Development Of Organisms Research Articles

Pseudo-trajectory inference for identifying essential regulations and molecules in cell fate decisions.

Cell fate decision is crucial in biological development and plays fundamental roles in normal development and functional maintenance of organisms. By identifying key regulatory interactions and molecules involved in these fate decisions, we can shed light on the intricate mechanisms underlying the cell fates. This understanding ultimately reveals the fundamental principles driving biological development and the origins of various diseases. In this study, we present an overarching framework which integrates pseudo-trajectory inference and differential analysis to determine critical regulatory interactions and molecules during cell fate transitions. To demonstrate feasibility and reliability of the approach, we employ the differentiation networks of hepatobiliary system and embryonic stem cells as representative model systems. By applying pseudo-trajectory inference to biological data, we aim to identify critical regulatory interactions and molecules during the cell fate transition processes. Consistent with experimental observations, the approach can allow us to infer dynamical cell fate decision processes and gain insights into the underlying mechanisms which govern cell state decisions.

Fungal Apoptosis-Related Proteins

Programmed cell death (PCD) plays a crucial role in the development and homeostasis maintenance of multicellular organisms. Apoptosis is a form of PCD that prevents pathological development by eliminating damaged or useless cells. Despite the complexity of fungal apoptosis mechanisms being similar to those of plants and metazoans, fungal apoptosis lacks the core regulatory elements of animal apoptosis. Apoptosis-like PCD in fungi can be triggered by a variety of internal and external factors, participating in biological processes such as growth, development, and stress response. Although the core regulatory elements are not fully understood, apoptosis-inducing factor and metacaspase have been found to be involved. This article summarizes various proteins closely related to fungal apoptosis, such as apoptosis-inducing factor, metacaspase, and inhibitors of apoptosis proteins, as well as their structures and functions. This research provides new strategies and ideas for the development of natural drugs targeting fungal apoptosis and the control of fungal diseases.

Unusual modes of cell and nuclear divisions characterise Drosophila development.

The growth and development of metazoan organisms is dependent upon a co-ordinated programme of cellular proliferation and differentiation, from the initial formation of the zygote through to maintenance of mature organs in adult organisms. Early studies of proliferation of ex vivo cultures and unicellular eukaryotes described a cyclic nature of cell division characterised by periods of DNA synthesis (S-phase) and segregation of newly synthesized chromosomes (M-phase) interspersed by seeming inactivity, the gap phases, G1 and G2. We now know that G1 and G2 play critical roles in regulating the cell cycle, including monitoring of favourable environmental conditions to facilitate cell division, and ensuring genomic integrity prior to DNA replication and nuclear division. M-phase is usually followed by the physical separation of nascent daughters, termed cytokinesis. These phases where G1 leads to S phase, followed by G2 prior to M phase and the subsequent cytokinesis to produce two daughters, both identical in genomic composition and cellular morphology are what might be termed an archetypal cell division. Studies of development of many different organs in different species have demonstrated that this stereotypical cell cycle is often subverted to produce specific developmental outcomes, and examples from over 100 years of analysis of the development of Drosophila melanogaster have uncovered many different modes of cell division within this one species.

Early-life gut microbiota assembly patterns are conserved between laboratory and wild mice

Assembly of the mammalian gut microbiota during early life is known to shape key aspects of organismal development, including immunity, metabolism and behaviour. While house mice (Mus musculus) are the major laboratory model organism for gut microbiota research, their artificial lab-based lifestyle could fundamentally alter ecological processes of microbiota assembly and dynamics, in ways that affect their usefulness as a model system. To examine this, here we directly compared patterns of gut microbiota assembly in house mice from the lab and from the wild, making use of a tractable, individually-marked wild population where we could examine patterns of gut microbiota assembly during early life. Despite lab and wild mice harbouring taxonomically distinct communities, we identify striking similarities in multiple patterns of their gut microbiota assembly. Specifically, age-related changes in both alpha and beta diversity, as well as the abundance of predominant phyla and aerotolerance of the microbiota followed parallel trajectories in both settings. These results suggest some degree of intrinsic programme in gut microbiota assembly that transcends variation in taxonomic profiles, and the genetic and environmental background of the host. They further support the notion that despite their artificial environment, lab mice can provide meaningful insights into natural microbiota ecological dynamics in early life and their interplay with host development.

