Development Of Active Immunity Research Articles

Проблемы вакцинации и пути ее оптимизации: обзор рандомизированных клинических исследований Анаферона детского

In this article, we discuss the problem of improving vaccination efficacy in children using an antiviral drug with an immunomodulatory effect Anaferon for children produced in Russia. We analyzed the results of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) evaluating the efficacy and safety of Anaferon for children during vaccination against influenza and pneumococcal infection, including that in children with frequent respiratory infections. According to RCT, Anaferon for children used for the prevention of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) in combination with specific immunoprophylaxis of influenza and pneumococcal infection, increased the vaccination coverage by reducing the frequency of ARVI episodes before vaccination period and facilitating the development of an adequate immune response after vaccination. Anaferon for children also demonstrated a good safety profile. We described the schemes of ARVI/influenza prevention: 1 tablet a day for 2–4 weeks before vaccination with possible continuation after vaccination for up to 3 months, depending on the clinical situation during the development of active immunity. The results of RCTs and many years of experience allow us to recommend Anaferon for children combination with specific immunoprophylaxis to optimize the vaccination campaign, especially in children with low resistance to infections. It is particularly important during the pandemic of new coronavirus infection. Key words: vaccination, Anaferon for children, prevention, acute respiratory viral infections

Feline panleukopenia - the important role of antibodies

Feline panleukopenia is an important infectious disease. Despite vaccination, panleukopenia remains common, particularly in young kittens. Development of active immunity after primary vaccination is essential for protection. Therefore, vaccination against panleukopenia is a core vaccine. Efficacy of primary vaccination can be reduced by maternally derived antibodies that can persist up to 20 weeks and interfere with the vaccination. In adult cats, antibody development after vaccination can be reduced during chronic disease or immunosuppression. Approximately 30% of adult cats lack antibodies. Evaluation of antibody titres in kittens enables calculation of the ideal time point to initiate primary vaccinations with the goal to establish effective immunity. In adult cats, evaluation of antibody titres is a useful alternative to avoid unnecessary vaccinations and to create an individual vaccination schedule. Only cats lacking antibodies should be vaccinated. Evaluation of antibodies in private practice can be performed using a rapid in-house test.

Trends in vaccinology education of nurses in Poland

Introduction. The tangible result of the successful implementation of immunoprophylaxis is properly organized and conducted education on vaccinology of parents and people to be vaccinated, which should be carried out by medical professionals of different specialties, including nurses performing vaccinations. Aim. Presentation of trends in the development of vaccinology education of nurses in Poland. Material and methods. Overview of Polish and foreign medical literature in the years 2000-2014 on education of society by medical personnel in the field of active immunization. Results. Changes in the immunoprophylaxis in Poland, the aim of which is further development of Immunization Program in accordance with trends in many European countries, necessitate ongoing vaccinology education. This requires from the medical staff (a doctor and a nurse) not only current knowledge about vaccination, but also the ability to communicate effectively and build a feeling of trust in the relationship with patients. The theoretical foundation of modern vaccinology education should be viewing it as a process, the outcome of which is to achieve competences of the trainee to express judgments and make effective decisions on matters related to immunization. Conclusions. 1 . Educational activities of medical personnel in the field of immunization are crucial for the social acceptance of this method of infectious diseases prevention. 2. Effective implementation of vaccinology education by medical personnel requires continuing professional and personal development as well as interpersonal communication skills. 3. Appointment of the vaccinology educators and interdisciplinary method of implementation of education on vaccination may be a desirable trend in the development of active immunization.

