Development Of Agricultural Machinery Research Articles

基于改进遗传算法的苹果收获机器人三维路径规划

In recent years, the problem of “rural labor shortage” in China has become increasingly serious, with a large number of young laborers going out to work, leading to an increasing amount of idle rural land. The intensification of population aging and the reduction of agricultural labor force in China resulted in an urgent demand for agricultural robots. With the rapid development of agricultural machinery and automation technology, agricultural robots have been continuously developing. They can better adapt to the development of biotechnology in agriculture, and traditional harvesting methods may undergo significant changes, with an increased focus on the cultivation of crops. Therefore, this paper introduces a new encoding scheme on the basis of traditional genetic algorithm (GA) and proposes an improved double encoding GA. This new encoding scheme is used on the crossover link, whereas the path node sequence encoding scheme is still used on the mutation link. The selection operation is placed after the mutation, and the merging sorting and elitist selection are performed on the parent population, crossover population, and mutation population before selection, thereby accelerating the convergence speed. On the basis of the improved GA, the three-dimensional path of the apple harvesting robot is designed and planned, with the addition of adaptive adjustment function during the progress. The experimental simulation results show that the three-dimensional path planning of the apple harvesting mobile robot based on the improved GA can minimize the number of paths and loops and well meet the operational requirements of the harvesting robot.

Contributing towards meeting Africa Agenda 2063: progress made by Nigerian Agricultural Engineers in the development of small-scale agricultural machinery

One of the major aspirations of the African Union's Africa Agenda 2063 is to eradicate poverty and achieve a high standard of living, quality of life and wellbeing for all. It is key to develop relevant machinery to meet this target. Hence in this study, the importance of agricultural machinery and its development as a way to achieve the Agenda 2023 vision is highlighted. The research efforts of Agricultural Engineers towards helping to feed the populace effectively by way of developing small-scale machines and systems have been reviewed. The machines and systems include those for planting and weeding, bird scarring on rice fields, fruit harvesting, food and feed extrusion, wet sieving, drying and food cutting. The challenges faced during these activities are also highlighted. Finally, the recommendations towards improving the development of agricultural machinery in Nigeria were elucidated. It is hoped that this study goes a long way to encourage researchers who are in this discipline to do more while also ensuring wider patronage so we can realise the 'The Africa We Want'.

Parameter calibration of discrete element simulation for the interaction between heavy soil and soil-engaging components in shellfish culture

Shellfish culture heavy soils are suitable for the cultivation of marine organisms and are essential for the development of marine fisheries. To study both the interaction between heavy soil particles and that between the soil and soil-engaging components of agricultural machinery in shellfish culture, the simulation parameters in the model were determined. To study the interaction between soil particles in the viscous soil of shellfish culture with moisture content of 26.51% ± 1%. Discrete element method is used to establish the accumulation simulation experiment; the contact parameters between soil particles were calibrated. The response surface optimization technique was used to create the accumulation angle regression model. To study the interaction between the soil and soil-engaging components, the static friction coefficient between the heavy soil and soil-engaging components was determined by static friction experiment. The contact parameters between the soil and soil-engaging components were calibrated by the slope simulation experiment; the rolling distance regression model was established by response surface optimization methodology. The findings demonstrate that the optimized soil model can simulate the actual soil, and reflect the interaction between the heavy soil particles, soil, and the soil-engaging components of agricultural machinery, which not only provides a theoretical basis for the design and optimization of soil-engaging components of agricultural machinery in heavy soil, but also provides a new way for the research and development of agricultural machinery in a complex environment.

