Developed Western Countries Research Articles

Leadership and Curatorship: An Analysis of Power Structures and Influence in the Contemporary Art Ecosystem

In the new era, the power structures within the contemporary art ecosystem have undergone a transformation. With the support of technological advancements and the development of the art industry, the influence of these power structures has been effectively enhanced. However, there remains a gap compared to the influence of power structures in the art ecosystems of developed Western countries. This paper, from the perspective of curatorial leadership and curatorship level, explores the power structures and their influence within the contemporary art ecosystem. It investigates the decisive role curators play in shaping the influence of these power structures and proposes strategies for enhancing curatorial leadership and curatorial capabilities. The aim is to provide valuable insights and references for art institutions and curators in China, encouraging continuous self-improvement and capacity building among curators to contribute effectively to the sustainable development of the contemporary art ecosystem in China.

Особенности уголовно-правовой охраны интеллектуальной собственности в законодательстве некоторых зарубежных стран

The article examines the problems of regulating criminal liability for violation of intellectual property rights in foreign countries, examines approaches to criminal protection of intellectual property in various legal systems: Anglo-Saxon and Romano-German. The authors note that there is a global consensus that the field of intellectual property should be regulated, including criminal law, in order to protect the rights of intellectual property owners. Although there is some uniformity in national intellectual property laws, there are separate copyright laws and regulations in each jurisdiction. The work also explores various solutions and approaches to the problem of regulating criminal liability for violation of intellectual property rights, especially copyrights, in the national legislation of both developed Western countries - the USA, England, Spain, and neighboring countries - Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, etc. A comparative legal analysis of the criminal law prohibition contained in Article 146 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and similar norms in the legislative acts of some foreign countries has been carried out.

Navigating Chinese international students’ inquiry learning in a multilingual and multicultural environment

ABSTRACT In the past few decades, inquiry learning, as a research-based learning approach, has been increasingly emphasised in developed Western countries. This study examined the inquiry learning experiences of 17 Chinese international students at their host universities in the USA, the UK, Australia, and Canada, along with their achievements and challenges. Through two rounds of one-on-one semi-structured interviews, this study found a close relationship between the emphasis on inquiry learning in host universities and neoliberal demands for students to acquire knowledge and diverse practical competences. Urged by the learning demands in the host universities, participants advanced in knowledge acquisition, acquired active, passionate, responsible, and inclusive learning attitudes, as well as English language competence, intercultural competence, and other practical competences through inquiry learning. They also faced additional workload and challenges regarding language difficulties and sociocultural factors mediated by home and host educational, social, and cultural contexts. This study advises international and domestic staff and students to engage in constant, candid dialogue, try to understand the specific learning challenges that international students face, and the support they desire. Collaborative efforts from all relevant stakeholders are necessary to create a diversified, caring, inclusive, and supportive inquiry learning environment conducive to mutual learning and thriving.

SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN RUSSIA IN THE 1990S: PROBLEMS AND PERIODIZATION OF THE FORMATION OF SOCIAL POLICY

The article analyzes the problems and periodization of the formation of social policy in Russia in the 1990s. After the collapse of the USSR, the abandonment of the socialist path of development and a sharp turn towards the capitalist path, expressed in radical market reforms, the Russian state, which began to copy and transfer the experience of developed Western countries to Russian realities, faced a dual task - to form an economic policy based on market principles and, again based on the experience of Western countries, a new social policy. Western states are not unanimous on social issues, but social policies are formed and implemented by all. There are three basic models of it, in which the participation of the state in the implementation of social tasks is outlined in different ways. However, the Russian authorities are faced not so much with the problem of choosing an appropriate model, but with the problem of adapting the state’s social obligations to the consequences of market transformations. The term “transformational model of social policy” even appeared in the scientific literature, indicating a state of transition, but it was not possible to unambiguously describe this term, since approaches to social transformation in different countries did not repeat each other. Moreover, the practice of transition to a market in Russia and other countries with a socialist background has shown different reactions to universal market laws and mechanisms. The Russian scenario turned out to be painful for the economy and social sphere. It was established that the social sphere was transformed in three stages, but none of them had a systematic and complete form. On this basis, we concluded that in Russia in the 1990s, social transformation laid some of the foundations for social policy. But it did not lead to the formation of social policy itself, which is incorrect to interpret as a certain sum of social measures, because any policy, including social policy, is usually understood as a mechanism developed by the state for regulating social relations, aimed at their harmonization.

