Deuteron-induced Reactions Research Articles

Modeling of Deuteron-Induced Reactions on Molybdenum at Low Energies

The activities of the EUROfusion consortium on the development of high quality nuclear data for fusion applications include evaluations of deuteron induced reactions and related data libraries for needs of the DEMO fusion power plant and IFMIF-DONES neutron-source nuclear analyses. Molybdenum is one of the major constituents of the reference stainless steels used in critical components of these projects. While the TENDL deuteron data library was the current reference used by EUROfusion, need of its further improvement has already been pointed out. The weak binding energy of the deuteron is responsible for the high complexity of its interaction with nuclei, involving also a variety of reactions initiated by the nucleons following the deuteron breakup. Their analysis completed that of the deuteron interactions with Mo and its stable isotopes, from elastic scattering to pre-equilibrium and compound–nucleus reactions, up to 50 MeV. A particular attention has been paid to the breakup, stripping, and pick-up direct interactions which amount to around half of the deuteron total–reaction cross section. The due account of most experimental data has validated the present approach, highlighted some prevalent features, and emphasized weak points and consequently the need for modeling/evaluation upgrade.

Estimation of nuclear properties in a deuteron–lithium target using JENDL/DEU-2020 for IFMIF and similar irradiation facilities

An accelerator-based neutron source powered by deuteron–Li (d–Li) reactions is among the most promising neutron sources for fusion materials irradiation facilities, such as IFMIF, IFMIF-DONES, and A-FNS. The yield estimation of neutrons and other particles is critical to the design of these facilities. Presently, the McDelicious code is employed for the aforementioned yield estimations, although it is not an open code. Recently, a deuteron-induced reaction library, JENDL/DEU-2020, was released by the Japan Atomic Energy Agency. Thus, employing benchmark tests, such as the Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS) + JENDL/DEU-2020, Monte Carlo N-Particle + JENDL/DEU-2020, and McDelicious, we confirm that PHITS (or Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP)) + JENDL/DEU-2020 effectively reproduces the experimental data and McDelicious results. We apply PHITS + JENDL/DEU-2020 to the yield estimations of the neutron, gamma, and charged particles in a Li target and to the yield estimation of the charged particles in the target backplate for A-FNS. The estimated production rates of tritium and 7Be during the continuous operation using a deuteron beam of 40 MeV and 125 mA are 1.4 × 1016 atoms/s (2.3 g/FPY) and 5.9 × 1014 atoms/s (0.21 g/FPY), respectively, and the estimated production rates of He and H in the target backplate for A-FNS are 3.2 × 102 and 1.8 × 103 appm/FPY, respectively.

Optimized simulations of 50Ti(p,α) and 49Ti(d,α) reactions for hospital-cyclotron production of 47Sc

The production of 47Sc, a promising radioisotope for targeted radionuclide therapy, by means of hospital-cyclotron reactions is investigated. Two possible routes are considered: the proton-induced reaction on enriched 50Ti targets and the deuteron-induced reaction on enriched 49Ti targets. The cross sections of the reactions are calculated using the TALYS code with optimized parameters and compared with the available experimental data. The optimal energy ranges for the production of 47Sc are determined by taking into account the thick-target yields and the purity of the product. The results show that both reactions can provide high yields and high purity of 47Sc. The feasibility of producing 47Sc with a hospital cyclotron is demonstrated by performing realistic simulations of the irradiation for both 50Ti(p,α) and 49Ti(d,α) reactions.

Proton Energy Spectra From Deuteron Induced Reaction on Copper At 14,5 MeV Deuteron Energy

Double differential cross sections have been measured for light-charged particle production in deuteron-induced reactions on nat Cu at incident energies of 14.5 MeV. The experiment was performed at the isochronous cyclotron of the Institute of Nuclear Physics (Kazakhstan). Charged particles were detected using a set of Si and CsI detectors from 30° to 135°, by step of 15°. The integral cross-sections were determined by integrating over the angle the double differential cross-sections. Double differential and integral charged particle emission cross-sections have been calculated by the TALYS 1.9 nuclear reaction which code based on a modified version of the exciton model of the pre-equilibrium nuclear decay. Direct, compound, and pre-equilibrium reaction contributions have been determined for the emission of proton particles.