Analysis of farmers satisfaction with the use of combine harvester for rice harvesting in farming in Ujong Tanoh Village, Setia District, Aceh Barat Daya Regency

The development of agricultural machinery has a big role in agriculture to increase farmers’ income. Harvest handling with machine aid is significantly more productive than manual harvesting in a sustainable agricultural system. The combine harvester is an example of a piece of agricultural equipment utilized in contemporary agriculture. The purpose of this study was to see how the level of farming community satisfaction with the use of the Combine Harvester machine in Ujong Tanah Village, Setia District, Aceh Barat Daya Regency. The method used in this study is the Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) to obtain valid (direct) data so that the level of satisfaction of the farming community with the use of the Combine Harvester can be determined. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the CSI for the confirmation of expectation indicators is 0.6126 or 61.26%. The CSI of the indicator of interest in reuse is 0.6477 or 64.78%. The CSI of the indicator of willingness to recommend is 0.6429 or 64.29%. The requirements for Quite Satisfied are met by the average CSI for agricultural community satisfaction with the usage of a combine harvester, which is 0.6344 or 63.44%.

Development Status and Countermeasures of Agricultural Mechanization in Hilly Mountainous Areas of Yulin

During the "14th Five-Year Plan," Yulin's agricultural mechanization developed rapidly, hilly mountain agricultural production gradually from animal power-based to rely on mechanical power transformation. However, due to the restriction of natural conditions and development basis, there are still problems such as unbalanced development of agricultural machinery and equipment, imperfect service system of agricultural mechanization, the small scale of agro-machinery industry and insufficient input of agricultural scientific research in Yulin. In view of this, put forward the policy suggestions to promote the development of agricultural mechanization in Yulin: improve the effectiveness of infrastructure construction, strengthen the innovation of agricultural science and technology, construct the modern agricultural management system, increase the investment of agricultural machinery scientific research and other countermeasures.

Grain production technology in the USSR with minimal use of pesticides

The article examines the technological chain of grain production in the USSR with minimal use of pesticides. It was formed and improved throughout the existence of the USSR. Its components were: removal of organic fertilizers to the fields - deep plowing - sowing - treatment of fields and crops with pesticides - harvesting - cleaning and drying - grain storage. The article describes each of these elements in detail, using illustrations for clarity. The article examines the treatment of fields and crops with pesticides as a key element of this chain. If a necessary condition for the implementation of this technological chain was the increase in the number of livestock, as a result of which organic fertilizers were formed in large quantities, then the development of agricultural machinery and the production of pesticides was sufficient. The article emphasizes that the use of pesticides was limited. Many pesticides were banned completely, while others were used in small quantities and within certain periods. The main reasons for such restrictive measures, due to the social system of the USSR, were the production of high-quality bread products for the population and animal feed and the preservation of the environment.

Simulation and experimental research of electric tractor drive system based on Modelica

The electric tractor has the advantages of zero-emission, high efficiency, and low noise, which is the direction of future development and transformation of agricultural power machinery. Aim at the problem that the simulation methods commonly used in the development of electric tractor drive system are poorly generalized and cannot meet the simulation needs of complex multi-domain physical systems. This paper proposes a modeling method for an electric tractor drive system, takes the YTO-500 tractor as the research object, designs and calculates the overall scheme and parameters of its drive system, divides the drive system into modules, establishes the energy system, motor system and mechanical parts model based on Modelica, and integrates the simulation model of electric tractor drive system on this basis. The traction performance and transportation working conditions were simulated and tested. With compared and analyzed, in the traction characteristics, the simulation and test results of maximum speed, maximum traction force, and maximum traction power of each gear are consistent; within 400s transportation simulation conditions, the speed range of electric tractor is 13~28km·h-1, which is consistent with the speed range of electric tractor transportation gear. The results show that the simulation and the test results are consistent, which verifies the credibility of the simulation and the correctness of the model built, providing a basis for future research and development of agricultural machinery.

