Development Of Research Questions Research Articles

"Life as We Knew It": Continued Challenges in Getting Up-to-Date COVID-19 Vaccinations Amongst Black and Latinx Michigan Residents.

Minority communities are disproportionately impacted by COVID-19. In Michigan in 2024, 59% of Latinx residents, 46% of Black residents, and 57% of White residents have received at least one dose of the vaccine. However, just 7% of Black residents and 6% of Latinx residents report being up-to-date per CDC definition, versus 13% of White residents. Drawing from protection motivation theory, we aimed to identify barriers to COVID-19 vaccination. Interviews with 24 Black and 10 Latinx Michigan residents self-reported as not up-to-date (n = 15) or up-to-date (n = 19) on COVID-19 vaccines were conducted in 2022-2023. We used a community-based participatory approach in collaboration with 16 leaders from 15 organizations to develop research questions, interview protocols, and methods for data collection and analysis. Thematic coding of interviews was conducted. Findings indicate participants' lack of confidence in the COVID-19 vaccine's efficacy, with those not up-to-date expressing greater doubt. Participants were also concerned about vaccine benefits versus risks, safety, and side effects. Distrust in medicine, confusion about public health guidelines, and conspiracy theories were often reported. Younger unvaccinated individuals cited low health risk as reason to remain unvaccinated. Many participants felt that health education, especially through medical professionals, was beneficial. There is great need for more data to make informed decisions given ongoing lack of understanding of the public health benefits of COVID-19 vaccination. Identifying drivers of vaccine uptake, particularly boosters, in communities of color and developing age-appropriate and culturally responsive interventions to increase vaccination rates are of utmost importance.

CureSCi Metadata Catalog-finding and harmonizing studies for secondary analysis of hydroxyurea use for sickle cell disease.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a rare group of inherited red blood cell disorders that affect hemoglobin, resulting in serious multi-system complications. The limited number of patients available to participate in research studies can inhibit investigating sophisticated relationships. Secondary analysis is a research method that involves using existing data to answer new research questions. Data harmonization enables secondary analysis by combining data across studies, especially helpful for rare disease research where individual studies may be small. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Cure Sickle Cell Initiative (CureSCi) Metadata Catalog is a web-based tool to identify SCD study datasets for conducting data harmonization and secondary analysis. We present a proof-of-concept secondary analysis to explore factors associated with discontinuation of hydroxyurea, a safe and effective first line SCD therapy, to illustrate the utility of the CureSCi Metadata Catalog to expedite and enable more robust SCD research. We performed secondary analysis of SCD studies using a multi-step workflow: develop research questions, identify study datasets, identify variables of interest, harmonize variables, and establish an analysis method. A harmonized dataset consisting of eight predictor variables across five studies was created. Secondary analysis involved a generalized linear model was employed to identify factors that significantly impact hydroxyurea discontinuation. The CureSCi Metadata Catalog provided a platform to efficiently find relevant studies and design a harmonization strategy to prepare data for secondary analysis. Multivariate analysis of the harmonized identified that patients who are older, are female, had a history of blood transfusion therapy, had episodes of acute chest syndrome, and had the SC sickle cell genotype are more likely to stop hydroxyurea treatment. This secondary analysis provides a template for how the CureSCi Metadata Catalog expedites dataset discovery of sickle cell studies for identifying relationships between variables or validating existing findings.

Penggunaan Pendekatan Pembelajaran Berbasis HOTS Dalam Meningkatkan Kemampuan Problem Solving Di Sekolah Dasar

The focus of the article is to describe the use of a HOTS-based learning model that can improve the problem solving abilities of students in elementary schools as well as strategies that can be used in implementing HOTS learning in the classroom. This research uses a literature study method by examining several sources from journals and books related to the use of the HOTS-based learning model in improving the Problem Solving abilities of students in elementary schools. This research uses the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method or literature review by systematically identifying journals. The steps in the SLR method are 1) Develop Research Questions, 2) Selection Criteria, 3) Developing The Search Strategy, 4) The Study Selection Process, 5) Appraising the Quality of Studies.