Melatonin protects spermatogenic cells against DNA damage and necroptosis induced by atrazine

Atrazine (ATZ), a widely used triazine herbicide, has been shown to disrupt reproductive development in organisms. Melatonin (MLT) is a natural hormone and has been shown to have strong antioxidant properties. Due to its lipophilicity, it can cross biological barriers freely and act on germ cells directly. However, the mechanism through which melatonin affects atrazine-induced damage to male sperm cells remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ATZ on spermatocyte development and to elucidate MLT's role in preventing ATZ-induced spermatogenesis failure. Pubertal mice were randomly divided into four groups: blank control group (Con), 5 mg/kg melatonin group (MLT), 170 mg/kg atrazine group (ATZ), and ATZ + MLT group. GC-1 cell culture was employed to access the in vitro effects of MLT and ATZ on spermatogonia. The results indicate that atrazine affected protein and metabolite composition, and reduced sperm viability, sperm motility (VAP, VSL and VCL) and levels of proteins related to spermatogenesis function in the mice testis. Melatonin alleviated the development of cellular DNA damage and necroptosis caused by atrazine both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, we proposed that it was GC-1 cells developing necroptosis, but not other cell types in the testis. In conclusion, this study suggests that atrazine disrupts the development process, causing DNA damage in spermatozoa during spermatogenesis. Additionally, ATZ-induced necroptosis specifically targets spermatogenic cells. Notably, melatonin alleviates atrazine-induced necroptosis and DNA damage in spermatogenic cells. This study provides new insights into potential therapeutic strategies for atrazine-induced male infertility.

TRBP2, a Major Component of the RNAi Machinery, Is Subjected to Cell Cycle-Dependent Regulation in Human Cancer Cells of Diverse Tissue Origin.

Transactivation Response Element RNA-binding Protein (TRBP2) is a double-stranded RNA-binding protein widely known for its critical contribution to RNA interference (RNAi), a conserved mechanism of gene-expression regulation mediated through small non-coding RNA moieties (ncRNAs). Nevertheless, TRBP2 has also proved to be involved in other molecular pathways and biological processes, such as cell growth, organism development, spermatogenesis, and stress response. Mutations or aberrant expression of TRBP2 have been previously associated with diverse human pathologies, including Alzheimer's disease, cardiomyopathy, and cancer, with TRBP2 playing an essential role(s) in proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of tumor cells. Hence, the present study aims to investigate, via employment of advanced flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, cell transgenesis and bioinformatics technologies, new, still elusive, functions and properties of TRBP2, particularly regarding its cell cycle-specific control during cancer cell division. We have identified a novel, mitosis-dependent regulation of TRBP2 protein expression, as clearly evidenced by the lack of its immunofluorescence-facilitated detection during mitotic phases, in several human cancer cell lines of different tissue origin. Notably, the obtained TRBP2-downregulation patterns seem to derive from molecular mechanisms that act independently of oncogenic activities (e.g., malignancy grade), metastatic capacities (e.g., low versus high), and mutational signatures (e.g., p53-/- or p53ΔΥ126) of cancer cells. Taken together, we herein propose that TRBP2 serves as a novel cell cycle-dependent regulator, likely exerting mitosis-suppression functions, and, thus, its mitosis-specific downregulation can hold strong promise to be exploited for the efficient and successful prognosis, diagnosis, and (radio-/chemo-)therapy of diverse human malignancies, in the clinic.

A scenario for an evolutionary selection of ageing.

Signs of ageing become apparent only late in life, after organismal development is finalized. Ageing, most notably, decreases an individual's fitness. As such, it is most commonly perceived as a non-adaptive force of evolution and considered a by-product of natural selection. Building upon the evolutionarily conserved age-related Smurf phenotype, we propose a simple mathematical life-history trait model in which an organism is characterized by two core abilities: reproduction and homeostasis. Through the simulation of this model, we observe (1) the convergence of fertility's end with the onset of senescence, (2) the relative success of ageing populations, as compared to non-ageing populations, and (3) the enhanced evolvability (i.e. the generation of genetic variability) of ageing populations. In addition, we formally demonstrate the mathematical convergence observed in (1). We thus theorize that mechanisms that link the timing of fertility and ageing have been selected and fixed over evolutionary history, which, in turn, explains why ageing populations are more evolvable and therefore more successful. Broadly speaking, our work suggests that ageing is an adaptive force of evolution.