Study of terbium production from enriched Gd targets via the reaction 155Gd(d,2n)155Tb

The terbium (Tb) family has attracted much attention in recent years thanks to the diagnostic and therapeutic applications of the quadruplet 149Tb, 152Tb, 155Tb and 161Tb. However, the scarce availability of Tb radioisotopes is one of the main reasons hindering its clinical applications. To increase its availability, this work proposes to use enriched gadolinium (Gd) targets to produce some Tb radioisotopes (149Tb, 152Tb, and 155Tb) via deuteron-induced reactions in cyclotrons. The production of the Auger and gamma emitter 155Tb was chosen as a case study because the 155Gd enrichment (92.8%) is the highest available from all Gd stable isotopes. The involved reaction is 155Gd(d,2n)155Tb. Using enriched thin Gd-containing targets, cross-sections of the reactions 155Gd(d,x)153,154,155,156Tb have been measured at the GIP ARRONAX cyclotron facility with a beam energy ranging from 8 MeV to 30 MeV. This measurement allows for estimating the production yield and the purity of 155Tb, and for determining the irradiation parameters for large production batches. A thick enriched 155Gd2O3 target has been then irradiated with an incident energy of 15.1 MeV and a beam current of 368 nA for 1 h. The production yield of 155Tb is 10.2 MBq/μA/h at End Of Bombardment (EOB) and the purity is 89% after 14 days of decay. These experimental values are consistent with estimation based on measured cross-sections. A comparison of the deuteron-induced and proton-induced production routes is also presented in this paper.

Activation cross sections of deuteron-induced reactions on natural rhenium up to 23 MeV

Activation cross sections of deuteron-induced reactions on natural rhenium were measured using the stacked-foil activation technique and γ-ray spectrometry. Production cross sections of 185,183m,183gOs and 188g,186g,184m,184g,183gRe were determined up to 23 MeV. The derived cross sections were compared with experimental literature data and the TENDL-2019 and TENDL-2021 values.

Comparison of Ichimura-Austern-Vincent and Glauber models for the deuteron-induced inclusive breakup reaction in light and medium-mass nuclei

Comparison of Ichimura-Austern-Vincent and Glauber models for the deuteron-induced inclusive breakup reaction in light and medium-mass nuclei

Structural material nuclear data basic research

The nuclear data evaluation for deuteron-induced reactions andα-particle emission by neutron interactions is addressed within “Nuclear data for fusion technology, from basic research to full-scale applications.” The status and open questions related to these subjects in the area of nuclear data for fusion technology, specifically for the nuclear design of the ITER fusion device, the European DEMO fusion reactor, and the IFMIF-DONES Irradiation Facility, are briefly reviewed. A firm demand for accurate cross-sections of reactions induced by neutrons and deuterons exists, in this respect, within a more enlarged energy range up to 50 MeV than for fission applications. The current requirements are closely met by the TENDL Evaluated Nuclear Data Library, settled using the TALYS nuclear model code, which is one of the most widely used codes in basic research and applications including nuclear fusion technology. However, further improvement of this data library has recently been suggested, while, with respect to fission applications, not only the aforementioned energy range but also the diversity of nuclear data for fusion technologies is plainly stretched. Consequently, the progress of nuclear data activities conducted more recently on deuteron-induced reactions andα-emission by neutron interactions, throughout the European Fusion Program and subsequent to previous achievements within F4E and EUROfusion programs, is wholly summarized.

Quantifying uncertainties due to irreducible three-body forces in deuteron-nucleus reactions