New Insights into Neuromyelitis Optica

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an idiopathic inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that preferentially affects the optic nerves and spinal cord. In Asia, NMO has long been considered a subtype of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, recent clinical, pathological, immunological, and imaging studies have suggested that NMO is distinct from MS. This reconsideration of NMO was initially prompted by the discovery of a specific antibody for NMO (NMO-IgG) in 2004. NMO-IgG is an autoantibody that targets aquaporin-4 (AQP4), the most abundant water channel in the CNS; hence, it was named anti-AQP4 antibody. Since it demonstrated reasonable sensitivity and high specificity, anti-AQP4 antibody was incorporated into new diagnostic criteria for NMO.The spectrum of NMO is now known to be wider than was previously recognized and includes a proportion of patients with recurrent, isolated, longitudinally extensive myelitis or optic neuritis, and longitudinally extensive myelitis or optic neuritis associated with systemic autoimmune disease or with brain lesions typical of NMO. In this context, a new concept of "NMO spectrum disorders" was recently introduced. Furthermore, seropositivity for NMO-IgG predicts future relapses and is recognized as a prognostic marker for NMO spectrum disorders. Humoral immune mechanisms, including the activation of B-cells and the complement pathway, are considered to play important roles in NMO pathogenesis. This notion is supported by recent studies showing the potential pathogenic role of NMO-IgG as an initiator of NMO lesions. However, a demonstration of the involvement of NMO-IgG by the development of active immunization and passive transfer in animal models is still needed. This review focuses on the new concepts of NMO based on its pathophysiology and clinical characteristics. Potential management strategies for NMO in light of its pathomechanism are also discussed.

Influences of heat stress on serological response and performance of dairy calves (2009)

Objectives of this study were to investigate the possible effects of heat stress on calf growth and the development of active immunity. Eighteen heifer calves born between July 21 and August 24, 2008, were housed in individual hutches, and half of the calves were provided supplemental shade from birth to 8 weeks of age. During this time, milk replacer intake, dry feed intake, and fecal scores were recorded daily. Calf weight and hip and shoulder heights were measured and recorded weekly. The bovine viral diarrhea portion of the vaccine given at 5 weeks of age was used as an indicator to track the development of humoral immunity. Intake, growth, temperature response after vaccination, and serum titers did not differ significantly between treatments. In contrast, differences in hutch temperature, relative humidity, and temperaturehumidity index were observed between treatments. Results indicated that supplemental shade provided to calves housed in hutches does not affect their performance or ability to develop active immunity.; Dairy Day, 2009, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2009; Dairy Research, 2009 is known as Dairy Day, 2009

Neuromyelitis Optica: A New Perspective

The traditional view of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) as a monophasic inflammatory disorder that affects both the optic nerves and the spinal cord is expanding. Over the last decade, a combination of clinical, radiological, pathological, and serological findings have resulted in evolving definitions of NMO and the appreciation that it likely constitutes a broader, more diverse spectrum of disease that is pathogenically distinct from multiple sclerosis. Neuromyelitis optica-immunoglobulin (Ig)G is the first antibody marker for any inflammatory central nervous system disorder, and is both sensitive and specific for NMO. Its target antigen, aquaporin-4, the most abundant water channel in the central nervous system, has opened up new research directions into demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system. The identification of NMO-IgG in patients with recurrent optic neuritis or longitudinally extensive myelitis and its ability to predict subsequent relapse support the concept of a spectrum of NMO disorders. Preliminary in vitro studies and recent immunopathological evidence support a role for NMO-IgG as the initiator of the NMO lesion. Definitive proof of pathogenesis is needed and will require the development of active immunization and passive transfer animal models, which will hopefully lead to more effective targeted therapies.

Colostrum production in swine: from the mammary glands to the piglets.

Abstract An early and high intake of colostrum is a major determinant of survival during the early suckling period, when most losses occur. Indeed, piglets are born devoid of body fat and are dependent on colostrum as their sole energy source. Colostrum also has other essential roles for the developing piglet; most importantly, it provides passive immunity and nutrients to the piglet and permits thermoregulation. It also stimulates gastrointestinal development, muscle protein synthesis and the development of active immunity. Neonatal swine can efficiently use colostrum since they have a remarkable capacity to deposit large amounts of fat and can also absorb intact immunoglobulins for 24 h postnatally. The production of colostrum, however, is very variable between sows and the factors affecting this variability are not well known. Such studies are most difficult to carry out since it is not easy to estimate colostrum yield. Indeed, the various methods that can be used tomeasure colostrum yield all have several drawbacks. The endocrine status of the sow undoubtedly affects the process of colostrogenesis and the underlying mammary changes associated with it. The composition of sow colostrum is well known, yet it is only recently that the presence of numerous bioactive compounds which can either protect piglets from infection or modulate their metabolism was detected in colostral secretions. There are indications that the composition of colostrum can be altered by some management components but further studies are necessary in that area.