State Aid for Development of Manufacture of Agricultural Machinery: Economic and Statistical Aspect

The world practice of state support of agricultural machinery is studied. Features of dualistic agro-industrial policy of China are identified. It is substantiated that the subsidy policy for the purchase of agricultural machinery, which has been implemented by the Chinese government since 2004, has also had an extensive impact on the promotion and development of agricultural mechanization, development of agricultural machinery and improvement of economic results, scaling up of services for agricultural sector; activation of related industries: the development of companies that specialize in construction and road equipment, the production of engineering products for agricultural sector. The evolution of state support is shown: changes in the priorities of industry development and the number of subsidies for the purchase of equipment, the development of which is encouraged. It is established that the support of decision-making on the implementation of state support is provided by scientific institutions, relevant associations, information and analytical agencies. It is shown that the generated statistical databases allow to analyze the scale and structure of sales of machinery to farmers with state subsidies (by categories, manufacturers, regions), calculate China's agricultural machinery market sentiment index (AMI), among the components of which - Agricultural Machinery Subsidy Index.
 It is stated that on the initiative of the National Committee for Industrial Development a mechanism of partial compensation of the cost of machinery and equipment for agro-industrial complex, which has a certain level of localization of production in Ukraine, was launched in Ukraine in 2017. Summing up the results of the implementation of this mechanism for the national economy are presented. The necessity of expanding state support is substantiated: introduction of incentives for technological innovations of enterprises and partial compensation of interest on loans for the purchase of Ukrainian made agricultural machinery. Following the example of China, it is proposed to improve the mechanism of partial compensation by adjusting the upper limit of aid intensity in accordance with the cost of machinery and equipment for farmers and its innovation. It is substantiated that the lack of multifaceted monitoring of the implementation of the partial compensation mechanism makes it impossible to assess its consequences for machine builders, farmers and the economy as a whole (primarily in terms of the effects obtained). The introduction of statistical and information-analytical support for the implementation of the state aid mechanism in Ukraine will facilitate both timely control and management decisions-making on future support by the state, and the strategic business planning of farmers and machine builders.

Forecast-planning system of financial support for the development of industrial enterprises

The aim of the article is to develop a forecast-planned system of financial support for enterprise development based on approaches to forecasting factors influencing the need for financial resources to ensure enterprise development and planning financial support for enterprise development. In order to ensure high-quality and accurate forecasting of external and internal environmental factors necessary for further planning and the possibility of sound planning, the system has formed forecasting and planning modules. Based on the structure of the forecasting module with the identification of key factors influencing the financial security of the enterprise and comparing the most effective forecasting methods, an approach to forecasting factors influencing the need for financial resources in ensuring the development of agricultural machinery. The forecasting module is built by combining quantitative forecasting methods based on the approximation of existing trends with quantitative and qualitative approaches based on expert assessments. Based on a combination of balance, calculation-analytical and program-target planning and formalization of the choice of the date of the beginning of measures to manage financial security depending on the importance of the event, an approach to planning financial support for enterprise development. In the planning module, the external element in relation to the financial management system is the goal-setting system of the enterprise, which determines the mission and its goals in the areas of development. Approbation of the forecast-planning system at PJSC "Harvesters" was carried out. The results would be useful for practitioners, for the effective implementation of sustainable planning and forecasting of enterprise resources in accordance with the objectives of its development.

Analysis on the Difference of Agricultural Mechanization Level in Main Grain Producing Areas

Promoting agricultural mechanization is not only the practical requirement of developing China's agricultural economy, but also the only way of China's agricultural modernization. This paper makes an empirical study on the difference of agricultural mechanization level among 13 provinces in China's main grain producing areas by using the method of principal component analysis. The results show that among the main grain producing areas, Shandong Province has the highest level of agricultural mechanization, Henan Province and Anhui Province are close behind, and Jiangxi province lags behind slightly. On this basis, from the aspects of economic development efficiency, suitable operation level of agricultural machinery and the development of agricultural machinery service system, this paper analyzes the reasons restricting the development of agricultural mechanization level in main grain producing areas, and puts forward some policies to improve the level of Agricultural Mechanization in main grain producing areas, such as consolidating the economic foundation of agricultural machinery development, strengthening the research and development of characteristic agricultural machinery and perfecting the supporting service policies of agricultural machinery.

