Determined By 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl Research Articles

Phytochemical Profiling, Evaluation of Heavy Metal Load, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Various Medicinal Plants

In Ethiopia, medicinal herbs have played a prominent role in relieving pain and curing various diseases for humans and animals for many years. However, consumers don't know what kinds of phytochemicals are in the plants or the amount of metal they contain. Thus, in this study, polyphenol content, flavonoid content, antioxidant capacities, antibacterial activity and the level of metals in Asparagus africanus root, Ferula communis, Stephania abyssinia, Brucea antidysenterica and Vernonia amygdalina, were analyzed. Identifying the phytochemicals, antioxidant and antibacterial activities, and levels of metals in medicinal plants ensures their safety and efficacy and provides a deeper understanding of the healing properties of plants in areas where modern medicines are not easily accessible. The antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical assay, and the antibacterial activity was evaluated by disc diffusion method. Among the studied plant extracts, Vernonia amygdalina displayed the maximum phenolic content (810 mg GAE/100 g), flavonoid content (515.78 mg QE/100 g), and DPPH radical scavenging activity (14.42 mg AAE/g), whereas the least level of total phenolic (160.82 mg GAE/100 g), total flavonoid (30.65 mg QE/100 g), and DPPH radical scavenging (1.14 mg AAE/g) were recorded in Asparagus africanus. The highest inhibition zone was recorded, with an inhibitory zone of 11 mm for S. aurous and 11 mm for E. coli. The least zone of inhibition was obtained in gram-negative bacteria (K. pneumonia) with a diameter less than 8 mm. Asparagus africanus contained the highest levels of Mn and Fe, while Cu and Zn were found to be the highest in Stephania abyssinia. Cr was only detected in Ferula communis, and Cd was found to be below the detection limit. Due to their better antioxidant and antibacterial properties, the extracts of these plants might be used as a natural starting material in treating cancer and to prepare anti-cancer drugs.

A comparative study on the synergistic activities of fractions and crude essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum

BackgroundSyzygium aromaticum has been used for over a century because it has biological qualities for several health-related problems, and the crude essential oils are known to contain several components that could be responsible for synergistic or antagonistic potentials in relation to their biological uses. The study was designed to compare the biological activities of the crude essential oil from the bud of Syzygium aromaticum and fractions obtained from column chromatography.Materials and methodsThe essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation, and two prominent fractions, C1 and C2, were obtained from the column chromatography separation of the crude essential oil. The quantitative phytochemical analysis was done by standard methods, the antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) scavenging assays. The antifungal activities were assessed by the agar diffusion method, while the anti-inflammatory activity was done using a lipoxygenase inhibitory assay. The major component observed in the crude and fractions was determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis.ResultsThe phytochemical analysis showed that phenolic acid, tannin, saponin, flavonoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, and terpenoids were present in variable quantities in all of the fractions and crude essential oil. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value for DPPH scavenging activity ranged from 226.1 to 301.2 µg/mL while that of ABTS scavenging activity ranged from 211.0 to 316.0 µg/mL. The lowest value of IC50 for both DPPH and ABTS was observed in fraction C1. The crude essential oil with a minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) value of 8.00 mg/mL was the most efficient against Candida albicans, Aspergillus penicillum, and Aspergillus niger. The anti-inflammatory assay showed C1 to have the lowest value of IC50 for the lipoxygenase assay. The major component observed in the crude essential oil as well as fraction C1 was eugenol, while fraction C2 had β-caryophyllene as the major component.ConclusionsThe result showed that all fractions as well as the crude essential oil exhibited antioxidant, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory activities, and the crude essential oil was synergic only with respect to its antifungal activity, while fraction C1 was more efficient as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent.