Lineage-Specific Transcription Factors in Carcinogenesis

Each cancer is the result of an individually unique evolutionary process. Yet, as demonstrated by extensive genetic analyses of human specimens, the genetic endpoints of cancers across different tissues are remarkably specific, with individual cancer driver genes being typically associated with only a limited set of tumor types. Tissue and cellular contexts thus impose strong and genetically predictable evolutionary constraints on carcinogenesis. Lineage-specific transcription factors, central regulators of organismal development, tissue homeostasis, and regeneration, often also support cancer cell fitness in a lineage-specific manner. In this review, we discuss recent results on the interactions between transcriptional lineage factor programs and oncogenic pathways and how such interactions may determine the oncogenic competence of cancer-associated genetic alterations. These developments are starting to shed light on the molecular basis of tissue specificity in carcinogenesis, with relevance for cancer prevention and therapy.

A quest of Vera M. Danchakoff, a pioneer of stem cell research.

Vera Mikhailovna Danchakova (1877-1950), also written in English as Danchakoff and in German as Dantschakoff, was the first woman to graduate with a PhD in Russia. She was a person of many interests and a strong passion for teaching and social justice that may have interfered with her pioneering stem cell research and cell biology, which was far ahead of its time. Danchakova significantly contributed to the unitarian theory of haematopoiesis along with its founder Alexander A. Maximow. She studied the origin of blood cells, the differentiation of tissues and organs in the process of embryonic development of animals, the formation of germ cells and the effect of hormones on the development of organisms. She discovered the role of stem cells in the laying of new tissues, the proof of the extragonadal origin of primary germ cells in birds and the development of methods for transplanting tissues into live embryos. She has been named 'the mother of stem cells' for her investigations of progenitors of cells.

BGC Atlas: a web resource for exploring the global chemical diversity encoded in bacterial genomes.

Secondary metabolites are compounds not essential for an organism's development, but provide significant ecological and physiological benefits. These compounds have applications in medicine, biotechnology and agriculture. Their production is encoded in biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), groups of genes collectively directing their biosynthesis. The advent of metagenomics has allowed researchers to study BGCs directly from environmental samples, identifying numerous previously unknown BGCs encoding unprecedented chemistry. Here, we present the BGC Atlas (https://bgc-atlas.cs.uni-tuebingen.de), a web resource that facilitates the exploration and analysis of BGC diversity in metagenomes. The BGC Atlas identifies and clusters BGCs from publicly available datasets, offering a centralized database and a web interface for metadata-aware exploration of BGCs and gene cluster families (GCFs). We analyzed over 35000 datasets from MGnify, identifying nearly 1.8 million BGCs, which were clustered into GCFs. The analysis showed that ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptidesare the most abundant compound class, with most GCFs exhibiting high environmental specificity. We believe that our tool will enable researchers to easily explore and analyze the BGC diversity in environmental samples, significantly enhancing our understanding of bacterial secondary metabolites,and promote the identification of ecological and evolutionary factors shaping the biosynthetic potential of microbial communities.

Drosophila Eye Gene Regulatory Network Inference Using BioGRNsemble: An Ensemble-of-Ensembles Machine Learning Approach

Background: Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) are complex gene interactions essential for organismal development and stability, and they are crucial for understanding gene-disease links in drug development. Advances in bioinformatics, driven by genomic data and machine learning, have significantly expanded GRN research, enabling deeper insights into these interactions. Methods: This study proposes and demonstrates the potential of BioGRNsemble, a modular and flexible approach for inferring gene regulatory networks from RNA-Seq data. Integrating the GENIE3 and GRNBoost2 algorithms, the BioGRNsemble methodology focuses on providing trimmed-down sub-regulatory networks consisting of transcription and target genes. Results: The methodology was successfully tested on a Drosophila melanogaster Eye gene expression dataset. Our validation analysis using the TFLink online database yielded 3703 verified predicted gene links, out of 534,843 predictions. Conclusion: Although the BioGRNsemble approach presents a promising method for inferring smaller, focused regulatory networks, it encounters challenges related to algorithm sensitivity, prediction bias, validation difficulties, and the potential exclusion of broader regulatory interactions. Improving accuracy and comprehensiveness will require addressing these issues through hyperparameter fine-tuning, the development of alternative scoring mechanisms, and the incorporation of additional validation methods.