Multi-indicator system for evaluating the effectiveness of management of enterprise development financing

The article establishes to assess the effectiveness of financial security management is necessary to take into account the relationship between indicators of enterprise development and indicators of efficiency of financial security management in dynamics and adjust the assessment for positive or negative external influences. Insufficient research has focused on assessing the effectiveness of financial management of development, especially on the formation of an appropriate system that can guide practitioners. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to develop a multi-indicator system for assessing the effectiveness of management of financing the development of enterprises. To solve this problem, the study was aimed at forming comprehensive recommendations that provide appropriate steps and actions. The manual is developed using the conceptual research method, the method covers three phases: collection of steps and measures from existing recommendations on the evaluation system (1), classification of indicators and definition of system structure (2), definition of criteria for assessing financial compliance systems for evaluating the effectiveness of financial security management (3). The proposed recommendations allow to analyze the dynamics of both the global development of the enterprise and the management of financial security necessary for development, which allows to develop measures to improve the management of financial security of the enterprise. According to the results of the research, the developed multi-indicator system for assessing the effectiveness of management of financing the development of agricultural machinery of PJSC "Harvesters" was tested.

PRIORITIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY OF THE USSR IN THE PERIOD FROM 1950 TO 1970

The article analyzed the post-war state of agriculture, identified priority areas for the development of agricultural machinery, the main scientific directions of research in the field of agricultural engineering. (Research purpose) The research purpose is considering the priority directions of the post-war development of agricultural machinery; tasks and main stages of work on the problem of "Increasing the working speeds of machine and tractor units", the role of V.N. Boltinsky in working on this problem. (Materials and methods) Organized specialized institutes and departments of mechanization, expanded the SKB network, created a network of machine testing stations to develop new and improve existing machine designs. Specialists were sent to the USA, Germany, France, and the Netherlands to purchase samples of imported equipment. The task was set to introduce into agricultural production new high-performance tractors, self-propelled combines, mounted machines with hydraulic control, specialized machines for technical, tilled, forage crops. (Results and discussion) Identified the need for scientific support for the integrated mechanization of agriculture in the country. It was determined that during the period under review, VIM, due to a systematic approach covering various aspects of the development of agricultural machinery, turned into a leading scientific institution of the VASHNIL system. We have formed a complex scientific and technical problem at the state level - increasing the speed of movement of aggregates by increasing their energy saturation. We have created numerous testing facilities for laboratory and models of tractors for field research. The test results were transmitted to customers in the form of reports and used in the creation of new designs of domestic tractors, to improve the performance of tractor diesels, methods of testing tractors and engines. (Conclusions) The developed scientific foundations for increasing the working speeds of machine-tractor units allowed us to make a turn in the domestic tractor and agricultural engineering in the direction of creating energy-saturated high-speed tractors and high-performance machine complexes. We reviewed the main tasks and stages of work on the problem of "Increasing the working speeds of machine and tractor units", noted the contribution of V.N. Boltinsky to the successful completion of work on the problem.

Study of structural imbalances in agricultural engineering

The authors emphasized that the development of the agricultural machinery industry is inextricably linked with the development of agricultural production, and consequently, changes in land use forms and the development of agricultural science, which, in turn, are conditioned by the current socio-political conditions and progress in the field of agricultural knowledge. It is proved that the impetus for the development of domestic agricultural machinery is the agricultural holdings. The authors focused on the fact that state support and regulation of the agricultural machinery market was proposed by stimulating the renewal of the technical park through the improvement of financial leasing, the reduction in the cost of medium- and long-term loans, and the improvement of the procedures for putting equipment into operation. It is noted that in order to preserve the process of updating the machine and tractor fleet and high-tech equipment in agriculture, it is necessary to ensure the effectiveness of state programs to support domestic agricultural enterprises, which will allow the restoration of their financial viability, and this in turn will serve as an impetus to the development of the market of agricultural machinery due to the growing demand for technical means.