Engaging Stakeholders to Develop a Roadmap for Dry Eye and MGD PCORI-Funded Research.

Although affecting an estimated 35% of the population, Dry Eye is not well understood by patients and the medical community. As a result, both in research and clinical settings, diagnostic and treatment protocols tend to be non-specific, ad hoc, and inadequate, with a narrow industry-driven focus. The purpose of this convening was to propose a research roadmap that orients Dry Eye researchers toward a comprehensive patient-centered approach to diagnosing and treating Dry Eye, Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), and related comorbidities with a goal of improving clinical outcomes for Dry Eye/MGD patients. Sixteen participants, including Dry Eye/MGD patients, caregivers, and patient advocates together with a group of experts in Dry Eye, MGD and other fields identified gaps in research on Dry Eye and MGD diagnostic and treatment approaches (age range 20-80; male to female ratio of 7:11; patients: 7). During a 2-day virtual convening, participants were assigned to topic-specific focus-group sessions to discuss and develop research questions pertaining to Dry Eye and MGD. The research questions were compiled into a proposed patient-centered roadmap for Dry Eye and MGD research. Two additional participants contributed to the proposed roadmap following the convening. The focus groups identified over 80 patient-centered research questions important to patients and other stakeholders and compiled these into a proposed research roadmap. The convened stakeholders aim to establish a cohesive and comprehensive patient-centered approach to treating Dry Eye, Meibomian Gland Dysfunction, and comorbidities. The research roadmap will serve as a reference for researchers, educational institutions, clinicians, and others evaluating diagnostic and treatment protocols in Dry Eye and MGD.

Gastronomy and wine tourism transformation towards resilient destinations

Purpose The purpose of this study is to develop research questions and explore industry expert perceptions related to the process of transformative changes in post-COVID-19 gastronomy and wine tourism. Design/methodology/approach To achieve this purpose, the authors applied individual and collective brainwriting techniques using the digital whiteboard, Mural. The research questions were answered within Mural's Sailboat template, which helped industry experts describe four situational areas and their symbolic elements. These included transformative change – the island, strategies – the wind, challenges – the anchors and strengths – the coral. The exploration was conducted across interpersonal, organisational and intra-destination levels. Findings This study results yielded a know-how framework that synthesised the insights of industry experts. The framework underscores the importance of a sequential approach to embrace transformative change to mindsets, practices and systems. It also advocates strategies (new leadership style, business solutions and community empowerment), potential challenges (self-doubt, established organisational culture and inertia within large systems) and leveraging industry strengths (personality traits, human resources and organisational interdependence) to effectively navigate the evolving gastronomy and wine tourism environment. Originality/value This paper represents a pioneering effort in assessing the key areas in the gastronomy and wine business and drawing parallels to the essential levels of transformation required to effectively cope with upcoming uncertainties.

Rethinking Barriers and Enablers in Qualitative Health Research: Limitations, Alternatives, and Enhancements.

Explorations of barriers and enablers (or barriers and facilitators) to a desired health practice, implementation process, or intervention outcome have become so prevalent that they seem to be a default in much health services and public health research. In this article, we argue that decisions to frame research questions or analyses using barriers and enablers (B&Es) should not be default. Contrary to the strengths of qualitative research, the B&Es approach often bypasses critical reflexivity and can lead to shallow research findings with poor understanding of the phenomena of interest. The B&Es approach is untheorised, relying on assumptions of linear, unidirectional processes, universally desirable outcomes, and binary thinking which are at odds with the rich understanding of context and complexity needed to respond to the challenges faced by health services and public health. We encourage researchers to develop research questions using informed deliberation that considers a range of approaches and their implications for producing meaningful knowledge. Alternatives and enhancements to the B&Es approach are explored, including using 'whole package' methodologies; theories, conceptual frameworks, and sensitising ideas; and participatory methods. We also consider ways of advancing existing research on B&Es rather than doing 'more of the same': researchers can usefully investigate how a barrier or enabler works in depth; develop and test implementation strategies for addressing B&Es; or synthesise the B&Es literature to develop a new model or theory. Illustrative examples from the literature are provided. We invite further discussion on this topic.

