Development In Countries Of Origin Research Articles

International Student Mobility in the Context of Migration and Development

The impact of international student mobility on the development in countries of origin is an under-researched topic in migration studies. In a global knowledge economy, immigration countries in the Global North perceive international students almost exclusively as ideal immigrants who are (mostly) young, flexible, and highly skilled when they enter the labour market after graduation. However, international students can play an important role for their countries of origin. For instance, our own research on international students and alumni from selected countries in the Global South (Colombia, Georgia, Ghana, and Indonesia) studying in Germany and the United States shows that they transfer development-related knowhow back to their country of origin by doing diverse activities in leading positions. They do that through return migration as well as by remaining in the country of graduation (by creating transnational social networks from abroad) and through circular mobility. However, these processes need more institutional support. Therefore, international student mobility should be an integral part of global migration governance, where scholarships for students from poor countries are the key drivers for international mobility. These considerations can stimulate the broader discussion about international migration and development.

Impacts of Temporary Migration on Development in Origin Countries

AbstractTemporary migration is widespread globally. While the literature has traditionally focused on the impacts of permanent migration on destination countries, evidence on the effects of temporary migration on origin countries has grown over the past decade. This paper highlights that the economic development impacts, especially on low- and middle-income origin countries, are complex, dynamic, context-specific, and multichanneled. The paper identifies five main pathways: (a) labor supply; (b) human capital; (c) financial capital and entrepreneurship; (d) aggregate welfare and poverty; and (e) institutions and social norms. Several factors shape these pathways and their eventual impacts. These include initial economic conditions at home, the scale and double selectivity of emigration and return migration, whether migration was planned to be temporary ex ante, and employment and human capital accumulation opportunities experienced by migrants while they are overseas. Meaningful policy interventions to increase the development impacts of temporary migration require proper analysis, which, in turn, depends on high-quality data on workers’ employment trajectories, as well as their decision processes on the timing of their migration and return. These are currently the biggest research challenges to overcome to study the development impacts of temporary migration.

Canales para las remesas financieras y no financieras de la diáspora ghanesa hacia el desarrollo

This chapter deepens the discourse on diaspora and development in countries of origin. It proposes a shift from focusing narrowly on inflows of foreign currencies to also considering other forms of remittances such as goods, skills and ideas, which help maintain emotional bonds between family and communities across generations. Ghana acknowledges the diaspora’s beneficial role in development and has established gateways to facilitate the flow of resources. However, these formal gateways are skewed toward financial remittances, seen as the essential source for the State’s developmental agenda. With its varied composition and resources, the Ghanaian diaspora uses multiple channels to contribute toward their families and local community projects through individual contributions and resource pooling. Thus, the Ghanaian diaspora’s engagement reflects a participatory approach that has received limited State recognition but is appreciated and encouraged by recipients within Ghanaian communities. The chapter recommends government provision of secure channels for financial transfers while recognising cultural remittances and social connections as crucial for sustaining families, especially for reducing poverty and ensuring food security, which are specific and immediate concerns for communities.

Investing in home: development outcomes and climate change adaptation for seasonal workers living between Solomon Islands and Australia

ABSTRACT Labour migration is considered an important pathway for improving economic development in countries of origin. In recent years, labour migration, through the ‘migration as adaptation’ discourse, has been further positioned as a response to changing environmental conditions in places of high climate risk, such as the Pacific Islands region. However, limited empirical work examines whether and how labour mobility schemes enhance both development outcomes and climate change adaptation. This paper considers how temporary and circular labour migrants from Solomon Islands, who are participants in Australia’s Seasonal Worker Programme (SWP), are investing in their lives, households and villages in their country of origin in ways that contribute to development and climate change adaptation. Based on in-depth qualitative research with twelve Solomon Islander SWP participants working on citrus farms in the Mildura region, Australia, we find that investments (via funding, resources and skills) made by labour migrants contribute to development and in-situ climate change adaptation, enabling aspirations for a resilient futures in their community of origin. However, we argue climate change considerations should be formally integrated and mainstreamed into the SWP to fully enable possibilities for transformative climate change adaptation.