The transfer of maternal IgE and other immunoglobulins specific for Trichostrongylus colubriformis larval excretory/secretory product to the neonatal lamb

The transference of immunoglobulins from six New Zealand Romney ewes to their lambs was examined. Immunoglobulin levels were determined in ewe plasma, colostrum and lamb plasma shortly after birth and before the lambs fed, in lamb plasma 2 days after birth, and lamb plasma, ewe plasma and milk 30 days after parturition. Levels of total IgE, and IgE, IgG1 , IgG2, IgM, and IgA with specificity for Trichostronglus colubriformis third stage larval secretory/excretory products (TcL3E/S) were determined. Mean levels of total IgE were three times higher in colostrum than in parturient ewe plasma while only trace amounts were detected in milk at 30 days after birth (107.7, 34.3, and 0.2 U ml −1, respectively, differences between means P ≤ 0.01). Mean total IgE in lamb plasma rose from being undetectable before suckling to levels comparable to those of the ewes by 2 days after birth (21.7 U ml −1) and then declined to low levels by 30 days (0.4 U ml −1). Total IgE levels in lamb plasma were significantly correlated with levels in ewe plasma and colostrum ( r = 0.91, P ≤ 0.01; r = 0.96, P ≤ 0.003, respectively). The transference of TcL3E/S-specific IgE, IgG1 and IgA was substantial with mean levels of these antibodies in lamb plasma at 2 days comparable to that in parturient ewe plasma (absorbance levels in lamb plasma of 0.283, 0.537, and 0.334, respectively). Proportionally less maternal IgM and IgG2 appeared to be transferred to the lambs (absorbance of 0.112 and 0.081, respectively). Levels of TcL3E/S-specific IgE and IgG1 in lamb plasma at 2 days were significantly correlated with levels in parturient ewe plasma and colostrum ( r = 0.89 and 0.82, 0.85 and 0.96; all P ≤ 0.05, respectively). These results indicate that IgE is concentrated in ewe colostrum and that substantial amounts of maternal IgE are transferred to lambs via colostrum. Further, the results suggest that humoral immunity against gastro-intestinal nematode parasites and potentially other parasites in colostrum-fed lambs may approximate that of the ewe. The implications of the transference of humoral immunity through colostrum in ruminants for the passive protection and the development of active immunity against parasites remains to be fully explored.

Melanoma Vaccines

The identification of antigens on tumor cells has led to significant contributions to the field of immunotherapy. One of the most active areas under investigation in cancer immunotherapy is the development of vaccines against melanoma antigens. Induction of immunity against tumor antigens can follow multiple routes using different mechanisms. Crucial to the development of active immunization and other immunotherapies is the discovery and understanding of the molecular identity of antigens and the mechanisms involved in tumor immunity, as well as escape from immunity. In this review, we will discuss strategies to induce active immunity against melanoma.

Toll-like receptors as sensors of pathogens.