Unraveling the molecular mechanism of FgGcn5 inhibition by phenazine-1-carboxamide: combined in silico and in vitro studies.

Fusarium head blight (FHB), mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum (F. graminearum), remains a devastating disease worldwide. The histone acetyltransferase Gcn5 plays a crucial role in epigenetic regulation. Aberrant Gcn5 acetylation activity can result in serious impacts such as impaired growth and development in organisms. The secondary metabolite phenazine-1-carboxamide (PCN) inhibits F. graminearum by blocking the acetylation process of Gcn5 (FgGcn5), and is currently used to control FHB. However, the molecular basis of acetylation inhibition by PCN remains to be further explored. Our molecular dynamics simulations revealed that PCN binds to the cleft in FgGcn5 where histone H3 is bound, with key amino acid residues including Leu96 (L96), Arg121 (R121), Phe133 (F133), Tyr169 (Y169), and Tyr201 (Y201), preventing FgGcn5 from binding to histone H3 and affecting histone H3 from being acetylated. Experimental validation of key amino acid mutations further confirmed the impact of these mutations on the interaction of FgGcn5 with PCN and histone H3 peptide. In summary, our study sheds light on the mechanism by which PCN inhibits the acetylation function of FgGcn5, providing a foundation for the development of drugs or fungicides targeting histone acetyltransferases. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Unraveling the Molecular Mechanisms of SIRT7 in Angiogenesis: Insights from Substrate Clues.

Angiogenesis, a vital physiological or pathological process regulated by complex molecular networks, is widely implicated in organismal development and the pathogenesis of various diseases. SIRT7, a member of the Sirtuin family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + (NAD+) dependent deacetylases, plays crucial roles in cellular processes such as transcriptional regulation, cell metabolism, cell proliferation, and genome stability maintenance. Characterized by its enzymatic activities, SIRT7 targets an array of substrates, several of which exert regulatory effects on angiogenesis. Experimental evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies consistently demonstrates the effects of SIRT7 in modulating angiogenesis, mediated through various molecular mechanisms. Consequently, understanding the regulatory role of SIRT7 in angiogenesis holds significant promise, offering novel avenues for therapeutic interventions targeting either SIRT7 or angiogenesis. This review delineates the putative molecular mechanisms by which SIRT7 regulates angiogenesis, taking its substrates as a clue, endeavoring to elucidate experimental observations by integrating knowledge of SIRT7 substrates and established angiogenenic mechanisms.

Drosophila Trus, the orthologue of mammalian PDCD2L, is required for proper cell proliferation, larval developmental timing, and oogenesis.

Ribosomes are essential macromolecular machines required for decoding mRNA to make proteins, the major biomolecules that carry out all central cellular functions. As such, their structural and operational integrity is critical to organismal survival, and mutations that disrupt proper stoichiometry or assembly of ribosomes produce serious pathological consequences during an organism's development and/or adult life. The ribosome assembly factor PDCD2L is highly conserved from yeast to man, yet its overall function and requirement during development is poorly understood. By examining the developmental consequences of null mutations in trus , which encodes the Drosophila PDCD2L homolog, we demonstrate an essential role for this factor in cell-cycle regulation. Furthermore, disruption of Trus function in mitotically dividing imaginal tissue activates the Xrp1-dilp8 stress response pathway which limits production of ecdysone, the major arthropod molting hormone, leading to severe developmental delay during larval stages. These studies provide new insights on the requirements of this highly conserved ribosome assemble factor during development.

Hybrid incompatibility emerges at the one-cell stage in interspecies Caenorhabditis embryos.

