Aeronautical Development Research Articles

History of aviation physiology

Relevance. In studying the history of medical and biological disciplines, an important part is the identification of the stages of their formation and development. In this regard, it seems important to make a historical and scientific analytical review of the development of ideas about aviation physiology, covering different stages of the history of science and reflecting the contribution of researchers from different regions. It will be useful for teaching historical and scientific and special disciplines, as well as for researchers involved in the study of aviation physiology. The need to understand how the human body functions in flight arose along with the development of aeronautics. The study is devoted to the analysis of the main stages in the development of aviation physiology. The purpose of the study - to characterize the stages of formation and development of aviation physiology. Research methods. In preparing this publication, articles in publications included in the RSCI, PubMed, and Scopus were mainly used. Preference was given to materials published in the last 15 years. The main results present the stages of development of aviation physiology with a description of the contribution of the main researchers in this field. The achievements of domestic scientists, doctors, physiologists I.M. Sechenov, L.A. Orbeli, G.M. Zarakovsky are analyzed, their scientific priorities in the development of this scientific direction are presented. The process of formation and development of aviation physiology as a direction of biomedical knowledge is presented. Before the advent of aviation (19th century), hypoxia was studied in the study of balloon flights. With the advent of high-speed and maneuverable aircraft, aviation physiology began to study the body’s response to overloads caused by highly maneuverable flights. Conclusion . The development of aviation physiology can be divided into two stages. 1. Pre-aviation, within which the emergence of this area of medico-biological knowledge takes place. 2. Aviation, at this stage scientists have the opportunity to study different multidirectional overloads and their effect on the human body. Currently, aviation physiology is one of the important branches of physiology, aviation and space medicine.

Cfd Tools as Applied to Indian Combat Aircraft Configuration-an Experience

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tools are extensively used by aircraft industries all over the world in design and development of airplanes, with emphasis on reducing both the cost and design cycle time. This paper deals with the use of CFD tools at Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) in design and development of Indian combat aircraft. The applications include: (1) evaluation of incremental changes in aerodynamic configuration, (2) wave drag evaluation, (3) aerodynamic loads, (4) flow field around air data sensor locations, (5) Euler calculation for coupled internal and external flow field, and (6) viscous computation of high angles of attack flows. In the initial design phase, codes based on the potential theory were used for wing design and fuselage shape optimization. Later indigenously developed Euler and Navier-Stokes codes were employed for the various applications. This paper brings out the strength and weakness of CFD as experienced at ADA and its comparison with the Wind Tunnel and Flight Data.

Aerospace Technologies: A Walk Through and Dreams Ahead

This paper deals with the highlights of the progress made within the country and in particular by Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) n the various fields of the fighter aircraft technologies and the road map ahead. Many technologies have been developed successfully and incorporated in making of Light Combat Aircraft (LCA). The recent technology developments in the field of aeronautics have made the new generation fighter aircrafts more efficient, lethal and combat effective. India also needs to keep its pace with advancing technology. It requires enormous amount of effort from the scientific and engineering community in India to keep the pace with advancing technology. In this perspective, ADA in collaboration with DRDO and other organizations has initiated R&D activities for the development of these demanding technologies required in the future fighter aircrafts. This paper discusses some of the important technologies already developed and incorporated in LCA and some other ongoing technology developments. Finally it deals with the identification of future technologies essential for future aircrafts and efforts being put in by ADA in realizing these technologies in a foreseeable future.

UAV Design and Configuration Aerodynamics - An ADE Experience

UAVs are becoming an essential part of the modern defense forces world over in the recent years. They are widely used for surveillance, reconnaissance, target for missiles and combat. They are available in various weight classes from few kilograms to tons. Apart from design of aircraft, establishing an accurate aero data base for control law design for the aircraft is a main challenge in itself. Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE) is involved in the design and development of many UAVs for the last 30 plus years and has experienced several challenging design and engineering problems. Over the years, various UAVs like Ulka, Sparrow, Lakshya, and Nishant for different mission requirements have been designed and developed. The evolution of design methodology in ADE and the present configuration design activities of UAVs and aircraft stores separation studies with a focus on CFD are discussed in this paper.