Merging Historical Feminist Fiction-Based Research With the Craft of Fiction Writing: Engaging Readers in Complex Academic Topics Through Story

Drawing from the literature and the historical fiction-based feminist antimilitarist research I conducted in writing my debut novel, A Sea of Spectres, this article discusses the what and why of fiction-based research. I detail how to: (a) move from inspiration to fiction-based research; (b) frame the research; (c) develop research questions; (d) and embed theory and data in the story through applying the craft of fiction writing. My aim with fiction-based research is to create compelling characters situated in historical and contemporary settings in order to draw readers into engaging and accessible stories that help them learn about themselves, their understandings of others, and their relationships to society. I conclude with recommendations for conducting fiction-based research; delve into the methodology of fiction-based research; study the craft of writing fiction; read in related genre(s); abide by the ethics of fiction and fiction-based research; and learn about the fiction publishing process.

Using mixed methods approaches to study families and relationships

AbstractMixed methods research—methodologies that synthesize qualitative and quantitative approaches in the design, collection, analysis, and dissemination of research related to a specific topic or aim—is increasingly common, offering innovative empirical insight into families and relationships. We first elaborate on our definition of mixed methods research, emphasizing that there is significant heterogeneity within mixed methods approaches to studying families and relationships. Second, we discuss benefits of mixed methods projects within family and relationship research, including theory building and innovation. Third, we provide practical suggestions for designing and implementing a mixed methods project, highlighting useful resources for researchers as they develop research questions, plan designs, collect and analyze data, and disseminate findings. We emphasize the unique opportunities from abductive analytic approaches for mixed methods researchers and point to the need for reflexivity. Fourth, we consider common obstacles associated with disseminating mixed methods research and explain why family researchers need “mixed methods literacy” regardless of their research paradigm. Finally, we identify key areas of future growth for mixed methods researchers. We advocate that understanding mixed methods research has practical benefits, even for researchers not using these approaches. To cohesively build—and critique—our knowledge of families and relationships, family and relationship researchers across paradigms should be familiar with the basic tenets, strengths, and limitations of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods research.

International dynamic marketing capabilities: developments and a research agenda

PurposeIn this paper, the authors aim to introduce international dynamic marketing capabilities (IDMCs) theoretically derived from marketing capabilities (MCs), dynamic marketing capabilities (DMCs) and international marketing capabilities (IMCs) and provide a novel conceptualization of the concept by applying a holistic view of the international enterprise.Design/methodology/approachThis is a literature review that maps the current research on MCs, DMCs and IMCs and serves as a basis for the theoretical conceptualization of a novel IDMCs concept as well as for the identification of research gaps and the development of future research directions on this phenomenon.FindingsExisting typologies of MCs, DMCs and IMCs are classified into four categories: strategic, operational, analytical and value creation capabilities. A new typology of IDMCs is proposed, consisting of digital MC and dynamic internationalization capability as strategic capabilities, agile IMC, IM excellence and absorptive capability in IM as operational capabilities, IM resilience capability, IM knowledge management capability, AI-enabled IDMC and Industry 4.0-enabled IDMC as analytical capabilities, and ambidextrous IM innovation capability as value creation capability. Finally, the authors identify research gaps and develop research questions that open future research avenues for the coming years.Originality/valueThis paper offers a novel view of MCs, DMCs and IMCs and argues that, in contrast to the majority of previous research, a comprehensive understanding of these is only possible if all levels are considered simultaneously: the strategic, the operational, the analytical and the value creation level. A new conceptualization and typology of IDMCs follows this logic.

Scope and inclination of voluntary service for urban community-living older adults provided by volunteers with nursing background: A qualitative study.