A natural approach to breast cancer treatment: investigation of chemical features of aerial parts of endemic Onosma sintenisii Hausskn. ex Bornm and its antioxidant properties, in vitro cytotoxic and apoptosis induction on MCF-7 cells

ABSTRACT Onosma sintenisii Hausskn. ex Bornm. (O. sintenisii) belongs to the Boraginaceae family and it is an endemic species from Irano-turanian phytogeographical region (central and eastern Anatolia) that distributes in steppe areas. This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant, in vitro cytotoxic and apoptosis induction of methanol extract of aerial parts of O. sintenisii. As a result of GC/MS analysis, 14 components were identified, and the major compounds of the extracts are retronecine (13.94%), α.-D-Glucopyranosiduronic acid (10.86%), melaniline (7.5%) and 1,2-Butanediol (4.02%), respectively. Antioxidant properties of O. sintenisii were determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and superoxide radical scavenging activity methods. While the DPPH free radical scavenging activity results of O. sintenisii extract varied between 62.49% and 32.27%, reducing power activity and superoxide radical scavenging activity were found to be low. The result of the MTT assay revealed strong anticancer activity of O. sintenisii extract. The most significant cytotoxic effect was noted at a concentration of 1000 µg/mL after 48 hours. These findings together with flow cytometry analysis suggest that apoptosis can be the main mechanism underlying cell death after O. sintenisii extract treatment.

Influence of Nutrient Deprivation on the Antioxidant Capacity and Chemical Profile of Two Diatoms from Genus Chaetoceros.

The limited availability of phosphate, nitrogen and silicon in the growth media affects the growth, cellular processes, and metabolism of diatoms. Silicon deficiency primarily affects diatom morphology, while phosphate deficiency reduces the production of nucleic acids and phospholipids. Differences in pigment and protein composition are mainly due to nitrogen deficiency. In this study, Chaetoceros socialis and Chaetoceros costatus were cultured under phosphate, nitrogen, and silicon deprivation conditions. The diatom biomass was collected during the stationary growth phase and extracted with 70% ethanol under ultrasonication. The chemical profiles of the extracts were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry with electrospray ionisation (UHPLC-ESI-HRMS), while the antioxidant capacity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays. Pigments, fatty acids, sterols, and derivatives were detected in both species. The total phenolic content in the extracts ranged from 46.25 ± 1.08 to 89.38 ± 6.21 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/L and from 29.58 ± 1.08 to 54.17 ± 1.18 mg GAE/L. for C. costatus and C. socialis, respectively. Antioxidant activity was higher in C. costatus extracts, especially those obtained from nitrogen-deprived media. The results of this study contribute to the existing knowledge and the ongoing efforts to overcome application and commercialization barriers of microalgae for wide-ranging potential in different industries.

In Vitro Studies on the Effects of Aqueous Extracts of Syzygium Aromaticum Linn. (Cloves) and Zingiber Officinale Roscoe (Ginger) on Erythrocyte Osmotic Fragility in Sickle Cells

Sickle cell disease is a genetically inherited blood disease that is characterized by the production of abnormal erythrocytes, shaped like a sickle. Definite cure for sickle cell disease is yet to be established, therefore, palliative methods such as antioxidant agents which reduce occurrence of intravascular haemolysis are employed. Naturally occurring antioxidants are found in Syzygium aromaticum Linn. (Clove) and Zingiber officinale (ginger) as documented by previous researches are therefore tested on the erythrocyte osmotic fragility of sickle cell red blood cells (RBC). Aqueous extracts of clove and ginger were obtained by maceration and antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined by 2, 2,-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) using ascorbate as standard. Blood samples from twenty five sickle cell disease subjects were collected and divided into five groups. Group one was control, groups two and three were incubated with 1mg/ml and 10mg/ml of clove extract respectively, while groups four and five were incubated with 1mg/ml and 10mg/ml of ginger extract respectively. Erythrocyte osmotic fragility was determined using graded series of hypotonic Sodium Chloride (NaCl) solutions of concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 0.9%. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Turkey test was used to analyze data and test of significance was applied at p?0.05. The results revealed the presence of phenols, alkaloids, flavonoid and tannins in both clove and ginger extracts; glycosides were present in ginger but absent in clove. Antioxidant at low concentration of 50µg/ ml showed percentage inhibition of clove and ginger were 67.43% and 11.87%, respectively, and that of ascorbate was 20.15%. At high concentration of 250µg/ml, clove and ginger had percentage inhibition of 93.8% and 81.18% respectively, while ascorbate had 84.06%. Erythrocyte osmotic fragility test results showed complete haemolysis at 0.1% NaCl concentration in all groups. At 0.2% NaCl concentration, percentage haemolysis of the group treated with 10mg of clove 69.12 ± 0.05, was significantly lower (p?0.05) than the control (98.12 ± 0.05), while the group treated with 10mg ginger extract showed 98.02 ± 0.04 which is not significantly lower (p?0.05) than that of the control. At 0.5% NaCl concentration, percentage haemolysis of groups treated with 10mg clove extract and 10mg ginger extract were 8.400.18 and 20.42 ± 0.18, respectively, which were significantly lower (p?0.05) than that of the control group (45.90 ± 0.10). The groups treated with 1mg clove extract and 1mg ginger extract showed percentage haemolysis values of 38.04 ± 0.10 and 30.02 ± 0.10 respectively at 0.5% NaCl concentration which were significantly lower (p?0.05) than the control group (45.90 ± 0.10). Clove showed higher antioxidant activity than ginger. Both plants also demonstrated a capacity for maintaining erythrocyte membrane stability, with clove being better at lowering erythrocyte fragility than ginger.