The establishment of domestic civil aviation: legal aspects

2023 is the centenary anniversary year for the domestic civil aviation. At every stage of the branch development, the legal support of its activity was supplemented and transformed which was caused with the specific historical realities. There are few publications dedicated to the early days of the air law as a separate area of legislation. The article presents the historicalretrospective of regulatory regime development throughout the first decades of the aviation industry existence. It is noted, that the first legal act concerning domestic aeronautical industry was published in the late XVIIIth century by Empress Catherine the Great, who was worried about the poor reliability of aerostatic balloons. Later, decrees were published during the reigns of Emperors Alexander I of Russia and Nicholas II of Russia, the latter being the patron of the development of aeronautics. The early Soviet days brought into life the legally relevant resolutions for the development of domestic aviation. Among them, the Resolution of the USSR Council of Labor and Defense dated from February 9th, 1923, about establishing the Council for Civil Aviation at the Main Directorate of the Workers and Peasants’ Red Air Fleet became the crucial milestone. Hence, it is generally accepted that this day is the official date of birth of the country’s civil aviation as an independent branch of the economy. The legal acts of the 20s-40s touched upon the issues of scheduled air transportation, the foundation of the first national airline Dobrolyot, the air traffic control service coordination, the labor and payment provisions for the aviation personnel. The regulatory acts of the pre-war period are logical and laconic, with clear and comprehensive legal language. The pre-revolutionary period archaic style is no longer in use. The legal sources conform to hierarchy and subordination principles. The document content is intended to increase the aircraft and equipment, airspace and flight safety efficiency. During the Great Patriotic War, the «Statute Concerning the Main Directorate of the Civil Air Fleet during the War Time» of the 23rd of June 1941, established by the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR activated the call-up plans, the manpower of the civil air fleet was involved in combat missions, with the main effort being concentrated on the all possible help to the battlefront.

Totalización y dialéctica: reflexión a partir de la historia de la ciencia en guerra fría

This paper discusses from what role a dialectical understanding can play for analyzing the case of “scientific developments in the cold war”, following Gabrielle Hecht’s book on the “technologies of empire” and how that narrative appealed to different situations in Latin America during the cold war (with the aeronautical development in Brasilia, for example). I will focus on the mechanisms that the text has to recognize the historical processes that accompany the production of that scientific knowledge, framed in a historical process that has the characteristics of a more complex historical event, such as the cold war. Afterwards, I Will focous on the philosophical implications of this matter. Specifically, I will first summarize some of the proposals for the relationship between the collective and the individual that exist in the different thinkers that we have reviewed. With this, I hope to generate a small framework of analysis to review how the case study I have selected is positioned in the historical explanation. The theoretical problem that underlies this reflection is in the diagnosis made by Emilia Viotti in her negative dialectic, and we take elements mainly from the historiographical proposal of E. P. Thompson and from the considerations on the method of Jean-Paul Sartre who marks history as the discipline in the best conditions to face the problem of totalization.

With sincere concern for the Fatherland: M. O. Menshikov's journalism on the development of aeronautics

The subject of the study is the texts of the Russian publicist Mikhail Osipovich Menshikov on the development of domestic aeronautics, considered in the light of heterogeneous assessments of his work. The object is a reflection on the development of domestic aeronautics in the work of the famous Russian journalist of the early twentieth century M. O. Menshikov. The author considered various assessments of the work of the publicist. The most important part of the research is the analysis of M. O. Menshikov's journalistic texts on the development of aeronautics. Considerable attention is paid to the works of the publicist of the period of the Russian-Japanese war and the last years before the First World War, where the bureaucratic activities of officials are critically evaluated. The problems of timely supply of the army, flight safety on the first airplanes, and the technical lag of the Russian Empire from the West were also touched upon. The main conclusions of the work carried out are the assertion of the immutability of Menshikov's patriotic, state-oriented position regarding the development of domestic aeronautics and its ability to technical forecasting. In addition, specific "weak points" in the creative heritage of the publicist were identified: passion for an idea and lack of systematic university education. A special contribution of the author to the study of the topic is a comprehensive analysis of M. O. Menshikov's journalistic texts in the historical aspect. The novelty of the research lies in the identification of a combination of patriotic pathos and high idealism and the above shortcomings in the works of the publicist on aeronautics. The analysis of the texts of the chosen topic (the development of domestic aeronautics), covering the period from 1894 to 1918, showed that Menshikov's accusations of renegade and empty talk are untenable.