With the growing challenge of an aging population, addressing the needs of elderly individuals who face living difficulties and lack family support becomes increasingly difficult. Volunteer services are crucial in this context, yet their effectiveness is hindered by unclear service scopes and uncertain volunteer inclinations. To explore the role and specific preference of volunteers with nursing backgrounds in support of older adults living in the urban community. DESIGN, SETTINGAND PARTICIPANTS: A descriptive qualitative study was conducted between September and October 2022. Twenty-three participants (hospital nurses [10], community nurses [4], nursing teachers [4]and nursing students [5]) were selected. Data analysis followed conventional content analysis. Nine major themes were identified based on interview data. Four themes described the service scope of nursing volunteers: (1) environment domain, (2) physiological domain, (3) psychosocial domainand (4) health-related behaviours domain. Another five themes highlighted the service inclination of these volunteers: (1) service frequency, (2) service duration per person/time, (3) service coverage, (4) service placeand (5) service object. This study clarifies the service focus and scope of necessary support for volunteers, exploring the potential service capabilities of scarce volunteers to the greatest extent. Meanwhile, the results of this study also provide a foundation for stakeholders to fully exploit the synergy. The important findings of this study will help the government and relevant authorities better understand the service attributes of nursing volunteers, allowing them to develop detailed training plans and provide nursing volunteers with targeted support and assistance to meet the health expectations of urban community-living older adults in need. Developing research questions, participation and conductand provision and interpretation of evidence.

Physical Exercise Intervention for Children Undergoing Cancer Treatment: A Scoping Review

Aims: This research aimed to explore articles regarding physical exercise for children undergoing cancer treatment. Method: The research method used is scoping review. The process of doing a scoping review involves several steps, including developing research questions, establishing criteria for inclusion, a comprehensive search strategy, literature screening and selection, organizing data, and compiling, summarizing, and presenting the findings. The inclusion criteria encompassed full-text papers, namely randomized controlled trials or quasi-experimental research, published in English during the past decade (2014–2023). Pubmed, CINAHL, Scopus, and Proquest are used as search engines and database searches. Selected articles were extracted into charting data, analyzed with descriptive approaches, and the results reported. Results: The results found 14 articles, which were then categorized into three physical exercise programs, such as integrated physical exercise, technology-based physical exercise, and multimodal exercise. Outcomes obtained are cardiorespiratory fitness, motor performance, cancer-related fatigue, and quality of life. Conclusion: The side effects of cancer treatment in children may be mitigated through the implementation of physical exercise programs. This scoping review can be a consideration for optimizing pediatric nursing services by adding physical exercise interventions to the rehabilitation protocol as a supportive treatment for children who are currently undergoing cancer treatment.

Understanding the use of co-design methods for research involving older adults living with HIV: A scoping review protocol.

There is a growing population of adults aged 50 years or older living with HIV, facing unique challenges in care due to age, minority status, and stigma. Co-design methodologies, aligning with patient-centered care, have potential for informing interventions addressing the complex needs of older adults with HIV. Despite challenges, co-design has shown promise in empowering older individuals to actively participate in shaping their care experiences. The scoping review outlined here aims to identify gaps in existing co-design work with this population, emphasizing the importance of inclusivity based on PROGRESS-Plus characteristics for future patient-oriented research. This scoping review protocol is informed by the Joanna Briggs Institute Manual to explore co-design methods in geriatric HIV care literature. The methodology encompasses six stages: 1) developing research questions, 2) creating a search strategy, 3) screening and selecting evidence, 4) data extraction, 5) data analysis using content analysis, and 6) consultation with key stakeholders, including community partners and individuals with lived experience. The review will involve a comprehensive literature search, including peer-reviewed databases and gray literature, to identify relevant studies conducted in the past 20 years. The inclusive criteria focus on empirical data related to co-design methods in HIV care for individuals aged 50 or older, aiming to inform future research and co-design studies in geriatric HIV care. The study will be limited by the exclusion of papers not published or translated to English. Additionally, the varied terminology used to describe co-design across different research may result in the exclusion of articles using alternative terms. The consultation with key stakeholders will be crucial for translating insights into meaningful co-design solutions for virtual HIV care, aiming to provide a comprehensive synthesis that informs evidence-based strategies and addresses disparities in geriatric HIV care.