An effective cryobanking approach preserving the genetic, physiological and phytochemical stability of Polyscias filicifolia Bailey hairy roots

Cryopreservation procedures can affect the physiological and genetic stability of stored samples, as well as their biosynthetic potential, which is particularly important for medicinal plants; as such, it is necessary to refine a number of factors to ensure the effective long-term storage of plant cells. The article describes an effective method of cryopreservation of Polyscias filicifolia hairy roots. Briefly, hairy roots were subjected to osmotic dehydration (OD) with or without subsequent air dehydration (AD; for three to six hours) for cryobanking in liquid nitrogen. After regeneration, genetic stability was assessed using Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSRs) and Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) markers, together with nuclear DNA content, survival rate and biomass growth. In addition, chlorogenic (CGA) and oleanolic acid (OA) yields were determined using HPLC-UV-Vis, and the extract profiled by HPLC-PDA-ESI-HRMS, and the antioxidant potential of the treated root extracts was assessed. OD alone was found to be insufficient for cryopreservation; it was necessary to precede it with AD. The highest survival (93%), and biomass growth (up to 3-fold), were noted for roots subjected to OD preceded by six-hour AD; however, AD had a detrimental effect on the genetic stability of roots when applied for five or six hours. Longer dehydration times correlated with greater CGA biosynthesis. Further, CGA content was enhanced to 2.6 mg g−1 dry weight (DW) at six months post regeneration and 2.2 mg g−1 at 12 months. OA yield was not affected by the cryopreservation conditions. HPLC-PDA-ESI-HRMS analysis confirmed that the main component was CGA, accompanied by ferulic acid derivatives, 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid (isochlorogenic acid A) and 5-p-coumaroylquinic acid. Interestingly, the profile of biosynthesized compounds in the roots did not change during cultivation for up to 12 months. The highest antioxidant activity, determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, was noted for the extract from the OD variant, which also demonstrated the highest total phenolic content. Our findings indicate that OD followed by four-hour AD provides the best protection for hairy root meristems with regard to genetic stability, reliable growth and secondary metabolite biosynthesis capabilities.

Synthesis of lipoic acid ferulate and evaluation of its ability to preserve fish oil from oxidation during accelerated storage.

Lipoic acid ferulate (LAF) was synthesized and its anti-free radical ability in vitro was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonicacid) (ABTS) assays. Protective effects of LAF in stabilizing fish oil were tested, compared to antioxidants such as lipoic acid, ferulic acid and tert-butylhydroxyquinone (TBHQ) by measuring peroxide values, thiobarbituric acid reactants, p-anisidine values, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) spectra of fish oil during accelerated storage (12days, 80°C). The inhibitory effect of these antioxidants on fish oil oxidation followed the order TBHQ ≧ LAF>ferulic acid>lipoic acid. In addition, the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were the first to be oxidized. The formation of oxidation products followed a first-order kinetic model, and the addition of LAF effectively reduced the reaction rate constants. Therefore, LAF can effectively slow down the formation of oxidative products and prolong the shelf life of fish oil.