An organic dielectric filler polyethylene glycol-polyaniline block copolymer with low-density used in PVDF-based composites

In order to meet the ever-increasing demand for lightweight and flexibility with the development of aeronautics, astronautics and wearable technology, dielectric ceramics are inappropriate for the polymer-based dielectric materials due to their high density. An organic semiconductor material polyethylene glycol-polyaniline multi-alternating block (more than triblock) copolymer (with a low density ∼ 0.9 g/cm3) was designed. This polymer had a good solubility in polar solvents (e.g. DMF and DMSO) which could provide it with a good processing performance and a good dispersion in PVDF matrix. Its alternating block structure had a special role in the charge transport of PANI segments, providing composites with high dielectric constant and overcoming the poor breakdown strength problem of conductive filler-based dielectric composites, even better than BaTiO3. The breakdown strength of PEG-PANI/PVDF composite was 10.74 kV/mm and the dielectric constant was 86.64 (100 Hz) at 20 vol%, better than BaTiO3/PVDF (9.89 kV/mm and 45.23).

The Revolution in Science in America, 1900-1950

The US lagged behind the European powers, Germany, Britain and France, in scientific research and development at the beginning of the 20th century. Why this occurred and how Germany and Britain supported their flourishing scientific research cultures are discussed. The first serious expansion in basic scientific research in the US occurred with the influx of European Jewish scientists fleeing Nazism in the 1930’s. They specifically brought with them knowledge of atomic physics. The influence of Vannevar Bush, who was Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development during World War Two proved crucial for the expansion of civilian research and development after the War, supported by the Federal Government. Also after the War, Operation Paperclip brought German scientists to the US and they had significant influence on developments in aeronautics, rocketry and space exploration.

Обучение нижних чинов в российской системе подготовки военных авиаторов конца XIX – начала ХХ века

The article analyzes the issues of training military aeronauts in the late 19th – early 20th century in Russia. It is shown that the emergence of new technical means providing ascent into the airspace has opened up new possibilities for conducting military operations, as evidenced by the experience of using aeronautics abroad. The Russian command did not immediately realize the possibilities of conducting reconnaissance and conducting artillery fire on the enemy, which led to a lag in the development of aeronautics and aeronautics, as well as in training personnel for flight support. The article shows that for the training of officers and lower ranks in the Russian army, special units were created in which the lower ranks were taught special subjects that guarantee the production of safe flights due to their technical support.

“Free Harbours”: Soviet-German Scientific Cooperation in Aircraft and Arctic Regions Research

In 1924, the German aeronaut Walter Bruns turned to the Soviet government with a proposal of cooperation in the field of aeronautics. He suggested creating a concession company for the transportation of passengers by airship from Europe to East Asia, granting the bases of airships the right of extraterritoriality, making them “free harbours”. The aim of this study is to present the results of Soviet-German cooperation in the development of aeronautics and the tasks that were planned to be solved with the help of airships in the development of the Arctic territories. Analysis of the sources demonstrates that V. Bruns’ project was seen by the Soviet officials as dubious in terms of recoupment, and they were not ready to allocate funds for its implementation. The authorities were interested, first of all, in obtaining German technologies and localising the construction of airships at Soviet shipyards. In this article, special attention is paid to how Bruns’ project was evaluated by experts, among whom the military played a leading role. They opposed regular flights of airships with foreign crews across Soviet territory, as they considered them a potential threat to the country’s defense. Bruns’ other project on the organisation of an international scientific expedition to study the Arctic was of greater interest to the authorities. The practical result of this project was the flight of Graf Zeppelin, a German airship, in 1931 whose crew included Soviet specialists. However, after that, the cooperation with the Italian aeronaut Umberto Nobile became more significant for the Soviet authorities and he began building airships in the USSR.

