Development Of Ballistic Missiles Research Articles

No umbrella for the rain: Canadian implications following the global revolution in reconnaissance–strike technologies

Global conflicts in 2020 have highlighted the unexpected employment of advanced ballistic missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles by developing military powers. The development of ballistic missiles by Iran, or the export of advanced drones by Turkey, are ultimately the result of the American-led revolution in military affairs that, during the Gulf War, established the potential of precision guided weapons and reconnaissance systems. In response, America’s competitors have adapted their military doctrines and developed weapons designed to both counter and copy the West’s technological advantages. As the Government of Canada implements its defence policy—Strong, Secure, and Engaged—it has promised to procure a ground-based air defence system for the Canadian Armed Forces. Careful consideration and analysis are required, however, to ensure that Canada procures the best possible solution given limited funding and a wide array of potential threats.

Experimental research of arc heater with three electrodes

As a heat source capable of producing extremely high temperature, the arc heater developed with the development of ballistic missiles and other spacecraft. With the development of hypersonic vehicles, the requirement of thermal protection performance test on ground simulation equipment is higher and higher, the current and power of arc heater are increasing. The traditional single-electrode arc heater can’t run stably for a long time under large current. In order to improve the operation stability of the arc heater under large current, a multi-electrode technique was developed. In this paper, the effects of parameters such as arc current, gas flow rate and resistance on the current distribution of each sub-electrode of the three-electrode arc heater are studied. The results show that when the arc current is constant, increasing the resistance difference of each sub-electrode is beneficial to the average distribution of current. With the increasing of arc current, the current distribution of each sub-electrode is more uniform. The setting of parameters such as arc current, gas flow rate and resistance has great influence on the distribution of cathode current of multi-electrode arc heater, but little influence on the anode.

Relationship between Economic Sanctions and Militarized Conflict Focusing on Reciprocal Causation

ABSTRACT This research empirically examines the relationship between economic sanctions and militarized conflicts for the period 1945–2001. The collective security principles of the League of Nations (after WWI) and the United Nations (after WWII) are based on the sequential imposition of economic and militarized sanctions against states that violate international rules and regulations. A recent example is the international sanctions imposed on North Korea in response to its nuclear weapons testing and ballistic missile development. Theoretical arguments in the field of international relations suggest that economic sanctions lead to militarized tensions and conflicts among states. In this research, we argue that the relationship between economic sanctions and military conflict is two-way (i.e. sanctions cause conflict, and conflict causes sanctions) rather than one-way. Using sanctions data (Threat and Imposition of Sanctions v4.0) and conflict data (Correlates of War Militarized Interstate Disputes v4.2; International Crisis Behavior v12), we find that the relationship is mutually causative. The involvement of economic sanctions causes the onset of militarized conflict, and vice versa.

The Impacts of North Korea’s BallisticMissile Development and Nuclear Tests Escalating in the Korean Peninsula and China"s Strategy

The Impacts of North Korea’s BallisticMissile Development and Nuclear Tests Escalating in the Korean Peninsula and China"s Strategy

Did Star Wars Help End the Cold War? Soviet Response to the SDI Program

ABSTRACTThe Strategic Defense Initiative was a U.S. missile defense program that played a very prominent role in the U.S.–Soviet relationships in the 1980s and is often credited with helping end the Cold War, as it presented the Soviet Union with a technological challenge that it could not meet. This article introduces several official Soviet documents to examine Soviet response to SDI. The evidence suggests that although the Soviet Union expressed serious concerns about U.S. missile defense program, SDI was not a decisive factor in advancing arms control negotiations. Instead, the program seriously complicated U.S.–Soviet arms control process. SDI also failed to dissuade the Soviet Union from investing in development of ballistic missiles. The Soviet Union quickly identified ways to avoid a technological arms race with the United States and focused on development of advanced missiles and anti-satellite systems to counter missile defenses. Some of these programs have been preserved to the current day.

North Korea’s fifth nuclear test

North Korea conducted its fifth and most powerful nuclear test on 9 September, and is moving towards mounting a nuclear bomb on ballistic missiles of increasing range. The Obama administration's policy of strategic patience may now be insufficient. Pyongyang is unlikely to restrain its nuclear bomb and ballistic missile development in the absence of greater US and Chinese assertiveness and more creative strategies.