Antioxidant Capacity and Total Phenolic Content of Spice Extracts Obtained by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Using Deep Eutectic and Conventional Solvents

This study investigated the use of eco-friendly novel formulations of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with water in ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of antioxidant compounds from six spices, comparing them to traditional ethanol-based solvents. Significant differences in antioxidant capacity (AC) determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, and total phenolic content (TPC) analysed using Folin-Ciocalteu (F-C) method were observed among the prepared extracts of spices. Regardless of the solvent used, clove extracts exhibited the highest antioxidant properties, whereas coriander presented the lowest values of AC and TPC. Choline chloride (ChCl)-based DES3 with propylene glycol (PG) as the hydrogen bond donor was more promising for effectively extracting antioxidants from the studied spices than ChCl-based DES1 and DES2 containing urea (U) and glycerol (Gly), respectively. Although DESs showed lower efficiency in this study, they represent a viable and environmentally sustainable approach for the extraction of bioactive compounds from spices. However, DES-based extracts can be recommended as potential sources of bioactive compounds and sustainable solvent systems for the plasticization and modification of active food packaging. This research offers valuable insights for the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and spice industries, particularly for future developments in sustainable extraction techniques and potential applications in eco-friendly solutions and health-related areas.

Exploring the Potential of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) Aqueous Extract in Preventing Glycation of Hemoglobin and pBR322 Plasmid

Background Spirulina ( Arthrospira platensis), a cyanobacterium, is being consumed worldwide owing to its high nutritional value and therapeutic potential. Objectives This study aims to determine the phytochemical content, antioxidant capacity, and antiglycation property of A. platensis PCC 7345 aqueous extract against glucose, fructose, and ribose-mediated glycation of hemoglobin. Materials and Methods The antioxidant property of the extract was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and a nitric oxide scavenging assay. Protein glycation and its subsequent prevention were interpreted by observing a reduction in browning, fructosamine, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level, protein carbonyl content, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation, and protein aggregation using spectrophotometry and spectrofluorometry. The prevention of strand nicking/breaks in the pBR322 plasmid was analyzed using electrophoresis, and the change in integrated density was calculated using ImageJ software. Results The extract showed very good antioxidant potential, which is evident and could be estimated from the inhibition concentration (IC50) values that were 45.97, 31.09, and 52.29 µg/mL in the DPPH, ABTS, and nitric oxide scavenging assays, respectively. A. platensis aqueous extract was found to be the most effective in preventing glucose-mediated glycation and protein aggregation, wherein 100 µg/mL of the extract could effectively cause ~50% inhibition in the formation of early and AGEs and prevented the formation of protein aggregates. The highest antiglycating potential of the extract was observed in glucose-mediated glycation, followed by fructose and ribose. The formation of four fluorescent AGEs, such as argpyrimidine, vesper lysine A, pentosidine, and crossline, was reduced. The extract could prevent 97% of DNA nicking in pBR322. Conclusion The aqueous extract of A. platensis has a potent ability to prevent glycation and its secondary complications.

Macrophytes in Northern Himalayan Dal Lake of Kashmir valley identified through DNA barcoding shows high antioxidant potential

Aquatic macrophytes, the essential biomarkers of environmental conditions and long-term water quality indicators provide habitat to many invertebrates and also play a vital role in biodiversity conservation. Therefore, the current study was focused on identifying the new novel macrophytes of Dal Lake, their sequence characterization, and antioxidant profiling. Twenty different macrophyte leaf isolates were collected from Dal Lake and DNA was extracted from fresh and young leaf samples of different macrophytes followed by PCR amplification using Primer pairs K-Lab-Matk-F and K-Lab-Matk-R. The purified PCR products were outsourced for sequencing. Phylogenetic tree was constructed based on neighbour-joining (NJ) method. Moreover, antioxidant profiling of twenty different types of leaves of macrophytes was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The present investigation revealed the taxonomy of the species collected from Dal Lake based on MatK region. The current research findings identified six new macrophyte species viz., Trapa bicornis (Osbeck.), Lycopus uniflorus (Michx.), Carex vestita (Willd.), Potamogeton praelongus (Wulfen), Ceratophyllum platyacanthum (Cham), and Phragmites pusillus, showed antioxidant potential that can be used as superfoods, source of nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals. This research created a path for identifying bioactive compounds of newly identified macrophytes that can impart antioxidant and anticancer characteristics to these macrophytes.

