial-scale development of CCS and geologic sequestration technologies. For these low risk sites, early first-tier MRV would be comprised of narrowly focused subsurface and surface monitoring techniques designed to test CO2 behavior against the reservoir model. A finding of steady-state predictable injection, consistent with the objectives set out in the operating permit, would require minimal MRV expense and few, if any, airside tools. MRV at these steady-state sites would be periodically re-evaluated for operation cost-effectiveness, eliminating monitoring techniques that yield either redundant or minimally useful subsurface information. However, evidence of adverse migration of the CO2 plume pressure front, or mechanical failure of cap rock would “trigger” advanced MRV. This second pre-planned tier of MRV would be used to evaluate short and long-term risk to drinking water, air and other resources. This, in turn would either lead to modification of injection strategies, once re-initiated, to mitigate identified risk, or permanent injection shut down and third and final stage static post-injection MRV. Saline and EOR-based geologic carbon sequestration should be treated under the same overarching principles, however MRV may require different approaches.

Legal Uncertainties of Carbon Capture and Storage in the EU: The Netherlands as an Example

The new European Directive for the geological storage of CO2 aims at providing a legal framework for the development of CCS. However, the Directive does not remove all legal barriers and uncertainties. Capture, transport and storage of CO2 are covered by a large number of international, European and national regulations, resulting in various legal unknowns. These obstacles and uncertainties need to be removed in order to provide companies with a proper incentive to invest in CCS.

Comparing the development and deployment of carbon capture and storage technologies in Norway, the Netherlands, Australia, Canada and the United States–An innovation system perspective

In order to take up the twin challenge of reducing CO2-emissions, while meeting a growing energy demand, the potential deployment of CCS is attracting a growing interest of policy makers around the world. In this study we evaluate and compare national approaches towards the development of CCS in the U.S.A, Canada, the Netherlands, Norway and Australia. The analysis is done by using the functions of innovation systems approach. This approach implicates that new technology is developed, demonstrated and deployed in the context of a technological innovation system. By the assessment made in this study the strengths and weaknesses of the innovation systems are identified, which is vital for the development of a coherent (long-term) policy strategy that enhance the successful implementation of CCS. The performance assessment and comparison of the CCS innovation systems shows that the extensive knowledge base and knowledge networks, which have been accumulated over the past years, has not yet been valorized by entrepreneurs to explore the market for integrated CCS concepts linked to power generation. This indicates that the build-up of the innovation system has entered a critical phase that is decisive for a further thriving development of CCS in Norway, the Netherlands, Canada, Australia and the USA. In order to move the CCS innovation systems through this present difficult episode and deploy more advanced CCS concepts at a larger scale; it is necessary to direct policy initiatives at the identified weak system functions, i.e. entrepreneurial activity, market formation and the mobilization of resources. Moreover, in some specific countries governmental guidance and the creation of legitimacy also needs more attention.