HEALTH SYSTEM PARTNERSHIPS IN INTERVENTION AND OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES: REFLECTIONS FROM AN EARLY-CAREER SCHOLAR

Abstract The early knowledge base and interventions in the field of elder mistreatment were built by clinician researchers, leading to a natural research-to-practice pipeline. But with more non-clinical researchers steadily entering the field, care must be taken to forge strong research-practitioner partnerships, to three ends: 1) developing clinically informed research and intervention approaches, 2) recruiting clinically relevant samples, and 3) implementing findings into clinical practice. This process can be particularly challenging for early-career non-clinical researchers, who may lack strong partnerships on which to build their research. This presentation extracts lessons for early career scholars by providing overviews of the development of and findings from two studies. The Comprehensive Older Adult Caregiving Supports (COACH) EM prevention program was delivered in partnership with a managed care health system, with referrals received from health system providers. The Better Together study of dementia care groups (i.e., persons living with dementia and their care partners) received referrals from clinicians in mixed managed care/fee-for-service settings, county health facilities, and community partners. Drawing from the principles of community-engaged research, the presentation highlights the relevance of various engagement approaches to elder mistreatment research, including: 1) partnering with senior researchers with existing networks; 2) taking the time to learn the health system’s and clinicians’ operational systems, pressures, and constraints; 3) honoring practitioner expertise in building research projects and developing research questions; 4) prioritizing meaningful reciprocal engagement, through offering topical or research presentations, funding, co-authorship, etc.; and 5) educating health system administrators about the nuances of conducting elder mistreatment research.

Retrospective ratings of learning across pre-pandemic, emergency-remote, and post-pandemic instruction in an introductory biology laboratory

In 2019 a global pandemic forced biology teaching laboratories to move remotely. In this article we present data on student perceptions of laboratory instruction modality as experienced pre-, during, and post-pandemic. Our research took place at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 2022. We designed a survey to evaluate students’ perception of key components of scientific critical thinking set as learning outcomes of the laboratory of an introductory biology course. Participants included students who took the course under the same teaching assistant. We surveyed four consecutive semesters in which teaching and learning environments were drastically altered: A) pre-pandemic in-person instruction Fall 2019, B) pandemic emergency-remote instruction Spring 2020, C) pandemic full-semester online instruction Fall 2020, and D) post-pandemic return to in-person instruction Spring 2021. We found differences in the response to four of the nine survey items. First, greater ratings were observed for D (post-pandemic in-person Spring 2021) relative to C (pandemic full-semester online Fall 2020) for the following three items: (a) developing research questions and hypotheses, (b) performing experiments and (c) level of engagement. Furthermore, the rating for the overall laboratory quality was greater for D (post-pandemic in-person Spring 2021) relative to A (pre-pandemic in-person Fall 2019). There were no differences in students’ perception for the following four items: presenting data, performing statistical analysis, discussion of results, and acquiring critical thinking skills. We concluded that students had a better appreciation for in-person laboratories after experiencing remote laboratory. In the future, student perceptions should be considered, along with their academic experiences, whenever laboratory teaching is done remotely.

A bibliometric and multi-disciplinary quasi-systematic analysis of social robots: Past, future, and insights of human-robot interaction

Social robots and their novel applications are slowly emerging to become an indispensable part of society and businesses. While the field of social robotics has been very multidisciplinary since its inception, currently, there is a scarcity of reviews that takes stock of all the past and present literature to critically, comprehensively, and holistically understand how business and management and social science scholars can develop scholarship and contribute to social robotics research. To fill this gap in the literature, we conducted a bibliometric analysis of 4211 articles gathered from Web of Science and SCOPUS databases from all disciplines contributing to understanding social robots area to describe the intellectual and conceptual structures of research in social robots. This is followed by a quasi-systematic review of themes identified in bibliometric analysis to critically analyze the knowledge gaps in existing research and develop research questions that will help in the diffusion and adoption of this technology within the consumer and business space, irrespective of the application sector. Our findings show that better conceptualization of social robots (what they are), acceptance studies in the approximation phase of adoption, and developing measures for cyber resilience and human-centric design will shape societal and organizational perception.