Iran's Ballistic Missile Program And Economic Sanctions

Iran this week engaged in a series of ballistic-missile drills, launching next-generation short-, medium-, and long range missiles from silos and missile bases built deep underground and in mountains. It was the third ballistic missile test since last summer’s nuclear deal. Indeed, the Islamic Republic has the “largest inventory of ballistic missiles in the Middle East,” according to the U.S. government’s February 2016 Worldwide Threat Assessment. The United States intelligence community further assesses that Iran “would choose ballistic missiles as its preferred method of delivering nuclear weapons, if it builds them. Iran’s ballistic missiles are inherently capable of delivering WMD.” The development of ballistic missiles capable of delivering a nuclear warhead is prohibited by United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231. Iran’s ballistic missile program began under the Shah but was expanded after the 1979 revolution and the Iran-Iraq War. Today, the Ministry of Defense and Armed Forces Logistics (MODAFL) and Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) are responsible for Tehran’s ballistic missile program. Both the United States and European Union have sanctioned these two entities for their roles in the Islamic Republic’s nuclear and ballistic missile programs. Over the past two decades, the IRGC and MODAFL have expanded their industrial-financial empire. They directly control or indirectly influence many of the largest companies in Iran, especially in those sectors that provide dual-use goods and technology. As explained in this memo, Tehran has used commercial entities as fronts to procure sensitive-technology or to provide goods for military purposes. Today, a wide array of entities and sectors are thus likely involved in Iran’s ballistic missile program. This memo outlines the roles of the metallurgy and mining; chemicals, petrochemicals, and energy; construction; automotive; and electronic, telecommunication, and computer science sectors, as well as that of universities and research institutions. Countering Tehran’s missile program will require a multipronged, U.S. and international effort utilizing diplomatic, military, cyber, covert, and economic tools. Because the development of ballistic missiles requires a wide range of goods, services, and technology, we recommend economic sanctions against all sectors involved in their development.

Germans in Russia: Cold War, Technology Transfer, and National Identity

In the aftermath of World War II, the Soviet government captured and put to work thousands of German scientists and engineers in support of domestic military projects. Many were assigned to aid in the development of ballistic missiles but were repatriated back to the German Democratic Republic in the early 1950s. This much‐invoked but poorly understood chapter in the history of Soviet science brought into relief a larger set of issues on the constitutive role of science and technology in the articulation of a Soviet national identity during the early cold war. These factors, which included a resurgence of postwar nationalism and the culture of extreme secrecy, forced an unlikely outcome to the question of how best to make use of German expertise: reframe the Germans as “less useful” and send them home. Here, the intersection of cold war imperatives, technology transfer, and national identity produced a condition in which the Germans’ ultimate fate had less to do with their expertise (which was quite impressive) than the perception of their expertise. The latter was easier to manipulate and eventually overshadowed the former.