Current Status of Media Literacy Education for Children

Media literacy education originated in the 1930s in developed Western countries, emerging from the educational philosophies of British scholars and Danish workers. Since the latter half of the 20th century, media literacy education has gradually gained popularity in Europe, North America, Oceania, Latin America, and parts of Asia, becoming a new subject in teaching. In China, the introduction of media literacy education began relatively late. However, in the digital age, children are exposed to media at an increasingly younger age, and how they interpret, critique, and resist societal and cultural manipulation in new media environments, maintain cultural independence, and flexibly respond to various information impacts has become a topic of social concern. Under such social premises, how to cultivate children's media literacy in education, and what the contents and goals of media literacy education should be, have become focal points. Therefore, this paper discusses the objectives, current status, and methods of media literacy education.

Basic models of building pre-trial investigation as a stage of criminal proceedings in foreign countries

One of the main areas of development of criminal procedure legislation has been, and still is, the differentiation of criminal proceedings into pre­trial and trial stages. The author notes the current trends in national criminal procedure legislation aimed at optimising the procedure for investigating criminal cases and reducing the timeframe for their investigation. The desire for democratisation of the criminal procedure doctrine, strengthening of the guarantees of admissibility of evidence, adversarial process, and changes in the process model itself, along with the fundamental trends in the development of the rule of law, have led to a large-scale adoption of foreign criminal procedure institutions.
 The authors examines the main models of pre­trial investigation as a stage of criminal proceedings in the countries with the Anglo-Saxon (England, USA) and Romano-Germanic (France, Germany, Switzerland) legal systems. Given the materials studied, it is noted that when building models of pre-trial investigation of criminal proceedings, regardless of the system of law used in different States, the legislator focuses on improving two areas: criminal procedure and criminal law. The criminal law criterion is responsible for determining a more moderate sentence by reaching an agreement between the prosecution and defence. The criminal procedural criterion, in turn, defines two more areas of change: the possibility of reducing the procedural timeframe of the proceedings in a certain part or in general; reducing the procedural obligations of persons involved in criminal proceedings. The authors come to the conclusion that it is necessary to modernise the current model of the pre-trial stage of the national criminal procedure with due regard for the positive experience of the most developed Western countries.

Epigenetic regulation of hepatocellular carcinoma progression: MicroRNAs as therapeutic, diagnostic and prognostic factors

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a significant challenge for public healthcare systems in developed Western countries including the USA, Canada, and the UK, is influenced by different risk factors including hepatitis virus infections, alcoholism, and smoking. The disruption in the balance of microRNAs (miRNAs) plays a vital function in tumorigenesis, given their function as regulators in numerous signaling networks. These miRNAs, which are mature and active in the cytoplasm, work by reducing the expression of target genes through their impact on mRNAs. MiRNAs are particularly significant in HCC as they regulate key aspects of the tumor, like proliferation and invasion. Additionally, during treatment phases such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the levels of miRNAs are key determinants. Pre-clinical experiments have demonstrated that altered miRNA expression contributes to HCC development, metastasis, drug resistance, and radio-resistance, highlighting related molecular pathways and processes like MMPs, EMT, apoptosis, and autophagy. Furthermore, the regulatory role of miRNAs in HCC extends beyond their immediate function, as they are also influenced by other epigenetic factors like lncRNAs and circular RNAs (circRNAs), as discussed in recent reviews. Applying these discoveries in predicting the prognosis of HCC could mark a significant advancement in the therapy of this disease.

Stop stunting-A misguided campaign by well-meaning nutritionists.

"Stop stunting" is the central focus of the national Indonesian campaign to improve child health. We provide an autoethnographic statement on the currently practiced strategy that commits 23 ministries and an estimated $3.9 billion per year to coordinating nutrition interventions that are supposed to address the underlying causes of stunting. We visited six community health posts (posyandus) in West Timor and in Java and participated in routine child health examinations. We documented our impressions and discussed them with Indonesian colleagues, health officials, and local physicians. Routine health checks for children include anthropometry (height, weight, head, and mid-upper arm circumference), immunizations, and documentation in the children's health records. The examinations do not include a physical examination, vision and hearing tests of the child, health questionnaires, or information on nutrition. No specific information or recommendations are given to the mothers. Stunting is highly prevalent in Indonesia and "Stop-stunting" campaigns have become a national issue. Yet, their impact is disillusioning. Stunting is associated with a way of life that differs from that in developed Western countries today and was prevalent in feudal and other nondemocratic societies. We do not want to throw away policies that try to improve growth in children, but instead of spending money for dubious interventions as we have encountered in Indonesia, we rather suggest spending thoughts on the political and emotional causes of poor growth in otherwise healthy Indonesian children.

