Development Of Biogas Technology Research Articles

Effect of Cow Manure on Biogas Production Based on Rice Husk Waste in SSAD Conditions

The development of biogas technology is currently very fast along with the increasing need for energy and expensive costs used to buy fossil energy. Rice husk-based biogas has begun to be widely developed because of the high potential that can be utilized from the biomass. The aim of this study was to study the effect of the addition cow manure combined with rice husks for biogas production under SSAD conditions. Variable comparison of rice husk and cow manure as follows: 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4. The study was carried out in duplicate on laboratory scale with C/N ratio 35, 27% total solids and rumen fluid as a source of methanogenic bacteria. Biogas is observed every two days until its productivity decreases. It was found that the best biogas productivity was in the 2:1 variable range, namely 39.49 mL/grTS followed by 1:1 21.91 mL/grTS, 3:1 13.80 mL/grTS, 1:2 13.31 mL/grTS, 1:3 10.90 mL/grTS, 1:4 82 mL/grTS and 4:1 9.41 mL/grTS. After calculating the biogas production rate constant with Gompertz, the highest productivity was obtained at 1:1 variable, with maximum biogas (A): 65.69 mL/grTS, daily biogas production (U): 0.37 mL/grTS.day, and minimal time for biogas formation (\U0001d706): 25th day.

Barriers in the progress of domestic biogas plants in rural Pakistan

ABSTRACT The energy crisis has pushed Pakistan way down the economic rankings. More than 70% the total population resides in rural regions. The energy crisis has crippled the lifestyle of the rural class (RC) in many aspects. For rural Pakistan, the energy scarcity, a hurdle in sustainable development, can be eliminated by biogas. Almost every rural family is associated with agriculture and owns livestock animals, therefore self-sufficient in biogas plant’s fuel. Fuel abundance and favourable climatic conditions make energy extraction from biomass facile and fruitful; still there are many reasons that RC is dumped in the energy crisis. In this paper, a survey is conducted in villages of Pakistan to discover the reasons due to which domestic biogas plants have not yet gained their due importance. Institutional, financial, awry planning and social barriers are highlighted at the grass root level in the development of biogas technology in rural Pakistan. In contrast, villages where biogas plants are present, the survey analysis revealed prosperity rendered through savings, reduction in diseases and workload. The paper concludes with an emphasis on the requirement of concrete and comprehensive policy that is capable to deal with the barriers in the route of biogas technology.

Sustainable Development and Environment of Biomass from Agriculture Residues

The demand for energy continued to outstrip supply and necessitated the development of biomass option. Residues were the most popular forms of renewable energy and currently biofuel production became much promising. Agricultural wastescontained high moisture content and could be decomposed easily by microbes. Agricultural wastes were abundantly available globally and could be converted to energy and useful chemicals by a number of microorganisms. Compost or bio-fertiliser could be produced with the inoculation of appropriated thermophilic microbes which increased the decomposition rate, shortened the maturity period and improved the compost (or bio-fertiliser) quality. The objective of the present research was to promote the biomass technology and involved adaptive research, demonstration and dissemination of results. With aview to fulfill the objective, a massive field survey was conducted to assess the availability of raw materials as well as the present situation of biomass technologies. In the present communication, an attempt had also been made to present an overview of present and future use of biomass as an industrial feedstock for production of fuels, chemicals and other materials. We may conclude from the review paper that biomass technology must be encouraged, promoted, invested, implemented, and demonstrated, not only in urban areas but also in remote rural areas. (1) The biomass energy, one of the important options, which might gradually replace the oil in facing the increased demand for oil and may be an advanced period in this century. Any county can depend onthe biomass energy to satisfy part oflocal consumption. (2) Development of biogas technology is a vital component of alternative rural energy programme, whose potential is yet to be exploited. A concerted effect is required by all if this is to be realised. The technology will find ready use in domestic,farming, and small-scale industrial applications. (3) Support biomass research and exchange experiences with countries that are advanced in this field. In the meantime, the biomass energy can help to save exhausting the oil wealth.

Analyzing key constraints to biogas production from crop residues and manure in the EU-A spatially explicit model.