Back to the basics: Guidance for formulating good research questions

Good science is driven by rigorous questions. Much like the foundation of a house, a research question must be carefully constructed to prevent downstream problems in project execution. And yet, pharmacy researchers and scholars across all career stages may find themselves struggling when developing research questions. The purpose of this commentary is to provide useful guidance on composing and evaluating rigorous research questions. A variety of frameworks, such as PICO (Patient/population; Intervention; Comparison; Outcome), are available to researchers and can assist them in ensuring that their research question has covered all relevant components. Additionally, the FINER (Feasible; Interesting; Novel; Ethical; and Relevant) criteria can help researchers with evaluating their research questions for practical considerations. Finally, building awareness of common pitfalls when composing research questions can aid researchers to avoid issues that they may not otherwise discover until their manuscript undergoes peer review.

Evaluating the Science to Inform the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans Midcourse Report

Evaluating the Science to Inform the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans Midcourse Report

Emergency department patient-centred care perspectives from deaf and hard-of-hearing patients.

Deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) patients are a priority population for emergency medicine health services research. DHH patients are at higher risk than non-DHH patients of using the emergency department (ED), have longer lengths of stay in the ED and report poor patient-provider communication. This qualitative study aimed to describe ED care-seeking and patient-centred care perspectives among DHH patients. This qualitative study is the second phase of a mixed-methods study. The goal of this study was to further explain quantitative findings related to ED outcomes among DHH and non-DHH patients. We conducted semistructured interviews with 4 DHH American Sign Language(ASL)-users and 6 DHH English speakers from North Central Florida. Interviews were transcribed and analysed using a descriptive qualitative approach. Two themes were developed: (1) DHH patients engage in a complex decision-making process to determine ED utilization and (2) patient-centred ED care differs between DHH ASL-users and DHH English speakers. The first theme describes the social-behavioural processes through which DHH patients assess their need to use the ED. The second theme focuses on the social environment within the ED: patients feeling stereotyped, involvement in the care process, pain communication, receipt of accommodations and discharge processes. This study underscores the importance of better understanding, and intervening in, DHH patient ED care-seeking and care delivery to improve patient outcomes. Like other studies, this study also finds that DHH patients are not a monolithic group and language status is an equity-relevant indicator. We also discuss recommendations for emergency medicine. This study convened a community advisory group made up of four DHH people to assist in developing research questions, data collection toolsand validation of the analysis and interpretation of data. Community advisory group members who were interested in co-authorship are listed in the byline, with others in the acknowledgements. In addition, several academic-based co-authors are also deaf or hard of hearing.

Clinical trial designs: a simplified overview

Clinical trials aim to invent new, better, safer, more effective ways to prevent, detect, or treat health conditions and to compare them to existing standards of care as applicable. This scientific inquiry prompts researchers to design and develop proposed clinical trial protocols to evaluate preliminary information about the product and develop research questions and objectives. The average budget for new product development is enormous, and this eventuality is because almost 90 percent of a trial drugs never get approved. Hence, having an appropriate clinical trial design is crucial for successful product development. A trial's ability to deliver the proposed indication relies on its suitable design, background information, the trial justification to sample size, interim monitoring rules, and ways to review and analyze study data. In this article, we presented an overview of clinical trial designs emphasizing adaptive designs in a simplified way for field-based clinical research professionals.

Insights from DataFest point to new opportunities for undergraduate statistics courses: Team collaborations, designing research questions, and data ethics

AbstractAs the field of data science evolves with advancing technology and methods for working with data, so do the opportunities for re‐conceptualizing how we teach undergraduate statistics and data science courses for majors and non‐majors alike. In this paper, we focus on three crucial components for this re‐conceptualization: Developing research questions, professional ethics, and team collaborations. We share vignettes from two teams of undergraduate statistics or data science majors at two different stages of their development (novice and expert) while they worked on a DataFest data challenge. These vignettes shed light on opportunities for re‐conceptualizing introductory courses to give more attention to issues of the process of developing focused research questions when given a complex data set, professional ethics and bias, and how to collaborate effectively with others. We provide some implications for teaching and learning as well as an example activity for educators to use in their courses.