Comparative Study on Financial Services Trade Competitiveness in the Belt and Road Countries — Taking the Banking Sector as an Example

Based on the comprehensive evaluation results of entropy weight TOPSIS method, this paper conducted a comparative analysis on the financial services trade competitiveness in the Belt and Road Initiative countries, taking the banking sector as an example. The main findings are as follows: most Belt and Road Initiative countries lack competitiveness in financial services trade across borders and the gap is obvious when they are compared with Japan and other developed Western countries. China’s financial services trade competitiveness is ranked highly among the Belt and Road Initiative countries; the financial services trade competitiveness in East Asia and Central and Eastern Europe is stronger than that of other regions with South Asia being the weakest. Based on Diamond Model, this study analyzed the reasons for the gap between the Belt and Road Initiative countries and developed Western countries, and found that the gap between them is obvious in most aspects. Finally, countermeasures are proposed to improve China’s financial services trade competitiveness based on the analysis.

Healing Gardens from the Perspective of Oriental Gardens Therapeutic Landscapes

Healing gardens, originating from developed Western countries such as the United States, play a crucial role in enhancing both physiological and psychological well-being, as well as rehabilitation. Classical Chinese gardens inherently embody profound elements conducive to health, yet unlike Western Healing gardens, they have not formed a scientific research system. This paper delves into the literature and imagery to comprehensively understand the therapeutic concepts embedded in traditional Chinese gardens. Building upon the existing Western frameworks and the foundation of Chinese culture, it constructs a relatively comprehensive perspective of Healing gardens from the standpoint of Oriental gardens. Furthermore, the paper summarizes and anticipates the research on Healing gardens in China within this context.

Socially sustainable transport in the context of different-sized cities in China:Conceptualisation and operationalisation of equity

China has witnessed a significant imbalance in socio-economic development across the country with its rapid urbanisation. As an important dimension of achieving sustainable transportation, increasing attention has been given to transport equity. However, most of the current urban transport equity research in China are empirical studies utilising definitions and measurements of equity largely originating from developed Western countries. Due to China's unique social institutions, conventions and development conditions, Western transport equity theories may not be fully applicable for guiding transport practices in China. This research, therefore, develops a conceptual framework of transport equity suitable for China's socio-economic conditions, grounded on a critical review of transport equity literature from both China and Western countries, and wider equity theories combined with literature on Chinese traditional culture and political institutions. A discourse analysis of transport planning and appraisal documents along with semi-structured interviews with Chinese transport practitioners are introduced to ensure the conceptual framework can be operationalised for guiding transport practices in different-sized Chinese cities. As well as identifying the range of benefits and burdens to be distributed, and clarifying which disadvantaged groups to focus on, we found the proper distributional principle for transport equity should be maximising the development prospects of disadvantaged groups, while for some cities with limited capability and resources, the principle of ensuring a baseline for every citizen to meet their basic needs is more practical.

Pesticide exposure and lung cancer risk: A case-control study in Nakhon Sawan, Thailand