Introduction

[ ] asia policy Introduction Nicholas Eberstadt & Richard J. Ellings While many parts of the world have joined in the profound international integration that has occurred in the postwar era, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) has maintained a distinctly—perhaps uniquely—bellicose and autarkic international posture since its founding in 1948. Pyongyang’s discordant approach to “international security” was most recently illustrated earlier this summer. As the United States was celebrating the Fourth of July, the DPRK launched seven missiles (including an inter-continental ballistic missile) into the Sea of Japan—a calculated and deliberately menacing violation of both international law and previous official commitments. Pyongyang then ostentatiously spurned Chinese emissaries sent to manage the incident, prompting Beijing to support—for the first time—the United Nations Security Council condemnation of, and sanctions against, North Korea’s missile program. If anything, North Korea’s international behavior is perhaps more distant from evolving international security norms today than ever before. Contemporary North Korean security policy is marked by a hypermilitarization of society and economy under the banner of songun chongchi (military-first politics); hallmarks of the policy include maintenance and augmentation of chemical and biological weapon capabilities, ballistic missile development, relentless overt and covert nuclear weapons development programs, a confrontational approach to international diplomacy, and a stance toward unification that suggests the complete absorption of South Korea would be the only acceptable outcome. There is a grim logic at work here: Pyongyang routinely extracts resources from neighboring states and the international community through this careful, methodical recourse to “security crisis.” NorthKorea’saggressiveandpredatoryexternalbearingisaninternational dilemma that continues to defy easy resolution. Though the central issues in Whether or not the sanctions are voluntary or legally binding is, however, a question open to interpretation. Nicholas Eberstadt holds the Henry Wendt Chair in Political Economy at the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research and is Senior Advisor to The National Bureau of Asian Research. He can be reached at . Richard J. Ellings is President and Co-Founder of The National Bureau of Asian Research. He is also Affiliate Professor of International Studies at the Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington. He can be reached at . [ ] bold switchover • special roundtable the ongoing North Korean drama are strategic and political, there is also an economic aspect to the problem: until Pyongyang develops viable alternative sources of state finance, the DPRK will continue to rely upon international military extortion to bankroll state survival. While having “exported” strategic insecurity, North Korea has at the same time also “imported” economic failure. Among the economies of East Asia, the DPRK economy alone has suffered prolonged economic retrogression since the end of the Cold War. For example, though reported world exports of merchandisemorethantripled(incurrentUSdollars)between1990and2005, DPRK commercial merchandise exports are estimated to have dropped by about one-third. Note that although an urbanized and literate society, North Korea has a level of per capita exports today that is roughly comparable to Haiti’s. In short, North Korea’s confrontational external posture has coincided with the deterioration of its economic self-sufficiency and a declining ability to finance state operations and state survival. Given this close association between the degree of radicalization of North Korea’s security policy and the performance of the country’s domestic economy, the National Bureau of Asian Research (NBR) organized a research project and international conference to examine the economic consequences of two radically different courses that North Korean security policy could follow. The first, more optimistic scenario is one where North Korea would undertake a “bold switchover” by resolving regional security concerns regarding DPRK international behavior and thus opening the way for the international community to anchor this new security environment with substantial economic benefits for North Korea. This scenario is examined in the first two sections of the paper: section one overviews what exactly such a switchover would entail, while section two considers what aid might be available through the international financial community if North Korea were to implement such a positive change to its security behavior. The next section examines the likely outcomes of a second—and much more pessimistic— scenario: a North Korean nuclear breakout, commencing with the...

To Reach the High Frontier: A History of U.S. Launch Vehicles (review)

Reviewed by: To Reach the High Frontier: A History of U.S. Launch Vehicles Glenn Bugos (bio) To Reach the High Frontier: A History of U.S. Launch Vehicles. Edited by Roger D. Launius and Dennis R. Jenkins. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2002. Pp. 519. $49.95. Until now, no single book has addressed the parallel and intersecting histories of American launch vehicles. To Reach the High Frontier includes a chapter on every American launch vehicle used to access space since 1957: Atlas, Delta, Titan, Minuteman, Saturn V, Centaur, and the shuttle. There is a chapter on the smaller launch vehicles—notably the Thor, Scout, and Pegasus configurations—some of which also served as second stages atop their larger cousins. And there is much discussion of rockets that never made it off the drawing board, especially in the chapter by Andrew Butrica about reusable launch vehicles. An introductory chapter outlines the history of chemical rocketry from Goddard through Vanguard, focusing on the development of ballistic missiles during the 1950s. Indeed, the launch vehicles upon which the United States relies for moving into the twenty-first century—Titan, Atlas, Delta—all trace their origins back to ballistic missiles. The Saturn was the first launch vehicle designed solely to access space, rather than to access airspace a continent away. Still, as Ray Williamson notes, to serve the needs of Apollo the Saturn V used off-the-shelf technology that was frozen in that ballistic-missile era. Indeed, a key theme in the book, and especially of the last chapter by David Spires and Rick Sturdevant, is the forty-year ride-hitching relationship between the defense services and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The defense services provided much of the funding as well as engineering and managerial know-how to develop rockets. NASA generated much of the basic research and provided political cover to push the state of the art on American voyages into space. Historians of technology may notice, as they read through the book, that a genealogy of sorts emerges. Indeed, most chapters start in the 1950s, when choices were made that set technological trajectories. What type of fuel? How to oxidize? What metal to contain the flame? Guidance? The universe of engineering choices did not expand greatly after the 1950s, and improvement mostly came in small and incremental steps. J. D. Hunley's exploration of solid-rocket technology, culminating in the shuttle's solid-rocket boosters, does the most thorough job of tracing the complex genealogy of a rocket technology. Various chapters differ greatly in style and depth of documentation, but most are detailed and encyclopedic. Fortunately, much good configuration data is compressed into tables, and the endnotes are comprehensive and reliable. There is nothing here that makes for especially brisk reading, nor is there anything that breaks new historical ground. While there is rich and important detail on contracting practices and interagency rivalries that [End Page 233] shaped the specific choices made for each rocket, the book provides little illumination of the larger social and political forces that drove the desire for access to space. Two chapters on the Centaur, by Virginia Dawson and Mark Bowles, both do a wonderful job, however, on the micro- and macropolitics supporting the development of liquid-hydrogen technology. In his introduction, Roger Launius laments that access to space remains technologically limited. Despite seemingly unlimited spending to develop launch vehicles during the 1960s—building launch capability ahead of demand, some economists speculated—access to space remains costly, suffers from poor reliability, and requires long lead times. Dollars per pound launched is, therefore, one useful metric found in each story. The histories here remain keenly relevant to space policymakers concerned with returning the shuttle to flight, encouraging commercial efforts to access space, and planning the new vehicle with which NASA will return to the moon and beyond. Glenn Bugos Dr. Bugos is historian with the Ames Research Center of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration at Moffett Field, California. Copyright © 2005 The Society for the History of Technology