Return Migrants’ Impact in Economic Development of the Origin Country

Migration has reciprocal economic implications between the origin and host countries. While scholars draw attention to the globalization of migration, since the 1960s there is a perpetual debate about the migration and development nexus. The role of international migrants and their financial remittances are identified as having a highly positive effect on the home country’s development. Emigrants’ remittances tangibly benefit the income for the families in the home country and investments in different sectors (housing, education, health, entrepreneurship, etc.). Next to remittances, returned migrants, especially those highly skilled are recognized as actors and drivers of significant economic development in the homeland. The contribution of return migrants to the development in origin countries can be beneficial not simply by investing the financial capital they accumulated during the migration cycle but also by the transferring of expertise, knowledge and new skills acquired abroad, and acting as social change agents in the home society. Empirical studies indicate a positive relationship between return migration and entrepreneurial activity, therefore enterprises can be a substantial contributor, among others, to economic growth and alleviating poverty of the origin country. Governments and policymakers are increasingly interested in the issue of return migration and return migration policies that attract and facilitate the returnee’s reintegration. Reintegration programs, especially those in the business sector, benefit the development of the origin country through savings, investments, easing of entrepreneurial opportunities and the expertise of returnees. This paper aims to identify whether return migration is beneficial for the origin country and especially to analyze the role of return migrant’s in the economic development of the origin country through engaging in entrepreneurial activity

GLOBALISASI MIGRASI DAN PERAN DIASPORA: Suatu Kajian Pustaka

This paper aims to understand how is the globalization of migration and the role of the diaspora to their country of origin. Though it has remained largely untested, it is commonly assumed that international migration has accelerated as part of globalization processes. The broad trend of the globalization of migration assumes to be one of contributing factor to establishment and engagement of diaspora. Globalization of Migration measured by an increase in stock and widening in geographical scope of international migration may occur mainly due revolution of information, communication, and transportation that have significantly reduced the cost of migration. Such situation not only increases in the volume of migration but also generates the shift in global migration pattern. The change to new destination followed by the rise of migration are more likely to connect immigrants into one big community or to join to existing diaspora to ensure their transnational life and also to keep well and strong connection with their homeland. Diaspora that has been long established affects development in countries of origin. Such participation in development is not only in remittances, but also in building bridges between countries of origin and destination which convey in economic activity, transfers of, skills, technological development, and cultural enrichment.Keywords: Globalization, Migration, Diaspora

International migration and development: perspective from origin countries of migrants

This paper seeks to critically analyze the role of migration to carry out development in origin countries of migrants. Now, migration and development; development in the origin of migrants’ is being widely discussed among governmental and non-governmental institutions in the world. At the same time the flow of migrants’ from economically less developed nations or regions to more developed nations or regions have been increased significantly. The volume of remittances also has been increased every year. Some countries adopted the policy of labour export since a long period of time but there is no achievement in development in the countries. The aim of this paper is to relate achievement in development of migrants’ origin countries with remittances with the help of available literature. The existing debate on migration and development is also a part of review of this paper. The migration-development relationship is complex and multidimensional, and that there is variation from one context to another with differences in the nature of migration and in the economic, political and social situations in origin and destination. It would be problematic and insufficient to analyze migration process and its consequences with the help of any single theory or approach of migration, because migration process has far reaching effects on national and international level and varies differently for different part of world on the basis of achievement on social, political, and economic development. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ejdi.v15i1-2.11865Economic Journal of Development Issues Vol. 15 & 16 No. 1-2, pp. 60-75

Unlocking the potential of migration for inclusive development: a focus on mining and labor migration

The interests of governments and mining companies are pitted against each other. Labour migration restrictions prevent mining companies from accessing the right skills needed for their operations. With persistent skill shortages, the mining sector labour productivity declines at the same time as they fuel wage inflation throughout the economy. A broader policy approach on labour market development could relax restrictions for mining companies to access the skills they need at the same time it could go a long way in meeting governments’ long-term priorities. The case was put forward at the Global Forum on Migration and Development (GFMD; http://www.gfmd.org/eng). The GFMD gathers approximately 150 governments from developed, developing and newly industrialized nations to deliberate, exchange ideas and identify how collaboration between states can contribute to social and economic development in countries of origin and destinations and not least for migrants themselves.