This paper presents a spatially explicit method for making regional estimates of the potential for biogas production from crop residues and manure, accounting for key technical, biochemical, environmental and economic constraints. Methods for making such estimates are important as biofuels from agricultural residues are receiving increasing policy support from the EU and major biogas producers, such as Germany and Italy, in response to concerns over unintended negative environmental and social impacts of conventional biofuels. This analysis comprises a spatially explicit estimate of crop residue and manure production for the EU at 250 m resolution, and a biogas production model accounting for local constraints such as the sustainable removal of residues, transportation of substrates, and the substrates’ biochemical suitability for anaerobic digestion. In our base scenario, the EU biogas production potential from crop residues and manure is about 0.7 EJ/year, nearly double the current EU production of biogas from agricultural substrates, most of which does not come from residues or manure. An extensive sensitivity analysis of the model shows that the potential could easily be 50% higher or lower, depending on the stringency of economic, technical and biochemical constraints. We find that the potential is particularly sensitive to constraints on the substrate mixtures’ carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and dry matter concentration. Hence, the potential to produce biogas from crop residues and manure in the EU depends to large extent on the possibility to overcome the challenges associated with these substrates, either by complementing them with suitable co-substrates (e.g. household waste and energy crops), or through further development of biogas technology (e.g. pretreatment of substrates and recirculation of effluent).

Biogas Source of Energy and Solution to the Environment Problems in Rwanda

In Africa especially in Rwanda, the development of Biogas technology is imperative for development to occur in sustainable manner. Using large centralized power generation facilities to provide electricity to rural population and communities is very expensive and non-viable in Rwanda due to lack of a well dispersed electric grid. In Addition, use of non-renewable fossil fuels is resulting in increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and attendant increased drivers for climate change. Development of Biogas systems serves the purposes of solving sanitation, energy and environmental problems by improving good health conditions and providing a source of energy for cooking and lighting to the communities and households contributing also to the decrease of GHG emissions. In Rwanda, there are 14 prisons, after genocide of 1994, the inmates increased up to 60,000. Number of prisoners was from 2,000 up to 7,500 prisoners in one prison [6]. This high number of inmates caused serious sanitation and environmental problems. Indeed the septic tanks became full and human excreta started to overflow and pollute the environment. In addition, a very big quantity of fuel wood was used for cooking inmates’ food; the consequence was the degradation of the environment. Similar problems were observed in schools. Solution to the mentioned problems was construction of Biogas systems. In Rwanda only about 16% of the population have access to electricity. In order to reduce that deficit of energy, Rwanda Government is developing other sources of energy particularly Biogas for rural areas which so far do not have connection to the national electricity grid. Big size (100 m3) and small size (4, 6, 8 and 10 m3) bio-digesters are installed in several institutions and households and they provide enough Biogas for cooking and lighting in steady of using firewood which is becoming scarce in many areas of the country and their usage as source of energy causes pollution through production of Carbon dioxide (CO2) released in the atmosphere. A study made by SNV (Netherlands Cooperation Development Agency) shows that a domestic bio-digester reduces 4.6 tons of (CO2) per year. Hence, calculation made indicates that the 3,000 domestic bio-digesters currently operational in Rwanda allow to reduce 13,800 tons of Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per year. As organic wastes particularly human excreta and other digestible biomass are available everywhere, biogas technology can be developed in all the countries worldwide.

Informal institutions matter: Professional culture and the development of biogas technology

Institutions play a crucial role for the development and diffusion of novel technologies. Many studies have analyzed the role of formal institutions such as support policies or specific R&D programs, while informal institutions have received less attention. With this paper, we contribute to the institutional analysis of emerging technological fields as we examine how the effects of formal institutions depend on informal institutional structures. We present findings from a comparative study of biogas technology in selected Austrian regions. Our findings suggest that the professional culture in which farmers are embedded modulates the effects of feed-in tariffs and investment subsidies to a considerable extent. This explains regional differences in the diffusion as well as variations in the design and operation of biogas plants. We argue that studies on emerging technologies benefit from a systematic analysis of the interplay of regulative, normative and cultural-cognitive institutions. We also argue that socio-technical variation is an important indicator to look at in addition to diffusion rates.