To Reach the High Frontier: A History of U.S. Launch Vehicles (review)

Humankind has dreamt about exploring the universe through spaceflight since ancient times. Yet until the development of rocket technology in the mid-twentieth century, no means existed to escape Earth's gravity. Access to space came out of the military development of ballistic missiles. They became the launchers for satellites and astronauts during the Cold War. This collection of essays assesses the development of American rockets and their role in commercial and military space activities since the 1950s. The book explores the broad history of American rocketry while focusing on the vehicles that played the greatest role in providing access to space.

Nuclear and Missile Proliferation Issues: Some Approaches to Stability in South Asia

Ever since the Indian atomic device test in 1974, nuclear weapons proliferation in South Asia has been a salient regional issue and a cause of increasing international concern. Another issue of growing significance is the development of ballistic missiles by India and Pakistan. Public support in both countries has been increasing for exercising the nuclear weapons option and ac celerating the development of ballistic missiles. Alongside these militarization trends, the adversarial relationship between India and Pakistan has worsened. The violent unrest in Indian-held Kashmir has once again sensitized attitudes on both sides towards their major territorial dispute over Kashmir. The domestic political situation in India and Pakistan has further complicated their bilateral relations. Meanwhile, defence spending by both countries has become burdensome and a drag on their plans for economic modernization and development. Strengthening security and stability in South Asia is a Herculean task, but the imperatives for adopting new political thinking are clear and pressing. In the post-cold war situation, the role of outside powers no longer presents problems. Much depends on reciprocal acts of statesmanship by the Indian and Pakistani leadership.

Review: The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force, 1945-1960, by Jacob Neufeld

Review: <i>The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force, 1945-1960</i>, by Jacob Neufeld

Ten years of DEWLine

Constructed and maintained under cruel Arctic conditions, the DEWLine was established principally to act as an early warning system against the approach of manned bombers; but with the development of ballistic missiles, with the construction of BMEWS further north, and with the increasing military and other communications traffic across it, the emphasis on DEWLine functions has been shifting. This article reviews some of the highlights of DEWLine's evolution and its development, after a three-year upgrading program, into a study, high-capacity communications network.

The Agena Satellite and The Discoverer Programme

The history of the Agena space vehicle starts in the years immediately following the Second World War, when the Rand Corporation under a contract with the U.S. Air Force examined the potential applications of satellites, recognising their technical feasibility as an additional bonus from an inter-continental ballistic missile development programme. The U.S. Air Force kept this concept alive throughout the development phase of the ICBM programme; the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation actually received its first contract, for detailed engineering studies, in 1955. The Agena space vehicle has grown from these beginnings and is now the vehicle selected for a large variety of U.S. space projects. Most of these are satellites, but they include a few space probes and moon explorers.

Development of Ballistic Missiles

Development of Ballistic Missiles