Differing asthma prevalence by gross national index of country of birth among New York City residents

The hygiene hypothesis suggests that higher exposure to infectious agents may be one reason for regional differences in asthma. This would suggest that immigrants from less developed countries, where infections are more common, to highly developed countries will have lower risk of asthma compared with natives, as has been found in a number of studies. We expand the research on immigrants to look at the level of development in country of origin as a predictor of asthma in New York City residents. Data came from the 2009 cross-sectional Community Health Survey. We used logistic regression to assess the relationship of country of birth and the gross national income (GNI), an indicator of the level of development, of country of birth with asthma among immigrants and US-born New York City residents. Those who were foreign born had lower odds of having asthma compared with those US born (OR=0.43, P<0.001). There was a dose relationship between GNI and asthma with decreasing odds of having asthma associated with lower GNI in country of birth (low GNI country: OR=0.26, P=0.014; middle GNI country: OR=0.36, P<0.001; and high GNI country=reference). These findings lend support to the hygiene hypothesis in that the odds of having asthma among New York City residents was lowest among people born in the least developed countries, as indicated by GNI, where infections are likely the most common.

Migration, remittance and development in origin countries: evidence from Nigeria

Migration (international or local migration) of individuals/workers is viewed as a channel through which workers’ remittances have become a major source of income for developing countries; resources are repatriated from the source country to service foreign nationals or home economy while it creates an internal brain drain between local migrants and likely an increased outmigration of workers/individuals. However, little is still known about their impact on the economic development in the origin countries. This paper analyses whether, and to what extent, these downsides of international migration of workers affects origin countries. Consequently, using a household survey-based and secondary sources dataset our results show that remittances in Nigeria are positively and significantly viable in their contribution to economic growth (proxy by gross domestic product) in some Sub-Saharan African countries and have reduced poverty to some extent.

Mobility and Human Development: Introduction

Over the past decade, the potential of migration to promote development in origin countries of migrants has gained increasing interest among policy‐makers, development agencies and international or...

The Flow of Labour and Goods in Canada’s International Migration System: 1986-1996

This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical implications of multiple linkages between countries for migration flows to Canada, from 1986 to 1996. The findings reveal that for a given year, social networks and export trade were the two key factors that determined the variation of in-migration flows across source countries. The examination of change in the migration system showed that changes in migration flows were more likely to be explained by changes in the level of development in origin countries and in the size of immigrant communities in the host country than by changes in the value of economic trade.

Migration internationale vers les pays à haut revenu : quelles conséquences pour le développement économique des pays d'origine ?

Résumé La plupart des observations issues des données récentes indiquent que le développement économique des pays d’origine réduit les pressions à l’émigration, notamment lorsque des tensions sur les marchés du travail apparaissent du fait du développement ; s’il existe des indications suggérant l’existence de la partie croissante d’une courbe en U renversé de la migration, qui impliquerait que le développement accélère les départs, ce phénomène semble confiné aux pays les plus pauvres. Les effets de la migration sur le développement économique des pays d’origine dépendent en grande partie de la nature et de la composition de la migration, du contexte économique des pays d’origine, et des expériences des migrants dans le pays d’accueil. La fuite des cerveaux, en particulier vers les États-Unis, est importante, mais les coûts réels imposés aux pays à faible revenu ne sont pas bien compris. Quelques observations d’un gain à la migration, lié à l’effet qu’elle exerce sur le commerce, commencent à être relevées. Mais les impacts positifs les plus importants proviennent certainement de la migration circulaire des travailleurs non qualifiés ou moyennement qualifiés, ainsi que des transferts financiers qu’ils effectuent et qui jouent un rôle critique pour l’allègement de la pauvreté dans de nombreux pays à faible revenu. Classification JEL : O15, J61

Transnational Entrepreneurs: An Alternative Form of Immigrant Economic Adaptation

The recent literature on immigrant transnationalism points to an alternative form of economic adaptation of foreign minorities in advanced societies that is based on the mobilization of their cross-country social networks. Case studies have noted the phenomenon's potential significance for immigrant integration into receiving countries and for the economic development in countries of origin. Despite their suggestive character, these studies consistently sample on the dependent variable (trans-nationalism), failing to establish the empirical existence of these activities beyond a few descriptive examples and their possible determinants. These issues are addressed using a survey designed explicitly for this purpose and conducted among selected Latin immigrant groups in the United States. Although immigrant trans-nationalism has received little attention in the mainstream sociological literature so far, it has the potential of altering the character of the new ethnic communities spawned by contemporary immigration. The empirical existence of transnationalism is examined on the basis of discriminant functions of migrant characteristics, and the relative probabilities of engaging in these kinds of activities is established based on hypotheses drawn from the literature. Implications for the sociology of immigration as well as for broader sociological theories of the economy are discussed.