Initial recognition of microbes, as they enter the body, is based on germ line-encoded pattern recognition receptors that selectively bind to essential components of pathogens. This allows the body to respond immediately to the microbial invasion before the development of active immunity. The signal-transducing receptors that trigger the acute inflammatory cascade have been elusive until very recently. On the basis of their genetic similarity to the Toll signaling pathway in Drosophila, mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been identified. By now, nine transmembrane proteins in the TLR family have been described. Mammalian TLR4 is the signal-transducing receptor activated by the bacterial lipopolysaccharide. The activation of TLR4 leads to DNA binding of the transcription factor NF-kappaB, resulting in activation of the inflammatory cascade. Activation of other TLRs is likely to have similar consequences. TLR2 mediates the host response to Gram-positive bacteria and yeast. TLR1 and TLR6 may participate in the activation of macrophages by Gram-positive bacteria, whereas TLR9 appears to respond to a specific sequence of bacterial DNA. The TLRs that control the onset of an acute inflammatory response are critical antecedents for the development of adaptive acquired immunity. Genetic and developmental variation in the expression of microbial pattern recognition receptors may affect the individual's predisposition to infections in childhood and may contribute to susceptibility to severe neonatal inflammatory diseases, allergies, and autoimmune diseases.

The emerging understanding of sickle cell disease.

The emerging understanding of sickle cell disease.

Antibody titers to pseudorabies virus in piglets immunized with gIII deleted pseudorabies vaccine in a pseudorabies infected herd

The decrease in titer of PRV antibodies in serum was evaluated at 10, 37, 67, 109 and 173 days of age in 16 non-vaccinated pigs and 43 pigs vaccinated at 3, 67 and 80 days of age with a modified live TK/gIII gene deleted pseudorabies virus (PRV) vaccine. Serum samples were analyzed for antibodies to PRV by the serum-virus neutralization test (SN), a commercial competitive ELISA (CELISA), and the CELISA OMNIMARK PRV differential (OMD) diagnostic kit. At 10 days of age, all pigs had SN titers ≥ 1:4 and were CELISA+/OMD+, indicating circulating antibodies to field strains of PRV. At 109 days, all non-vaccinated pigs had SN titers < 1:4. Forty-five percent of vaccinated pigs had SN titers ≥ 1:4, 56% were CELISA positive and most were CELISA+/OMD−, indicating antibodies due to vaccination. At 24 weeks of age, all pigs had SN titers ≥ 1:4 and were CELISA+/OMD+ due to exposure to field strains. Although circulating maternal antibodies interfere with the development of active immunity, vaccination at 3 days of age resulted in detectable antibodies by 67 days of age, and a limited immune response could be measured at 109 days of age.

The effect of colostrum-derived antibody on neo-natal transmission of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection.

Two groups of 6 newborn goat kids were artificially fed colostrum containing antibody to caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) virus, obtained from clinically affected does. Kids in group A were fed the colostrum from birth until 7 days of age, while kids in group B were fed colostrum from 1 to 3 days after birth for 7 days. Kids were fed cow's milk at all other times. Serum antibody resulting from the consumption of colostrum, detected by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) tests, lasted for up to 8 weeks in group A, but none was detected in group B. Four kids from each group became infected with CAE virus as demonstrated by the emergence of active immunity and by virus isolation procedures. It appeared that uptake of colostral antibody by group A did not prevent viral transmission, interfere with development of active immunity, or modify the outcome of the CAE virus infection.

Persistence of passive immunity to porcine parvovirus

Maternally derived antibody to porcine parvovirus (PPV) has been shown to prevent the development of active immunity following infection or vaccination (Johnson et al 1976; Paul et aI1980).

Ultraviolet Irradiation as a Protective Measure for Chickens Exposed to Newcastle Disease Virus

Spread of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) to susceptible chicken flocks occurs mainly by air-borne particles (Kohn, 1955). Young chickens are considered refractory to early vaccination due to incomplete ability to produce antibodies. Congenital passive immunity seems to interfere with the development of active immunity in response to ND vaccine when administered intermuscularly (Bankovsky et al. 1958; Keeble and Wade, 1963) or intranasally (Rickey and Schmittle, 1962). Early vaccinations of chicks with a lentogenic live NDV strain or with a BPL inactivated vaccine failed to protect young chicken flocks in Israel during an epidemic in 1967–69 (authors observations). The failure of biological measures to control the disease prompted the authors to search for a possible physical route of protection.Since ultraviolet (UV) irradiation at wavelength of 2537 Å. is amazingly effective in killing various kinds of microorganisms when suspended in the air as droplets nuclei (Wells, 1955), the authors found…

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE OCCURRENCE OF MORTALITY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACTIVE IMMUNITY IN THE YOUNG RAT.