Phytochemical constituents, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Plectocephalus varians (A. Rich.) C. Jeffrey ex Cufod root extracts

Plants have been used to treat diverse types of diseases in different cultural groups around the globe. In this regard, the root of Plectocephalus varians (P. varians) is claimed to have a beneficiary effect in treating cancer and hemorrhoids in Ethiopia. Hence, this study aimed at the phytochemical investigation, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of n-hexane, acetone, and methanolic extracts of P. varians root. The different crude extracts of P. varians were obtained through maceration technique. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) of the extracts were estimated using Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent (FCR) and aluminum chloride colorimetric assays, respectively. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The antibacterial activities of the extracts were assessed by using disc diffusion method. The results echoed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, phenols, tannins, anthraquinones, terpenoids, polyphenols, and glycosides in the root of P. varians. The methanolic root extract (MRE) had the highest TPC (107.18 mg GAE/g) and TFC (120.194 mg QE/g) followed by acetone root extract (ARE) (TPC = 98.68 mg GAE/g; TFC = 64.038 mg QE/g) and n-hexane root extract (HRE) (TPC = 12.39 mg GAE/g; TFC = 9.917 mg QE/g). The DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP assays demonstrated the antioxidant effects of HRE (IC50 = 681.75 ppm; EC50 = 60.65 ppm), ARE (IC50 = 165.73 ppm; EC50 = 51.67 ppm) and MRE (IC50 = 132.06 ppm; EC50 = 30.97 ppm) of P. varians. Furthermore, the root fractions elicited pronounced dose-dependent growth inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococci pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae with mean zone of inhibition (MZI) ranging from 11 ± 0.38 to 20 ± 0.04 mm at 800 ppm. Overall, the present study provides ethnopharmacological evidence suggesting the medicinal importance of P. varians. The results also call for further bioassay-guided phytochemical screening and in vitro and/or in vivo bioactivity testing.

DETERMINATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, TOTAL PHENOLIC AND FLAVONOID CONTENTS OF MALAYSIAN STINGLESS BEE PROPOLIS EXTRACTS

This study aims to determine the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract propolis (EEP) and water extract propolis (WEP) derived from six Malaysian stingless bee species. The TPC and TFC were measured by Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric and aluminium chloride methods, respectively. The antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. The results indicated that EEP of Geniotrigona thoracica had the highest TPC and TFC at 259.84 ± 4.97 mg/g GAE and 435.00 ± 6.57 mg/g QE, respectively. Similarly, EEP of G. thoracica exhibited the greatest free radical scavenging activity with the percentage of inhibition at 88.00 ± 13.34% and IC50 of 104.20μg/mL. Antioxidant activity was highly correlated with TPC (R2 = -0.744, p < 0.05) whereas no correlation was observed between TFC and antioxidant activity. This study indicates that the antioxidant property of the propolis extract may be influenced by elevated levels of phenolic content. In conclusion, ethanolic extract of G. thoracica is the greatest source of antioxidants among the six tested Malaysian stingless bee propolis and this suggests that the extract may serve as a promising source of antioxidant agent.

Formulation and Evaluation of Cream Using Moringa oleifera L. Leaf Extract

There are an increasing number of studies on the cosmeceutical properties of medicinal plants growing in various climatic zones. The formulation of phenolic rich plant extracts into cosmetic cream products can maximize the commercial value of such products. Most of the herbs used in Nepal for cosmetic purposes are locally available Ayurvedic herbs. The antioxidant property of the ethanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera L. leaves collected from Rupandehi and Makawanpur districts respectively were determined by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity. Total phenolic and total tannin content was determined by Foline Ciocalteu reagent. Total phenolic content was found from 35.51 and 42.89 mg/100 g gallic acid in the Makawanpur and Rupandehi districts. Overall, findings revealed that there were slight differences in antioxidant properties between the two samples. The cream formulated from the Makawanpur plant sample had considerable physiochemical parameters within the range of acceptance. These findings provide strong evidence for further development of commercial creams with antioxidant properties

Tyrosinase Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activity of Paederia foetida L.