Background Pesticide exposure might increase risk of lung cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the historical use of pesticides and lung cancer using a case-control design. Methods This case-control study compared a lifetime pesticide exposure of 233 lung cancer cases, and 447 healthy neighbours matched for gender, and age (±5 years). Data on demographic, pesticide exposure and other related factors were collected using a face-to-face interview questionnaire. Associations between lung cancer and types of pesticides as well as individual pesticides were analysed using logistic regression adjusted for gender, age, cigarette smoking, occupation, cooking fumes exposure, and exposure to air pollution. Results It was found that lung cancer was positively associated with the lifetime use of herbicides and insecticides. Compared to people in the non-exposed groups, those in Q3-Q4 days of using herbicides and insecticides had an elevated risk of lung cancer, with odds ratio (OR) between 2.20 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24-3.89), and 3.99 (95% CI 1.62-7.11) (p < 0.001). For individual pesticides, those presenting a significant association with lung cancer were dieldrin (OR = 2.56; 95% CI 1.36-4.81), chlorpyrifos (OR = 3.29; 95 % CI 1.93-5.61), and carbofuran (OR = 2.10; 95% CI 1.28-3.42). It was also found, for the first time, carbofuran, glyphosate, and paraquat to be significantly associated with lung cancer. Conclusions The study confirmed dieldrin, and chlorpyrifos as risk factors and suggested carbofuran, glyphosate, and paraquat as potential risk factors for the disease. The paper stands as a noteworthy contribution to literature, particularly because the majority of publications on the topic originate from developed Western countries. However, further studies are imperative to validate the results and pinpoint additional individual pesticides that may be associated with lung cancer.

Приоритетные векторы региональной экономической интеграции в современном мироустройстве

. In the changing geopolitical reality, fragmentation of the economic space is taking place, and favorable opportunities are being created for the formation and strengthening of integration associations of states in different regions of the world. The subject of the study is the features of integration processes in transforming foreign economic conditions (using the example of the EAEU). The relevance of the study is due to the new geopolitical situation in the world, which exacerbates the need to find ways to improve international economic relations by intensifying the activities of interstate integration associations (unions) of friendly countries. The basis of the «core» of the new (integral) world economic order are China and India. Based on an analysis of the development of the situation on a global scale, a conclusion has been formulated about the emergence of new trends in international economic relations. The fact of the destruction of Russia’s economic ties with a number of developed Western countries, which were based on the interests of the largest business elites and had been functioning smoothly for several decades, has been established. The timeliness and progressiveness of the creation and active functioning of new integration unions of partner countries in the economic space of the globe has been proven. The basic conditions for the development of interstate cooperation: the scale of the economy, the growth of its complexity and connectivity, as well as its leading incentive – increasing public welfare – have been determined. The positive role of the association of EAEU member states operating in the Eurasian space and its place in strengthening regional international integration is substantiated. The increasing influence of the consensus positions of sovereign countries in pursuing responsible economic and financial policies is shown. The timeliness of making agreed decisions on mutually beneficial terms by friendly countries for the long term is being proven. Examples of accumulated invaluable experience of mutual assistance in the political and economic fields of interstate cooperation are presented. Conclusions about the advisability of intensifying activities to prepare for the transition of economic and financial relations of the EAEU member countries and other international integration associations to a new technological structure have been made. Recommendations on the advisability of forming a common vision among partner countries of objective trends in the dynamically changing reality in international economics and finance have been formulated. It would be advisable to focus further regional economic research on a more detailed study of the process of fragmentation of the world economic space and building prospects for international interaction in the future based on the application of system analysis methodology. This approach opens up opportunities for innovation in the financial and economic sphere and deepening integration processes between states from different regions of the world on the basis of partnerships and versatile mutually beneficial cooperation.

Vaccinating against a Novel Pathogen: A Critical Review of COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Evidence.

We study the experience with COVID-19 vaccination of an initially naïve population, which can inform planning for vaccination against the next novel, highly transmissible pathogen. We focus on the first two pandemic years (wild strain through Delta), because after the Omicron wave in early 2022, very few people were still SARS-CoV-2-naïve. Almost all were vaccinated, infected, or often both. We review the evidence on COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) and waning effectiveness over time and the relative effectiveness of the four principal vaccines used in developed Western countries: BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech), mRNA1273 (Moderna), Ad26.CoV2.S (Johnson&Johnson), and ChAdOx1-S (AstraZeneca). As a basis for our analysis, we conducted a PRISMA-compliant review of all studies on PubMed through 15 August 2022, reporting VE against four endpoints for these four vaccines: any infection, symptomatic infection, hospitalization, and death. The mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2, mRNA1273) had high initial VE against all endpoints but protection waned after approximately six months, with BNT162b2 declining faster than mRNA1273. Both mRNA vaccines outperformed the viral vector vaccines (Ad26.CoV2.S and ChAdOx1-S). A third "booster" dose, roughly six months after the initial doses, substantially reduced symptomatic infection, hospitalization, and death. In hindsight, a third dose should be seen as part of the normal vaccination schedule. Our analysis highlights the importance of the real-time population-level surveillance needed to assess evidence for waning, and the need for rapid regulatory response to this evidence.