Intrinsic reproductive isolation occurs when genetic differences between populations disrupt the development of hybrid organisms, preventing gene flow and enforcing speciation. 1-4 While prior studies have examined the genetic origins of hybrid incompatibility, 5-18 the effects of incompatible factors on development remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the mechanistic basis of hybrid incompatibility in Caenorhabditis nematodes by capitalizing on the ability of C. brenneri females to produce embryos after mating with males from several other species. Contrary to expectations, hybrid incompatibility was evident immediately after fertilization, suggesting that post-fertilization barriers to hybridization originate from physical incompatibility between sperm and oocyte-derived factors rather than from zygotic transcription, which starts after the 4-cell stage. 19-22 Sperm deliver chromatin, which expands to form a pronucleus, and a pair of centrioles, which form centrosomes that attach to the sperm-derived pronucleus and signal to establish the embryo's anterior-posterior axis. 23,24 In C. brenneri oocytes fertilized with C. elegans sperm, sperm pronuclear expansion was compromised, frequent centrosome detachment was observed, and cortical polarity was disrupted. Live imaging revealed that defective polar body extrusion contributes to defects in mitotic spindle morphology. C. brenneri oocytes fertilized with C. remanei or C. sp. 48 sperm showed similar defects, and their severity and frequency increased with phylogenetic distance. Defective expansion of the sperm-derived pronucleus and unreliable polar body extrusion immediately after fertilization generally underlie the inviability of hybrid embryos in this clade. These results indicate that physical mismatches between sperm and oocyte-derived structures may be a primary mechanism of hybrid incompatibility.

Psycho-physiological prerequisites of the success of military-professional training of cadets of military institutions of higher education

The article examines in detail the educational process of military- professional training of future army officers, which made it possible to substantiate the structural-systemic approach to the chosen problem. The analysis of the data obtained as a result of testing the morphofunctional and motor indicators of the development of the body of the cadets of military institutions of higher education confirmed the general low physical condition of modern military personnel. Regarding physical capacity, this indicator is in the range from low to satisfactory in most cadets. The results of testing the motor readiness of future military personnel confirm the existing data on the insufficient development of endurance in young men and the insufficient development of endurance and speed in girls. The study of the psycho-emotional state of the cadets of the military institutions of higher education showed that the resistance to stress in extreme situations of the vast majority of future officers is in the range from above average to high levels. In addition, as a result of special studies, the dependence of the success of the formation of professional skills and abilities on the psychophysiological indicators of the development of the cadets' body, depending on gender and military specialization, was established. The results of the correlation analysis of the dependence of the success of the cadets' professional training on the psychophysiological indicators of their organism's development made it possible to determine the structure of the complex psychophysiological preparedness of future officers, taking into account gender and military specialization. Therefore, the differentiation of future officers by specialization and gender determines the selection of means of physical training of the appropriate orientation depending on the structure of complex psychophysiological training.

RESEARCH OF STEROID AND VOLATILE COMPOUNDS IN VERBENA OFFICINALIS L. HERB

Biologically active compounds of medicinal plants are able to affect various links of processes in the living organism, namely, they regulate the processes of metabolism, growth and development of organisms. The therapeutic potency of medicinal plant raw materials is derived by a complex of biologically active compounds that influence various biologically processes, including metabolism, growth, and development. Numerous steroid-like remedies of plant origin exhibit remarkable activity. Phytosterols, chemical compounds similar to cholesterol, are synthesized in plant organisms and have been found to have anti-tumor effects and lower blood cholesterol. Additionally, steroid and volatile compounds demonstrate antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity. The genus Verbena includes 250 species. 3 species grow on the territory of Ukraine: Verbena officinalis L., Verbena supinа L., Verbena hybrida Hort. Verbena officinalis L. is globally recognized for its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, showcasing anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, and anti-allergic effects. However, comprehensive chemical studies of Verbena officinalis L. are limited, necessitating a detailed analysis of phitosterol and volatile compound content using modern precise methods. The aim of the research was to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the content of steroid and volatile compounds in Verbena officinalis L. herb using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. We chose the herb Verbena officinalis L. as the object of the study. Materials and methods. The content of phytosterols and volatile compounds in Verbena officinalis L. herb was studied using the GC/MS method. We chose the herb Verbena officinalis L. as the object of the study. An Agilent Technologies 6890 chromatograph with a 5973 mass spectrometric detector with an HP-5 ms capillary column were used. The mass spectra library in conjunction with AMDIS and NIST identification programs was employed for components were identification. Research results. The study of phytosterols in Verbena officinalis L. identified campesterol (9.32%), stigmasterol (7.13%), γ-sitosterol (72.21%) and androst-5,15-dien-3-ol-acetate were identified (11.35%). In the volatile fraction 8 compounds were identified, with benzophenone (33.96%) and hexahydro farnesyl acetone (22.57%) being dominant. Conclusions. The GC/MS method allowed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of steroid and volatile compounds in Verbena officinalis L, identifying 4 phytosterols and 8 volatile compounds. The identified phytosterols and volatile compounds in the herb have significant implications for the production of phytoremedies and the development of raw material standardization parameters. We identified campesterol, stigmasterol, γ-sitosterol and androst-5,15-dien-3-ol-acetate in the herb Verbena officinalis L. Eight volatile compounds were identified in the herb Verbena officinalis L. by the chromato-mass spectrometric method. Benzophenone and hexahydro farnesyl acetone are dominant. Steroid compounds (mg/kg) were identified and quantified: campesterol, stigmasterol, γ-sitosterol and androst-5,15-dien-3-ol-acetate. The obtained research results will be taken into account in the further production of phytoremedies based on the medicinal Verbena herb, as well as in the development of raw material standardization parameters.