THE INTEGRATED APPROACH TO ENSURING THE REPAIRABILITY OF ENERGY-SATURATED EQUIPMENT

The high dynamics of the production of new agricultural machinery in recent years is the result of the phased implementation of the Strategy for the Development of Agricultural Machinery until 2030. Currently, it is necessary to work out an integrated approach to ensuring the effective use of manufactured equipment for its entire service life. (Research purpose) The research purpose is to study the existing experience of “Sel’khoztekhnika” to ensure the maintainability of energysaturated equipment and to identify opportunities for further improvement of the dealer service of equipment manufacturers belonging to the association "Ros-Spetsmash". (Materials and methods) The article presents an analysis of previously manufactured products for the maintenance and repair of agricultural machinery in the workshops of enterprises including " Sel’khoztekhnika ". At the present stage, for the further effective use of new equipment, it is necessary to conduct a survey of dealers about the availability and condition of existing service equipment, diag-nostic devices, stands for runningin and testing of components and assemblies. (Results and discussion) The article presents a version of the questionnaire to assess the equipment level of service enterprises, as well as proposals for the unification of control, diagnostic and service equipment. The lack of coordination in the maintenance and repair work gives certain negative risks in ensuring maintainability, especially of energysaturated equipment. (Conclusions) It is necessary to conduct a survey of the dealer service of agricultural machinery enterprises that are members of the Rosspetsmash Association for the availability and need of equipment for maintenance, including resource diagnostics and repairs. Based on the data obtained, determine the state of the engineering infrastructure and make recom-mendations to improve the efficiency of using new domestic energysaturated equipment through an integrated approach to ensuring high maintainability for the entire service life.

Application of Robots and Robotic Systems in Agriculture

The paper depicts agricultural robots that can perform complex tasks. Fast development and application of agricultural robotics is a result of increased development of agricultural machinery. Robots are complex and intelligent systems with a significant role in agriculture that are becoming an integral part of both the technological and scientific progress. The paper presents some important roles of robots and robotic systems in various agricultural areas and explains the deployment of new technologies supported by the examples of their application in arable farming, horticulture, and forestry. Robotics application decreases the deployment of human resources, enables significant production cost savings, and increases production capacity. The application of robotic systems facilitates high precision levels and repetition speed regarding time and space, which cannot be replicated by farmers

Investigation of the microrelief of the soil layer surface and its effect on the strength of soil resistance to tillage

The lack of the operating elements strength calculating methods providing sufficient accuracy of the results is a significant problem in modern agricultural machinery development. The using calculation models do not take into consideration the microrelief of the treated surface, which leads to a significant error in determining both extreme and long-term loads on the working bodies of mechanisms. In this article author analyzes the cultivated soil treated surface microgeometry influence on the forces arising in the tillage tool. The existing design model is considered on the needle harrow example, its disadvantages are indicated and a way to eliminate them is proposed. Experimental data on the soil surface profile microroughnesses size study are presented, regularities of the microroughnesses random distribution are revealed, in particular, the assumption of the normal nature of this distribution is confirmed. The dependences based on the obtained data are proposed for a more accurate acting on the tillage tool loads calculation.

Technical equipment of agriculture in Kazakhstan as a factor of increasing its competitiveness

The material basis for the development of technological innovations, increasing the competitiveness of domestic food is technical potential. The purpose of the study is to study the current state of provision of agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan with agricultural machinery, to identify the main problems and prospects of agricultural engineering. Based on the use of economic and statistical method, the analysis of the availability of the main types of agricultural machinery in the republic for 2013-2020 was done. Consideration of statistical data indicates that technical equipment of agricultural production is one of the determining factors for its effective development. Results – the experience of the CIS and foreign countries in the formation of technical base of agricultural producers is presented and the role of agricultural sector in sustainable development of the country's economy is justified. The dynamics of the output of the main types of agricultural machines is shown, taking into account the State Program on Development of the AIC of the RK for 2017-2021. The key problematic issues of material and technical support of agricultural industry are reflected: wear and tear of equipment, excess of standard service period, weak technical means, high cost of agricultural equipment. The data on domestic enterprises producing various agricultural machinery are presented. Conclusions based on the analysis, the authors note that due to insufficient volumes of domestic production of agricultural machinery, their main quantity and types are supplied from Russia, Belarus, Ukraine and foreign countries. Information about suppliers of agricultural machinery is presented, indicating the name and brand of machinery. As a result of the conducted research, the necessity of development of agricultural machinery for updating technical means of agro-industrial complex has been justified. For these purposes, a set of measures aimed to improve technical equipment of agro-industrial production of the Republic of Kazakhstan has been developed.