Background: Deuteron-induced nuclear reactions are an essential tool for probing the structure of nuclei as well as astrophysical information such as $(n,\ensuremath{\gamma})$ cross sections. The deuteron-nucleus system is typically described within a Faddeev three-body model consisting of a neutron ($n$), a proton ($p$), and the target nucleus ($A$) interacting through pairwise phenomenological potentials. While Faddeev techniques enable the exact description of the three-body dynamics, their predictive power is limited in part by the omission of irreducible neutron-proton-nucleus three-body force ($n\text{\ensuremath{-}}p\text{\ensuremath{-}}A$ 3BF).Purpose: Our goal is to quantify systematic uncertainties stemming from the reduction of deuteron-nucleus ($d+A$) dynamics to a picture of three pointlike nuclear clusters interacting via pairwise nucleon-nucleus forces, using as testing grounds $d+\ensuremath{\alpha}$ scattering and the $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ ground state. We particularly focus on quantifying uncertainties arising from the full antisymmetrization of the ($A+2$)-body system with the target nucleus fixed in its ground state.Methods: We adopt the ab initio no-core shell model coupled with the resonating group method (NCSM/RGM) to compute microscopic $n\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and $p\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ interactions, and use them in a three-body description of the $d+\ensuremath{\alpha}$ system by means of momentum-space Faddeev-type equations. Simultaneously, we also carry out ab initio calculations of $d+\ensuremath{\alpha}$ scattering and $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ ground state by means of six-body NCSM/RGM calculations to serve as a benchmark for the three-body model predictions given by the Faddeev calculations.Results: By comparing the Faddeev and NCSM/RGM results, we show that the irreducible $n\text{\ensuremath{-}}p\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ 3BF has a non-negligible effect on bound state and scattering observables alike. Specifically, the Faddeev approach yields a $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ ground state that is approximately 600 keV shallower than the one obtained with the NCSM/RGM. Additionally, the Faddeev calculations for $d+\ensuremath{\alpha}$ scattering yield a ${3}^{+}$ resonance that is located approximately 400 keV higher in energy compared to the NCSM/RGM result. The shape of the $d+\ensuremath{\alpha}$ angular distributions computed using the two approaches also differ, owing to the discrepancy in the predictions of the ${3}^{+}$ resonance energy.Conclusions: The Faddeev three-body model predictions for $d+\ensuremath{\alpha}$ scattering and $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ using microscopic $n\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and $p\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ potentials differ from those computed microscopically with the NCSM/RGM. These discrepancies are due to the $n\text{\ensuremath{-}}p\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ 3BF, which arises from two-nucleon exchange terms in the microscopic $d\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ interaction and are not accounted for in the three-body model Faddeev calculations. This study lays the foundation for future parametrizations of the 3BF due to Pauli exclusion principle effects in improved three-body calculations of deuteron-induced reactions.

Production cross sections of terbium and gadolinium radioisotopes from the deuteron-induced reactions on natural gadolinium up to 24 MeV

Activation cross sections of deuteron-induced reactions on natural gadolinium were measured up to 24 MeV. The stacked-foil activation technique and γ-ray spectrometry were used for the measurement. The production cross sections of 153,154m1,154m2,155,156,160,161Tb and 153,159Gd were determined. The cross sections were compared with previous experimental data and TENDL values.

(d, 3n) Reaction cross-section calculation of some reactor materials

Nuclear reactions with charged particles have applications in many fields such as radioisotope production, industrial applications, astrophysics, etc. Therefore, examining the excitation functions performed and obtained by the activation technique is also important for understanding the nature of nuclear reactions. Also, it is especially necessary to study these reactions to estimate the effects of radiation damage on the fusion structural materials used in the construction of the first walls and core of the reactor. In this study, cross-section data have been calculated theoretically to 45Sc (d, 3n)44Ti, 63Cu (d, 3n)62Zn, 89Y (d, 3n)88Zr, and 100Mo (d, 3n)99Tc reactions in the range of 1–50 MeV energy via ALICE/ASH, TALYS 1.95 and Empire 3.2.2 nuclear reaction codes. Optical Model Parameters (OMP) calculation for deuteron-induced reaction results has been performed via TALYS 1.95 code and the calculated cross-section values are reproduced well. Also, empirically developed (d, 3n) cross section formula (Kavun, 2020) calculations have been performed at 20 MeV energy. Finally, experimental EXFOR data was compared with all results and were found to be compatible with each other.

Activation cross sections of deuteron-induced reactions on natural chromium up to 24 MeV

Radioisotopes in the transition elements such as 51Cr and 52gMn can be used for medical applications. Investigation on the production reactions of such radioisotopes is valuable. Therefore, excitation functions of the natCr(d,x)48V, 51Cr, 52g,52m,54Mn reactions were measured up to 24-MeV deuteron energy. The experiment was performed at the RIKEN AVF cyclotron. Stacked-foil activation method and gamma-ray spectrometry were used for the measurement. The results were compared with previous experimental data and the prediction values of TENDL-2019. Physical thick target yields of 51Cr and 52gMn were derived from the measured cross sections.

Measurement of Cumulative Yield of the $${}^{{103}}$$Ru Radionuclide for $${}^{{4}}$$He-, $${}^{{3}}$$He-, Proton- and Deuteron-Induced Reactions on ThO$${}_{{2}}$$ Targets

Measurement of Cumulative Yield of the $${}^{{103}}$$Ru Radionuclide for $${}^{{4}}$$He-, $${}^{{3}}$$He-, Proton- and Deuteron-Induced Reactions on ThO$${}_{{2}}$$ Targets

O-30 - Production of Strontium-85 via deuteron-induced nuclear reactions on natural rubidium

O-30 - Production of Strontium-85 via deuteron-induced nuclear reactions on natural rubidium

