Deterministic Secure Quantum Communication Protocol Research Articles

Deterministic secure quantum communication with practical devices

Deterministic secure quantum communication (DSQC) can transmit ciphered message with information theoretical security, in which the message is directly modulated on the quantum state and transmitted from Alice to Bob. Thus, key is not pre-shared, but rather communicated after the security of the ciphered message transmission is assured. In most of previous DSQC protocols, quantum memory or entanglement is necessary, which is still a big challenge with current technology. And the imperfections of practical devices, such as loss, weak coherent source, and so on, may also down play the security and efficiency of these DSQC protocols. In this article, a DSQC protocol with practical devices is proposed. In our protocol, both quantum memory and entanglement are not require. And DSQC with distance as long as 100–200 km and repetition as high as is possible.

Deterministic secure quantum communication using a single d-level system

Deterministic secure quantum communication (DSQC) can transmit secret messages between two parties without first generating a shared secret key. Compared with quantum key distribution (QKD), DSQC avoids the waste of qubits arising from basis reconciliation and thus reaches higher efficiency. In this paper, based on data block transmission and order rearrangement technologies, we propose a DSQC protocol. It utilizes a set of single d-level systems as message carriers, which are used to directly encode the secret message in one communication process. Theoretical analysis shows that these employed technologies guarantee the security, and the use of a higher dimensional quantum system makes our protocol achieve higher security and efficiency. Since only quantum memory is required for implementation, our protocol is feasible with current technologies. Furthermore, Trojan horse attack (THA) is taken into account in our protocol. We give a THA model and show that THA significantly increases the multi-photon rate and can thus be detected.

Controlled Deterministic Secure Quantum Communication Protocol Based on Three-Particle GHZ States in X-Basis* Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 61402058, Science and Technology, Sichuan Province of China under Grant No. 2013GZX0137, Fund for Young Persons Project of Sichuan Province of China under Grant No. 12ZB017, and the Foundation of Cyberspace Security Key Laboratory of

A controlled deterministic secure quantum communication (CDSQC) protocol is proposed based on three-particle GHZ state in X-basis. Only X-basis and Z1Z2X3-basis (composed of Z-basis and X-basis) measurement are required, which makes the scheme more convenient than others in practical applications. By distributing a random key between both sides of the communication and performing classical XOR operation, we realize a one-time-pad scheme, therefore our protocol achieves unconditional secure. Because only user with legitimate identity string can decrypt the secret, our protocol can resist man-in-the middle attack. The three-particle GHZ state in X-basis is used as decoy photons to detect eavesdropping. The detection rate reaches 75% per qubit.

On the "Deterministic Secure Quantum Communication using Four-Particle Entangled State and Entanglement Swapping"

Recently, Xiu et al. proposed a deterministic secure quantum communication (DSQC) protocol using the entanglement swapping of four-particle genuine entangled states. Later, Qin et al. showed a double-CNOT attack on the protocol and also provided an improvement to avoid the attack. This work tries to use a batch of decoy single photons prepared randomly in one of four different states, to enhance the qubit efficiency on their DSQC protocols and avoid the double-CNOT attack at the same time.

High-Capacity and High-Efficient Deterministic Secure Quantum Communication Based on Four-Qubit W State

A novel high-capacity and high-efficient deterministic secure quantum communication protocol with four-qubit W states is proposed. By utilizing four kinds of unitary operations, the two legitimate users can directly transmit the secret messages based on the Bell measurements and some additional classical information. Analysis shows that our protocol has a high capacity as each W state can carry two bits of secret information, and has a high intrinsic efficiency because almost all the instances are useful. Moreover, this protocol is unconditionally secure and feasible with present-day technique.