A guide to studying 3D genome structure and dynamics in the kidney.

The human genome is tightly packed into the 3D environment of the cell nucleus. Rapidly evolving and sophisticated methods of mapping 3D genome architecture have shed light on fundamental principles of genome organization and gene regulation. The genome is physically organized on different scales, from individual genes to entire chromosomes. Nuclear landmarks such as the nuclear envelope and nucleoli have important roles in compartmentalizing the genome within the nucleus. Genome activity (for example, gene transcription) is also functionally partitioned within this 3D organization. Rather than being static, the 3D organization of the genome is tightly regulated over various time scales. These dynamic changes in genome structure over time represent the fourth dimension of the genome. Innovative methods have been used to map the dynamic regulation of genome structure during important cellular processes including organism development, responses to stimuli, cell division and senescence. Furthermore, disruptions to the 4D genome have been linked to various diseases, including of the kidney. As tools and approaches to studying the 4D genome become more readily available, future studies that apply these methods to study kidney biology will provide insights into kidney function in health and disease.

Modulatory Effects of Regulated Cell Death: An Innovative Preventive Approach for the Control of Mastitis.

Mastitis is a common disease worldwide that affects the development of the dairy industry due to its high incidence and complex etiology. Precise regulation of cell death and survival plays a critical role in maintaining internal homeostasis, organ development, and immune function in organisms, and regulatory abnormalities are a common mechanism of various pathological changes. Recent research has shown that regulated cell death (RCD) plays a crucial role in mastitis. The development of drugs to treat cell death and survival abnormalities that can be widely used in mastitis treatment has important clinical significance. This paper will review the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and necroptosis and their regulatory roles in mastitis to provide a new perspective for the targeted treatment of mastitis.

Comparative Analyses of Dynamic Transcriptome Profile of Heart Highlight the Key Response Genes for Heat Stress in Zhikong Scallop Chlamys farreri.

Heat stress resulting from global climate change has been demonstrated to adversely affect growth, development, and reproduction of marine organisms. The Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri), an important economical mollusk in China, faces increasing risks of summer mortality due to the prolonged heat waves. The heart, responsible for transporting gas and nutrients, is vital in maintaining homeostasis and physiological status in response to environmental changes. In this study, the effect of heat stress on the cardiac function of C. farreri was investigated during the continuous 30-day heat stress at 27 °C. The results showed the heart rate of scallops increased due to stress in the initial phase of high temperature exposure, peaking at 12 h, and then gradually recovered, indicating an acclimatization at the end of the experiment. In addition, the levels of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) exhibited an initial increase followed by recovery in response to heat stress. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis of the heart identified 3541 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to heat stress. Subsequent GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that these genes were primarily related to signal transduction and oxidative stress, such as the phosphatidylinositol signaling system, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, MAPK signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, etc. In addition, two modules were identified as significant responsive modules according to the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). The upregulation of key enzymes within the base excision repair and gap junction pathways indicated that the heart of C. farreri under heat stress enhanced DNA repair and maintained cellular integrity. In addition, the variable expression of essential signaling molecules and cytoskeletal regulators suggested that the heart of C. farreri modulated cardiomyocyte contraction, intracellular signaling, and heart rate through complex regulation of phosphorylation and calcium dynamics in response to heat stress. Collectively, this study enhances our understanding of cardiac function and provides novel evidence for unraveling the mechanism underlying the thermal response in mollusks.