Imbalanced satellite telemetry data anomaly detection model based on Bayesian LSTM

Anomaly detection of satellite telemetry data has always been a significant issue in the development of aeronautics and astronautics. Timely and effective anomaly detection method of satellite telemetry data is a research hotspot in academia and aerospace industry. For satellite telemetry data, we propose an anomaly detection model based on Bayesian deep learning without domain knowledge. In this model, we show the feasibility of implementing MC-dropout on the Long Short-Term Memory Network (LSTM), and establish the Bayesian LSTM. First, we perform a preliminary anomaly detection task through our model—Monte Carlo Dropout Bidirectional Long Short-term Memory Network (MCD-BiLSTM). Then, Monte Carlo (MC) Sampling Variance, Prediction Entropy and Mutual Information are taken to measure the uncertainty of output through MCD-BiLSTM. What's more, we further explore and exploit the three types of uncertainties, and utilize the variational auto-encoder (VAE) to reevaluate the high uncertainty samples to improve the anomaly detection capability. To our knowledge, it is the first time that Bayesian neural networks have been introduced into the field of satellite telemetry data anomaly detection. The experimental results on an imbalanced satellite telemetry dataset show that our proposed model can add effective regularization constraints, and obtain great robustness on imbalanced data, which performs better than popular traditional neural networks and other Bayesian neural networks.

From Jennies to JATO

The First World War was seminal to the development of military aeronautics and aircraft/aerospace manufacturing in California. While flight innovators Glenn L. Martin and Glenn H. Curtiss made key prewar contributions to military aviation within the state, it was America's entry into the war that was the primary catalyst to the establishment of military air facilities as well as a constellation of small, federally contracted airplane factories within California. Using Sacramento's aviation training school at Mather Field and the airplane factory at North Sacramento's Liberty Iron Works as case studies, this article details the ways that World War I was an early catalyst to the statewide embrace of the seemingly limitless potential of aviation, what many then referred to as “air-mindedness.” An intimate look at both Liberty Iron Works and Mather Field reveals how World War I made Sacramento a martial city, strongly committed to a century of pursuing, and playing host to, military aeronautics and aircraft/aerospace production, as manifested by today's Mather Airport (until 1993, Mather Air Force Base) and aerospace giant Aerojet-General, an early innovator of jet-assisted take-off (JATO) and the indirect progeny of Liberty Iron Works. Several factors related to the advent of World War I—most notably, the promise of economic growth, the allure and mystery of flight, and the local prestige that comes with contributing to national defense—inculcated Sacramentans (and Californians) with an adoration for the military, a sense of regional independence, a reverence for the economic promise of the aircraft and aerospace industry, and an aviation-centered mentality that would endure into the twenty-first century.

ФОРМУВАННЯ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНИХ ЗАСАД СТВОРЕННЯ АВІАЦІЇ НА РУБЕЖІ ХІХ–ХХ СТОЛІТЬ

The article deals with the processes of formation of organizational structures,which later became the basis of the military aviation command and control organization as a component of the armed forces of the leading countries of the world in the late 19th — early 20th centuries before the World War I. The author also reveals the processes that took place in the armed forces of European countries since the be- ginning of the aerostatic type aircraft using for conducting air reconnaissance dur- ing the Napoleonic wars since the end of the 18th century. The first times of aircraft combat using are described and their results are estimated by contemporaries of the events under consideration. It is being considered the organizational activity of the military-political leadership of the states, public organizations, individual persons and determined their influence on the development of aeronautics, aircraft indus- try, creation of the first aviation units, military aviation schools and deployment of technical personnel training, in particular, on the territory of Ukraine, which at that time was part of the Russian Empire. In addition, emphasis was placed on a number of features of command and control organizations responsible for the development of aviation in the armed forces of the leading countries of the world at that time, namely, laying responsibility for the development of aviation on the command and control organizations of high-tech troops (special forces), predominance in their activity functions of maintenance management and aviation equipment ordering, lack in their activities an aviation units operational management functions, which was observed before the World War I. The contribution of some Ukrainian-related military, state and public personalities in the global context of aviation genesis also being appropriately addressed.