Paederia foetida L. is a tropical Asian plant containing bioactive compounds and often used as functional foods. The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant capacity and inhibitory activity of P. foetida leaves extract on tyrosinase activity. In addition, the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were determined. TPC and TFC was evaluated by the Folin-Ciocalteu and the aluminum chloride (AlCl3) colorimetric method, respectively. The antioxidant capacity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) method. The antioxidant capacity was expressed as trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) dan ascorbic acid equivalent capacity (AAEC). The tyrosinase inhibitory activity was conducted by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using L-tyrosine as a substrate and measured at 490 nm by ELISA reader. TPC in the crude extract, fraction A, and fraction B was 173.18 ± 3.99, 553.95 ± 5.70 and 405.37 ± 33.90, respectively. TFC in the crude extract, fraction A, and fraction B was 12.79 ± 0,25, 143.16 ± 9.27, 143.50 ± 6.90, respectively. The best antioxidant capacity of the extract was shown in the DPPH method (15.71 ± 1.6 mg TEAC/g and 100.77 ± 8.5 mg AAEC/g). Meanwhile, fraction B showed the best antioxidant capacity by the FRAP (11.48 ± 1.5 TEAC/g and 8.39 ± 1.2 mg AAEC/g ) and CUPRAC (116.34 ± 1.9 mg TEAC/g and 66.11 ± 1.3 mg AAEC/g) methods. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity exhibited that the IC50 of fraction A and B was 13.67 μg/mL and 13.37 μg/mL, respectively.

Comparative assessment of nutritional composition, polyphenol profile and antioxidative properties of wild edible ferns from northeastern China

Ferns are one of the prevalent species of wild edible plants but one of the least explored terrestrial plants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the nutrient composition, polyphenol profile and antioxidative properties of four wild edible ferns commonly utilized in northeastern China. We studied the content of ash, polysaccharide, protein, fat and mineral elements of the samples. Furthermore, the samples were found to have good total phenolic and total flavonoid contents and some level of antioxidant capacity as determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline) 6-sufonic acid (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). They also exhibited different specific accumulation of polyphenol profiles, estimated by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Significance analysis revealed a significant correlation between individual phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of the ferns. The results of the study suggest that wild edible ferns are rich in nutritional value and have potential as a natural source of antioxidants.

Antioxidant activity and antimicrobial evaluation of iron nanoparticles prepared by the plant mediated biosynthesis involving root extract of Picrorhiza kurroa

Green protocol of synthesizing nanoparticles has emerged as an optional way to overcome the limitation of the conventional physical and chemical methods. In the present paper, we wish to report a green synthesis of iron nanoparticles employing the aqueous root extract of Picrorhiza kurroa plant as an effective reducing and stabilizing agent. The green nanoparticles thus prepared are characterised using UV–Visible, FTIR, XRD and FESEM techniques. The average particle size of biosynthesised iron nanoparticles was found to be 26 nm. The antioxidant activity of these nanoparticles was determined by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical method. It was found to have IC50 value comparable with that of standard ascorbic acid. The in-vitro antibacterial activity of biosynthesised iron nanoparticles was evaluated using an agar disc-diffusion method against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria and has displayed their potential efficacy.

Antioxidant and antiglycation activities and inhibitory action of Passiflora cincinnata on collagenase, elastase and tyrosinase: in vitro and in silico study

Passiflora species are widely used in folk medicine due to their sedative and anxiolytic activities; however, scientific studies also showed different biological activities (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and antimicrobial). The present study aimed to characterize the phytochemical profile of P. cincinnata hydroethanolic extract, evaluate its antioxidant and antiglycation activities and evaluate in silico molecular docking of its main flavonoids. Phytochemical characterization was performed by quantification of total polyphenols and flavonoids content, and High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis. Antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), Nitric oxide (NO) and Thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) tests. Antiglycation activity was determined by Relative Electrophoretic Mobility (REM) and free amino groups assays. P. cincinnata presented total polyphenols (62 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) g−1 dry weight (DW)) and flavonoids (57 mg rutin equivalent (RE) g−1 DW), besides HPLC-MS showed the presence of different flavonoids glucoside, mainly vitexin and orientin. The extract presented antioxidant activity by DPPH (76.60%), FRAP (276.70 μM trolox equivalent (TE) g−1 DW), TBARS (80.30% inhibition) and NO (10.10 μM mL−1 nitrite formed). REM demonstrated that extract presents antiglycation activity similar to Bovine serum albumin treated with Aminoguanidine; additionally, it showed 22% free amino groups. In silico assay demonstrated that orientin exhibited the highest interaction with DNA and the best docking score with elastase and collagenase. Therefore, the present study showed the protective properties of P. cincinnata hydroethanolic extract against oxidative stress and glycation. It also showed the presence of polyphenols and flavonoids, and their interaction with DNA and enzymes.