Improving the publication activity of Ukrainian scientists: problems, solutions, the use of mathematical and statistical methods

Many Ukrainian and foreign scholars have been studying the problems of financing scientific activities for a long time. Moreover, such issues are even raised in the works of scholars from developed Western countries. The range of such studies is extremely wide: from analysing problems and violations of the above-mentioned principles of law to modelling innovative grant support systems, including those that model an equal and fair system. Foreign scientists mostly focus on the specifics of grant provision and its impact, improvement and innovation of the financial resource allocation system in the field of science, etc. In Ukraine, the vast majority of research is concerned with the comparative characteristics of the share of the gross domestic product allocated to science funding, general problems of international cooperation with foreign grant providers, improvement of the system of financial resources allocation in the field of science, etc. Unfortunately, no attention has been paid to specific mechanisms of rewarding publications in leading foreign scientific journals. This issue is no less important, since individual support for publication activity is a powerful “lever of encouragement” for researchers and academic staff, which directly affects the results of a particular institution in the chain of international and national rankings. In addition, such support contributes to the development of science, scientific and technological progress, and raises the country’s rating in the international arena.
 The article is devoted to the formulation of possible ways of solving the problem of proper State support and funding for publications of Ukrainian scholars in leading foreign professional journals in accordance with the following criteria: equal rights and opportunities to receive funding for publications in foreign professional journals from the State, regardless of age, gender, race, nationality, religious beliefs, social and property status, place of work, research topic, etc. funding for foreign professional publications is provided only to the scientist personally without the mediation of the institution where he/she works or third parties in order to increase his/her scientific efficiency and quality, to popularize Ukrainian science and to attract competitive international professionals to science; the funding of foreign professional publications should be set transparently.
 The mechanism for calculating the relevant funding has been formed. The definitions of the concepts “mechanism of state support and financing of publications of Ukrainian scientists in foreign professional journals included in leading international databases”, “leading international databases” and “foreign professional journal” have been proposed. The article analyses the publication activity (1996–2022) of Ukrainian scientists in scientific journals indexed in the international scientometric database Scopus.

HAKAMLIK SUDINING HAL QILUV QARORI TUSHUNCHASI VA HUQUQIY AHAMIYATI

"Arbitration courts, in our opinion, are one of the main institutions of civil society. A modern legal state cannot exist and function without a strong civil society. The experience of developed Western countries shows that citizens and entrepreneurs have a very positive attitude towards arbitration courts, since arbitration processes are designed to quickly and efficiently resolve disputes and other problems in civil and economic activities. Therefore, in the context of the further deepening of democratic reforms and the formation of civil society in our country, it is extremely necessary to widely develop the institution of arbitration. At the same time, it should be noted that today, in addition to competent courts, various problems arise when considering a number of cases of civil and economic disputes by arbitration courts. This article, based on an analysis of foreign experience, examines the issue of the concept and legal significance of an arbitration award. The interaction of the arbitration court with the competent (state) courts, its procedure and shortcomings in focusing on the execution of the decision of the people has also been studied. In accordance with this, the author’s definition of the concept of resolution will be developed, as well as proposals and recommendations for our national legislation regarding the application of the mediation procedure. "

Soundscape Perception and Preference in the context of Malaysian Urban Parks

Park soundscape studies are receiving increasing attention in cities due to the increasing noise pollution in urban centers. As soundscape is dependent on people-place-interaction, there is still a lack of knowledge on how the socio-demography of the park users influences the perceptions and preferences of the soundscapes in the parks of Malaysia. Most studies on soundscape perception are linked to the general population in developed Western and Eastern countries, investigating the relationship of perception with mental well-being. This paper addresses the gap between the park’s sound profile and soundscape perception in the context of a developing country, Malaysia. A random sampling of 423 park users in four selected Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya parks was used to conduct an on-site survey regarding their perceptions of the park’s soundscape. The study revealed that soundscape perception differs among park visitors in a typical urban park in Malaysia. Three dimensions of socio-demographic and behavioural attributes were found to be associated with the perception and preferences of park soundscapes, which are (1) age and educational level, related to the perception of the dominance of human sounds; (2) distance from home and sensitivity of park users revealed that those who are stressed and more sensitive to noises influence their expectations of the pleasantness and calmness of the park’s soundscape; and (3) gender and occupation on the other hand only relates to the dominance of natural sounds indicating that females are more sensitive to the sounds of nature when in a park. It is crucial to consider the needs of all park visitors to provide a supporting soundscape which matches the activities carried out in the parks. These results implicate Malaysian park planning and management by serving a further understanding of the relationship between the soundscape of the parks from the perspective of different park users.