Transnational Entrepreneurs: An Alternative Form of Immigrant Economic Adaptation

The recent literature on immigrant transnationalism points to an alternative form of economic adaptation of foreign minorities in advanced societies that is based on the mobilization of their cross-country social networks. Case studies have noted the phenomenon's potential significance for immigrant integration into receiving countries and for the economic development in countries of origin. Despite their suggestive character, these studies consistently sample on the dependent variable (transnationalism), failing to establish the empirical existence of these activities beyond a few descriptive examples and their possible determinants. These issues are addressed using a survey designed explicitly for this purpose and conducted among selected Latin immigrant groups in the United States. Although immigrant transnationalism has received little attention in the mainstream sociological literature so far, it has the potential of altering the character of the new ethnic communities spawned by contemporary immigration. The empirical existence of transnationalism is examined on the basis of discriminant functions of migrant characteristics, and the relative probabilities of engaging in these kinds of activities is established based on hypotheses drawn from the literature. Implications for the sociology of immigration as well as for broader sociological theories of the economy are discussed. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.

Remittances, Investment, and Rural Asset Accumulation in Pakistan

Internal and external migration can have a profound impact on rural asset accumulation in most Third World countries. In many African, Asian, and Latin American countries the bulk of the labor force still lives in the countryside. In these countries the large difference between expected rural and urban or foreign incomes, coupled with the risk-reducing functions of migration, causes workers to migrate, either to urban centers or abroad. The remittances—defined as the money or goods sent home by migrant workers—can have a large effect on the accumulation of assets in these rural areas. For example, an inflow of external remittances to rural households at the upper end of the income distribution could increase land accumulation by the rich. In general terms the effect of remittances on asset accumulation in a rural Third World economy depends on answers to three questions: (a) Who migrates? (b) How much net income do migrants remit? and (c) What are the marginal effects of these remittances on household consumption and investment? Because of data limitations, in this article I propose to examine only the first and the third questions; other researchers have addressed the second issue. In the past surprisingly little attention has been focused on the question of the marginal effects of remittances on household consumption and investment in the rural Third World. This inattention has been due to three considerable methodological problems. The first is fungibility; because remittances are like any other form of cash income, it is difficult to associate this income source with any particular changes in household expenditure behavior. The second problem relates to the multiple-round effects of remittances on the local economy. For example, an inflow of remittances into a rural area may lead to a surge in expenditures in housing, which may, in turn, create new income and employment opportunities for the poor and unskilled. Unfortunately, however, few studies have

Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal

The configuration of developed countries has become today diverse and multiethnic due to international migration. A single coherent theoretical explanation for international migration is lacking. The aim of this discussion was the generation and integration of current theories that clarify basic assumptions and hypotheses of the various models. Theories were differentiated as explaining the initiation of migration and the perpetuation of international movement. Initiation theories discussed were 1) macro theories of neoclassical economics; 2) micro theories of neoclassical economics; 3) the new economics with examples for crop insurance markets futures markets unemployment insurance and capital markets; 4) dual labor market theory and structural inflation motivational problems economic dualism and the demography of labor supply; and 5) world systems theory and the impacts of land raw materials labor material links ideological links and global cities. Perpetuation theories were indicated as network theories of declining risks and costs; institutional theory cumulative causation through distribution of income and land organization of agrarian production culture of migration regional distribution of human capital and social labeling factors; and migration systems theory. The assumptions and propositions of these theories although divergent were not inherently contradictory but had very different implications for policy formulation. The policy decisions over the next decades will be very important and carry with them the potential for misunderstanding and conflict. Policy options based on the explicated models range from regulation by changing wages and employment conditions in destination countries or promoting development in countries of origin to changing structural market economic relations.

The Costs and Returns of Human Migration

The Costs and Returns of Human Migration