Killed Brucella abortus was injected into young rats. Specific agglutinins were first detected at 10 days of age in all groups of rats injected between birth and 4 days and were present in all 14-day-old rats. Rats receiving injections at 16 days or later produced agglutinins as quickly as adults, although the titres present after comparable periods increased rapidly with the age at injection until 1 month of age, and more slowly afterwards. The ages during which agglutinins first appear in the suckling rat correspond closely to those during which there is a sharp decline in mortality, suggesting that the active immune response is of protective value even during the period of active absorption of maternal globulin.

CARRIER STATE IN RELATION TO STREPTOCOCCAL DISEASE.

The incidence of streptococcal illness is known to decrease markedly with adulthood (Schwentker et al11).Presumably one factor in this decrease is the development of active immunity during childhood. More than 35 types of group A hemolytic streptococci have been identified (Swift et al13), and the careful work of Quinn and Lowry9indicates that some of the nontypable strains may also have antigenic M-protein. Yet the average person does not suffer 35 or more seperate episodes of steptococcal illness, and it would seem possible that inapparent infection might play some part in the acquisition of the normal immunity of maturity. The relationship between the carrier state and disease has not been fully explored. The extensive work of Cornfeld and Hubbard,1James et al,4Kincaid et al,5Nicholas and Steele,7Saslow and Streitfeld,10Siegel et al,12Wannamaker et al,14and many

Infectious Hepatitis

The high incidence of infectious hepatitis during World War II and the immediate postwar years led to many clinical and laboratory studies of this disease. 1-4 Since it was not transmissible to laboratory animals, several investigations in which the infectious agent was administered to human volunteers made it possible to define more clearly the clinical course of the disease and its correlation with changes in various laboratory parameters. 5-10 At about this time it was also shown that γ-globulin conferred passive immunity against infectious hepatitis. 11,12 More recently it has been reported that in institutional outbreaks of hepatitis, persons who received γ-globulin were apparently protected for periods as long as seven to eight months. 13-15 Stokes and his associates 15 postulated that during the early period of passive protection from γ-globulin, the patients were exposed to hepatitis virus and that subclinical infection was followed by the development of active immunity.

ELECTROPHORETIC STUDIES OF PLASMA PROTEINS IN NORMAL CHILDREN

Electrophoretic studies of plasma proteins have been made for 54 healthy children ranging in age from birth to 17 years. Mean values for most plasma protein fractions agreed well with previously published results for normal adults and children, but changes in the relative concentration of some of the components with age were noted. Although the percentage of albumin decreased from infancy to midchildhood and appeared to be lowest in children 5 to 11 years old, figures for absolute concentration of albumin in gm./100 ml. showed no significant decrease in albumin for this age group. The percentage and the absolute concentration of α2-globulin were highest in infancy and decreased gradually with increasing age. Both the percentage and the absolute concentration of γ-globulin decreased from unusually high values in the newborn infant to unusually low values in infancy, then gradually increased with age to reach the normal adult level in midchildhood, 5 to 11 years of age. These changes are believed to be related to the loss of passive immunity received by the infant from its mother and the accumulation of antibodies and the development of active immunity in the child.

Sputum Studies in Lobar Pneumonia. Phagocytosis and the Effect of Serum Therapy

SummaryThree types of phagocytosis depending upon the degree of encapsulation of the engulfed pneumococci, have ken observed in the sputum of patients suffering from lobar pneumonia. Clumping of capsulated pneumococci similar to agglutination and an increased phagocytosis of these organisms was evident in the sputum shortly after the administration of specific horse or rabbit antibody. Spontaneous clumping of capsulated pneumococci was observed in the sputum of 4 patients prior to therapy suggesting that a similar mechanism is involved in the development of active immunity. Further studies on the relation of the above phenomena to the clinical condition of'the patient and the adequacy of serum dosage are now in progress.