Seroprevalence of Viral Enzootic Diseases in Swine Backyard Farms in Serbia

Contrary to pig farming in developed Western countries, in a large part of the world, pigs are still traditionally kept in small backyard farms, usually for family needs. Their main characteristics are low biosecurity, swill feeding, natural breeding and uncontrolled trade. Given the high number of backyard farms in Serbia and the risk they are thought to pose to intensive pig farming, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of major viral diseases of swine among traditionally kept pigs in small holdings with low biosecurity. For this investigation, 222 serum samples from 69 backyard holdings were randomly selected and tested for antibodies to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV), Aujeszky’s disease virus (ADV), Porcine Parvovirus (PPV) and Swine influenza Virus (SIV) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The herd-level seroprevalence of PRRS, Aujeszky’s disease and PPV was 2.9%, 27.5% and 37.7%, respectively. Swine influenza seroconversion was not confirmed in any of the tested holdings. Despite widely distributed PPV and AD in backyard farms in Serbia, almost 50% of them are still negative for all the tested diseases. The backyard farms must be monitored, and owners must be educated as their role in eradication programs and obtaining country-free status may be crucial.

Chinese Democracy in the Process of State Modernization: The Operational Logic and Institutional Advantages of Consultative Democracy

Since the reform and opening up in 1978, Chinas modernization has been on the proper track, and the path of Chinas modernization is distinct from that of the Western capitalist countries. The traditional Western modernization theory does not provide a reasonable explanation for Chinas evolution, and Huntingtons 1968 proposal of modernization under a strong government became the basis of Chinas growth philosophy. Based on the different theoretical frameworks of modernization favored by China and the West, the modernization manifestations, political systems, and forms of democracy in China and the West are subsequently different. In this paper, we examine the advantages of Chinas consultative democracy and even full process democracy by comparing the modernization performance between China and developed Western countries. The comparison reveals that Chinas consultative democracy provides a platform for citizens to express their policy proposals and for different social groups to discuss the solution strategies for social problems on an equal footing, which effectively protects the interests of citizens and can solve problems more directly and effectively. This paper will explore how national governments can achieve effective democracy through a cross-sectional comparison, and provide a realistic reference for the modernization process of developing countries, to help them better establish modernization strategies and achieve far-reaching modernization.

Budgetary process development at the local level: foreign expertise

This paper highlights the foreign expertise of the budgetary process development at the local level. It states that the armed aggression of the Russian Federation resulted in significant damage to the economy of Ukraine, affecting thus the development of the budgetary process. Modern scholars studying the domestic budgetary process, including its local dimension, are listed.
 The aim of the research is to perform a critical review of the foreign experience regarding the budgetary process development at local level.
 This paper highlights the concept of the budgetary process in Ukraine, the essentials of its five stages, the reasons for the low quality of the budgetary process in Ukraine, the core principles being followed in the European Union states in the process of securing selected tax revenues for local self-government bodies, essential factors determining the possibility to assign certain taxes within the local category, the main characteristics of the local budgets’ revenue share establishment in developed Western countries, distinguishing these from domestic practice. It is emphasized that for all developed foreign states division of local budgets into local operational (administrative) budget and local development budget (investment budget) is typical. It is stressed that the main focus of budgetary policy in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe was placed on decreasing the amount of transfers and taking parallel measures to raise the share of tax revenues, ensuring the establishment of self-sufficient and financially capable territorial communities. Аuthor paid special attention to research of budgetary process specificity in Germany, United Kingdom and France.
 The conclusions contain a statement for the budgetary process of any country to be characterized by certain features reflecting the specificity of national economy regulation, the structure of domestic production and means of influencing the development of the financial system. Modern global trends are characterized by the increasing importance of decentralization in the organization of local financial systems and changes in budgetary processes at the local level.