Aeronautical Periodicals (1783–1945) – A Reflection of Air Power

Periodical publications have played an important role in the development of aeronautics, providing a platform for scientific exchange and informing the public about the ongoing progress. This study analyzes periodicals covering the issues related to aeronautics from 1783 to 1945 on a worldwide scale. It assumes that the number and diversification of periodicals dedicated to aeronautics published in a given country depend directly on the level of development of air power in that country. The result shows that periodicals from only four countries dominated, three fourths of all titles published coming from France, Germany, Great Britain and the United States. In 1945, by the end of the period under study, these four countries, together with the Soviet Union and Japan, were also the world’s dominant air powers in terms of both civil and military air activities. The study also analyzes the development of periodicals over time, the diversification of periodicals by major subject areas and the interdependence of information flows between the four major air powers.

Comparative Review Study of Military and Civilian Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)

Indian flying corps and Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) forged long standing military ties, Israel aviation enterprises keeping up their strong position as best-in-class UAV manufacturers for both civilian and military use and supplying the Indian military with advanced UAV frameworks. IAI has provided IAF with a sum of 176 Israel-made automatons including 108 IAI Searchers and 68 unarmed Heron-1 airships for observation and surveillance missions including an armada of IAI Harpy rambles. With the expanding request of India's military associations, for example, the DRDO, Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE), the National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL), Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) have been creating UAVs with ISR, focusing on, and weapon direction abilities. The first trip of the Rustom-2 model on 16 November 2016 was a turning point for India. This work shows the correlation of the Indian and Israeli UAVs created depending on their main capacities and execution qualities.

X-ray non-destructive testing – an essential tool during modern aeronautics material technology design and development

The X-ray non-destructive testing process is carried out by the system, which includes: the object of control (OC); source of radiation; detector; operator. The X-ray radiation and the object of control interaction formed the radiation image as X-ray doze distribution in accordance with the properties of the OC. At this stage, useful information about the OK is formed, which one is partially lost, partially distorted, and veiled with noise when the radiation image is converted into an optical one. The optical image is analyzed by operator, and the result of the control depends from his physical and emotional state.This article presents a phased analysis of the entire radiation monitoring system. The first stage is the radiation image formation. Theoretical estimate of X-ray inspection system minimum detected defect size was made using space frequency spectrum analysis. The second stage is the transformation of the radiation image into an optical one. We represented the simulation of this process and obtained a modulation of how the operator sees the X-ray optical image and makes a decision about the OC state. Analyzed the X-ray digital image formation and determined the energy choice criteria when applied digital radiography.

Aeronautical product liability insurance and recent development

Aeronautical product liability insurance and recent development

Life extension of UAVs: a case study of Indian UAVs

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are an integral part of any Armed force. They are being used in dull, dirty, dangerous and demanding missions. These missions restrict the life of UAV thus increasing the cost of UAV operations. To keep the operational cost low, it is essential to utilize UAVs to their full potential and life. The process of aging of UAV which results in structural and performance deterioration cannot be stopped, but its impact can be limited by using preventive measures, proper maintenance and implementing the required changes. A well-used UAV can be a befitting candidate for Life extension. Life extension of UAVs cannot be just on economic factors but also on reliability and performance in the extended life. This paper presents the case study of life extension of Indian UAVs which are designed and developed by Aeronautical Development Establishment, Bengaluru. These UAVs have been field tested and operationalized by Armed forces under varying environmental and usage conditions. The procedure, conditions and lessons learnt during the life extension process of UAVs are described. Life extension of these UAVs has resulted in considerable amount of cost and time saving to the users.

Laying Foundations: New Deal Public Works and Aviation Infrastructure

Abstract:This article examines New Deal public works agencies’ pivotal contributions to American aeronautical development, arguing that their creation of aviation-related infrastructure offers powerful evidence of the New Deal’s success in remaking the American landscape and fostering economic growth. Organizations such as the Civil Works Agency, the Public Works Administration, and the Works Progress Administration built or improved almost every contemporary U.S. airport, funding improvements that created the foundations of America’s modern air transport network. Much more than make-work endeavors, these efforts reflected New Dealers’ desire to use public works to create worthwhile products. These policies highlight the sophistication with which the New Deal promoted economic development, and belie the image of public works agencies privileging short-term employment to the detriment of economic gain. Airport terminals, runways, hangers, and countless other aviation-related improvements represent some of the New Deal’s most significant physical legacies, highlighting the Roosevelt administrations’ vital contributions to aeronautical development.