Two-Step Efficient Deterministic Secure Quantum Communication Using Three-Qubit W State

A two-step deterministic secure quantum communication (DSQC) scheme using blocks of three-qubit W state is proposed. In this scheme, the secret messages can be encoded by employing four two-particle unitary operations and directly decoded by utilizing the corresponding measurements in Bell basis or single-particle basis. Comparing with most previous DSQC protocols, the present scheme has a high total efficiency, which comes up to 50%. Apart from this, it has still the advantages of high capacity as each W state can carry two bits of secret information, and high intrinsic efficiency because almost all the instances are useful. Furthermore, the security of this communication can be ensured by the decoy particle checking technique and the two-step transmitting idea.

A DETERMINISTIC SECURE QUANTUM COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL THROUGH A COLLECTIVE ROTATION NOISE CHANNEL

A deterministic secure quantum communication protocol against collective rotation noise is proposed. If the security check is passed, the receiver can obtain a one-bit secret message with the aid of a one-bit classical message for two photons. It does not need a photon storing technique and only single photon measurement is necessary.

Quantum secure direct communication with cluster states

A quantum secure direct communication protocol with cluster states is proposed. Compared with the deterministic secure quantum communication protocol with the cluster state proposed by Yuan and Song (Int. J. Quant. Inform., 2009, 7: 689), this protocol can achieve higher intrinsic efficiency by using two-step transmission. The implementation of this protocol is also discussed.

One-way deterministic secure quantum communication protocol based on single photons

One-way deterministic secure quantum communication protocol based on single photons is proposed in this paper, in which the XOR operation by bits of the information sequence and random sequence is performed and the checking sequence is inserted before the sender’s coding operation. When the photons arrive at the receiver, they are delayed at the receiver, and the sender then publishes the coding basis, so the photons can be measured in the correct basis. Then the two parties estimate the security of the quantum channel by the checking bits. When the channel is secure the sender publishes the random bits where the receiver has results, and the information sequence can be recovered by the receiver. Even the channel is not secure, what the eavesdropper gets is the random sending sequence, the information sequence is still secure. This protocol has the advantages of higher transmission efficiency and easier implementation compared with the two-way communication.

Comment on “Controlled DSQC using five-qubit entangled states and two-step security test”

A controlled deterministic secure quantum communication protocol [X.M. Xiu, L. Dong, Y.J. Cao, F. Chi, Opt. Commun. 282 (2009) 333] with five-qubit entangled states was proposed recently. The aim of Xiu et al. was that the successful realization of communication between Alice and Bob needed the cooperation of a controller, Charlie. However, we show that the controller Charlie’s role could be excluded unknowingly. Moreover, an eavesdropper can entangle an ancilla without introducing any error in the first security test and then she can distill a quarter of the secret messages from her entangled ancilla.

DETERMINISTIC SECURE QUANTUM COMMUNICATION ACHIEVED BY USING QUANTUM SWAPPING

Two new deterministic secure quantum communication protocols are proposed in this paper. In these protocols, utilizing auxilians, no particle is transported between two authorized parties, who guarantee the safety of the protocols.

Quantum secure direct communication and deterministic secure quantum communication

In this review article, we review the recent development of quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) and deterministic secure quantum communication (DSQC) which both are used to transmit secret message, including the criteria for QSDC, some interesting QSDC protocols, the DSQC protocols and QSDC network, etc. The difference between these two branches of quantum communication is that DSQC requires the two parties exchange at least one bit of classical information for reading out the message in each qubit, and QSDC does not. They are attractive because they are deterministic, in particular, the QSDC protocol is fully quantum mechanical. With sophisticated quantum technology in the future, the QSDC may become more and more popular. For ensuring the safety of QSDC with single photons and quantum information sharing of single qubit in a noisy channel, a quantum privacy amplification protocol has been proposed. It involves very simple CHC operations and reduces the information leakage to a negligible small level. Moreover, with the one-party quantum error correction, a relation has been established between classical linear codes and quantum one-party codes, hence it is convenient to transfer many good classical error correction codes to the quantum world. The one-party quantum error correction codes are especially designed for quantum dense coding and related QSDC protocols based on dense coding.