Advanced breakup-nucleon enhancement of deuteron-induced reaction cross sections

Following the EUROfusion PPPT-programme action for an advanced modeling approach of deuteron-induced reaction cross sections, as well as specific data evaluations in addition of the TENDL files, an assessment of the details and corresponding outcome for the latter option of TALYS for the breakup model has been carried out. The breakup enhancement obtained in the meantime within computer code TALYS, by using the evaluated nucleon-induced reaction data of TENDL-2019, is particularly concerned. Discussion of the corresponding results, for deuteron-induced reactions on ^{58}Ni, ^{96}Zr, and ^{231}Pa target nuclei up to 200 MeV incident energy, includes limitations still existing with reference to the direct-reaction account.

Theoretical Study of Deuteron-Induced Reactions in the Nuclear Data Field

Theoretical Study of Deuteron-Induced Reactions in the Nuclear Data Field

Activation cross sections of proton-induced reactions on praseodymium up to 30 MeV

Activation cross sections of proton-induced reactions on 141Pr were measured. Stacked foil activation technique and γ-ray spectrometry were adopted to derive the cross sections. The production cross sections of 141,140,139mNd, and 139Ce were determined up to 30 MeV. The physical yield of 140Nd was deduced using the measured cross sections of the 141Pr(p,2n)140Nd reaction. The physical yields of the proton- and deuteron-induced reactions on 141Pr and 3He-induced reaction on natCe for 140Nd production were compared.

Theoretical cross-sections of deuteron-induced reaction on natural chromium by EMPIRE code for the production of 52Mn, 54Mn, 51Cr and 48V

Manganese-52 ground (52gMn) is a positron emitter and its beneficial properties make it a strong candidate for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Furthermore, the PET isotope 52gMn has been proposed as a suitable candidate for combination with proteins and antibodies. Moreover, Mn2+ has a paramagnetic property, thus the Mn isotope is ideal for use in bimodal PET/magnetic resonance (MR) images as a traceable nuclide, that can provide anatomical, molecular and physiological information of tissues. In this work, the theoretical calculation of the cross-section to produce 52Mn based on EMPIRE 3.2.2 code was carried out, focusing the attention on the optimization of the code parameters. The calculated cross-sections, obtained considering the effect of different level density models of the code, were compared with the experimental ones, to produce 52Mn isotopes by deuteron beam irradiation in the energy range up to 35 MeV on natCr target. At the same time, the co-produced 54Mn, 51Cr and 48V from natCr(d,X) nuclear reactions have been investigated. The results are also compared with the data taken from the online TENDL library of different versions.

Determination and benchmarking of 27Al(d,\u03b1) and 27Al(d,p) reaction cross sections for energies and angles relevant to NRA

The cross-sections of deuteron-induced nuclear reactions suitable for ion beam analysis, measured in different laboratories, are often significantly different. In the present work, differential cross-sections of 27Al(d,p) and 27Al(d,α) reactions were measured, and the cross sections benchmarked with thick target spectra obtained from pure aluminium for the first time in two independent laboratories. The 27Al(d,p) and (d,α) differential cross-sections were measured between 1.4 and 2 MeV at scattering angles of 165°, 150°, and 135° in the VDGT laboratory in Tehran (Iran), and the same measurements for detector angle of 150° were repeated from scratch, including target making, with independent equipment on the SAFIR platform at INSP in Paris (France). The results of these two measurements at 150° are in good agreement, and for the first time a fitted function is proposed to describe the Al-cross sections for which no suitable theoretical expression exists. The obtained differential cross-sections were validated through benchmarking, by fitting with SIMNRA deuteron-induced particle spectra obtained from a high purity bulk Al target at both labs for deuteron incident energies between 1.6 and 2 MeV. The thick target spectra are well-reproduced. The evaluated and benchmarked cross sections have been uploaded to the ion beam analysis nuclear data library database (www-nds.iaea.org/ibandl/).

Excitation functions of some deuteron-induced nuclear reactions on Al

Abstract Excitation functions of the reactions 27Al(d,αp)24Na, 27Al(d,2p)27Mg and 27Al(d,p)28Al were measured by the activation technique up to deuteron energies of 37 MeV. The available experimental databases of the reaction products 27Mg and 28Al were extended and compared with the nuclear model calculations based on the code TALYS-1.8. Our measured data are reproduced well by the model calculations after adjustment of a few free input parameters. The cross-section ratio of the (d,αp) to (d,2p) process as a function of projectile energy was deduced from the measured data, and the result is interpreted in terms of competition between a proton and an α-particle emission.