Study the Pharmacognostic profile, Antiradical and Hepatoprotective potential of Carissacarandas Linn. fruit extract.

Carissa carandas Linn. is a thorny shrub (Family: Apocynaceae), commonly called as Karonda. The shrub can be grown in tropical and subtropical climate region. The objective of the experimental work was to analyse the efficacy of fruit extract of C. carandas Linn. with respect to hepatoprotective property using supportive evidence of in vitro and in vivo antiradical activity. The antioxidant activity of ethanolic fruit extract was determined by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide free radical scavenging assay, using Ascorbic acid as standard drug. Oral administration of C. carandas Linn. ethanolic fruit extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) revealed a considerable marked protection property against acute hepatotoxicity induced by the carbon tetrachloride, moreover that has been evaluated in terms of biochemical parameters. Administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induce amplified levels of serum biomarker enzymes including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the blood serum with attenuated in-vivo antioxidant enzymes levels such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase in hepatic tissues. The administration of fruit extract would reduce the CCl4- induced hepatic toxicity; these effects may be due to presence of phytochemicals including carbohydrates, tannins, phenolic components and flavonoids. However, HPLC and TLC studies would ensure the presence of gallic and quercetin in the ethanolic fruit extract of the plant. In conclusion, the ethanolic fruit extract of C.carandas Linn. exhibits significant hepatoprotective activity which could be partly imputed to its both in-vitro as well as in-vivo antioxidant property, together with effective total phenolic and total flavonoid content and thus concedes for further findings.

Synergistic antioxidant activity of selected medicinal plants in Brunei Darussalam and its application in developing fortified pasta.

Developing functional foods by utilizing plants can often lead to compromised sensory properties. Thus this study investigates the combination of plants to produce synergistic effects and to incorporate these plant powders into a pasta formulation without affecting its sensory acceptance. Six common Brunei medicinal plants were evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant activity determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (IC50 ), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenziazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay. Aqueous extracts of Amaranthus tricolor, Breynia androgyna, Manihot esculenta, Polygonum minus, Apium graveolens and Coriandrum sativum were prepared. Breynia androgyna had the highest FRAP value of 74.3 ± 5.33 mg g-1 ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE), with DPPH IC50 antioxidant activity of 70.3 ± 3.14 μg mL-1 and ABTS scavenging activity of 44.0 ± 2.80 mg g-1 AAE. This correlates well with the total flavonoid, flavonol and phenolic content (50.5 mg g-1 gallic acid equivalents (GAE), 50.6 mg g-1 GAE and 24.3 mg g-1 GAE, respectively). Plant species powders were combined in pairs and evaluated for their synergistic antioxidant properties. With potential synergistic plant mixtures, fortification of these mixtures into functional food can be developed to improve its overall antioxidant capacity. Based on the synergistic IC50 results of these mixtures, three fortified pastas were formulated by incorporating selected plant powder combinations of Amaranthus tricolor + P. minus, Apium graveolens + P. minus, and P. minus + B. androgyna into wheat pasta at 1:100 (w/w). Fortification of pasta with the plant powder blends resulted a significant increase in DPPH antioxidant activity, while successfully maintaining indistinguishable features from the control pasta, including minimal cooking loss, agreeable measure of cohesiveness, springiness and chewiness, with good overall sensory acceptability. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of antioxidant activity of the leaves of Begonia picta smith

Like most other plants begonia picta smith contains various secondary metabolites with great potentials. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the phytochemicals by using quantitative and qualitative analysis of Petroleum ether , Chloroform, Methanol extracts ,with the help of standard methods as well solvent residual analysis byGCHS The findings from quantification and phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, reducing sugars, Phenols, proteins, amino acids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids,Antioxidant activity was determined by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH)scavenging method, nitric oxide scavenging method, reducing power assay method and Inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were calculated. the residual solvents present in the three herbal extract also in current specified limits. Evaluation of In Vitro Anti-Oxidant activity reveals that methanolic extract is most potent as compare to other extracts by taking Ascorbic acid as standard. This information clearly represent that the plant Begonia picta smith is the good source of dietary antioxidant.