Who decides what tractors farmers need?

Improvement of crop production technologies is based on the development of agricultural machinery in which the trac- tor power plays an important role. In crop production, agricultural crops require variable attention during their growing season and consequently, different production costs. The most expensive are row crops which in the process of development require a lot of inter-row tillage of plantings and sowings. The implementation of such tillage involves the control of weeds, plant fertilization, operations for chemical protection of plants from diseases and pests. Therefore, it becomes evident that the agricultural machinery used in the production of such crops must be adapted to its use in planting and sowing crops at different stages of plant development. Thus, both the aboveground and the parts of the plant located in the soil should not be damaged and oppressed by the working bodies of agricultural machines and the engines of energy facilities. It becomes obvious that tractor fleet of agricultural organizations should have both powerful general-purpose tractors used mainly for plowing, continuous disking, cultivation and sowing using wide coverage units, and row-crop tractors designed for inter-row tillage. There are methods for developing an optimal fleet of machinery for agricultural organizations which differ in production trends and in size of agriculturally used areas. Taking into account the possibility of using modern means of digitalization and artificial intelligence which can significantly improve the quality of technological processes and control them, it is possible to develop technologies for the production of row crops. Of all tractor models mentioned in the research, the following models have the best agrotechnological characteristics required of the general-purpose row-crop tractors: Fastrac 2170 produced by the British company JCB and LTI 162.5 tractor that is to be produced in Izhevsk, Russia.

DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION: IMPLEMENTATION BACKGROUND, CURRENT STATE AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS

Digital technologies have been deeply integrated into our lives and found their application in all areas of human activity, including agriculture. Technological progress, the development of infrastructure in the IT industry, wider access to the Internet, a high level of education and growing computer literacy of the population contribute to the popularization and introduction of digital technologies in agricultural production. The review of the use of digital technologies in the agricultural sector has shown that existing software tools help plan the work of an agricultural organization, monitor the state of production, manage the farm, and sell products on virtual trading platforms. Most software products are able to store data in the cloud, and farmers can access the system via their personal account from any device with Internet access. There are also a number of programs on the market that allow farmers to plan, analyze and control the crop or livestock production. Leading manufacturers of agricultural machinery and equipment are actively integrating digital technologies into their products. It is now possible to manage a fl eet of vehicles used in the fi elds, and implement unmanned control. Use can be made of tractors equipped with automatic systems for driving along rows or laid paths, turning, and monitoring process parameters. The authors propose a set of digital control means to be used in agricultural production, based on the application of technologies of the Internet of things, cloud data storage, big data processing, and artifi cial intelligence. It is the technologies that digital agriculture will be based on, which use robotic monitoring tools to collect information and transmit it to “cloud data storage”. It is processed there and directed to the control system, which develops the optimal solution and transmits the control signal to the robotic actuators. In this regard, the development of agricultural machinery should be focused on the robotic tools designed for monitoring and performing technological operations. The most diffi cult task is to develop a control system, since it must have elements of artifi cial intelligence and replace humans in agricultural production.

Материально-техническое обеспечение аграрного производства: состояние и перспектива

The article considers the availability of agricultural organizations with material resources and technical means and also factors affecting the formation of the material and technical base, such as the level of development of industries that produce means of production, the solvency of the agricultural sector, prices, import and export of material and technical resources, state support. In the production of some types of products, the role of imported material and technical resources is great. The share of imported seeds and hybrids of sugar beet is 98%, sunflower – 56%, spring rapeseed – 69%, vegetable crops – more than 50%, corn – 49%, potatoes – 80%, crosses in the production of broilers – 95%, agricultural machinery – more than 40%. The proposals for import substitution in the market of material and technical resources and the development of agricultural machinery are justified.