Determine Soil Moisture Research Articles

Geographic analysis of soil moisture recorded and estimated in Erbil governorate

Calculating of soil moisture and its monitoring is one of the important processes of water balance and sustainable agriculture. The intended goal of this study is to determine soil moisture values in Erbil Governorate and reveal the correlation coefficient and the degree of influence between its values with the elevation and total annual rainfall. The importance of the study lies In its discussion of the accuracy of extracting soil moisture values using satellite images, by comparing its results with the soil moisture values recorded in the governorate’s climate stations, the study reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is: The results of using satellite images to estimate soil moisture are inaccurate. It is closer than guessing, and the results of applying the linear regression process indicated that there was a significant statistical relationship between the soil moisture values recorded with the two factors of elevation and the total annual rainfall, where the probability values were less than 0.01 and the values of the degree of influence between them reached 0.583 and 0.491 for each of them, respectively.‏

IMPLEMENTASI SISTEM MONITORING KELEMBABAN TANAH, PH TANAH DAN INTENSITAS CAHAYA TANAMAN LAHAN TERBUKA DENGAN WSN BERBASIS MODUL NRF24L01

Soil conditions such as moisture, pH, and light intensity at BBPP Lembang are still conventionally monitored by testing soil samples in the laboratory. Therefore, this research aims to develop a monitoring system to determine soil moisture, soil pH, and light intensity in real-time. This research uses NRF24L01 module, which enables wireless communication between sensor nodes and gateway. Sensor tests for soil moisture, soil pH, and light intensity as well as data validation at the gateway and transmission range testing were conducted through ten experiments on sensor nodes and gateways and thirty experiments to measure transmission range at distances of 40 m, 100 m, 150 m, and 200 m with or without obstructions such as trees and buildings. The test results show that the soil moisture sensor has an average error of 5.765%, soil pH 2.515%, and light intensity 0.075%. Thus, the Gateway is able to transmit data with 0% error for soil moisture, soil pH, and light intensity. Test results at a distance of 40m showed 100% data transmission with and without obstructions. However, the received data dropped by about 7% at distances of 100m, 150m, and 200m, with no obstructions, and 27% - 47% when obstructions, such as trees and buildings, were present due to signal interference.

On Various Soil Moisture Measurement Techniques Available in the Literature

The sustainability and health of soil associated with its productivity and health are closely related to soil moisture. The amount of water or moisture in the soil is an important parameter in the mobility of nutrients in the soil, in soil reclamation studies, and in the washing-transportation and mixing of fertilizers and other chemicals applied to the soil into the ground water. On the other hand, it has become important today not only to minimize water consumption but also to accurately measure the amount of moisture in the soil so that proper amount of water that the plant needs can be circulated to the root zone of the plant. In this context, information was given about various measurement methods for determining soil moisture (direct and indirect - thanks to correlations) existing in the literature, and among these studies, especially the studies on microwave methods were examined. Comparison results of the dielectric constant values obtained for three different soil samples with different gravimetric volumetric moisture rates by one of the calibration-independent non-resonant microwave measurement methods, which has a high application potential and is different from the existing calibration-requiring microwave measurement methods, and the dielectric constant values predicted by the Mironov model in the literature are presented. The comparison result showed that this new type of microwave measurement method has a high potential for measuring the moisture value of soil samples

Effect of Prolonged Action of Mineral Fertilizers under Conditions of Temperature Stress on Silage Maize Yield in the Steppe Zone of the Southern Urals

In modern agriculture in the Southern Urals, an important agronomic technique is to counteract drought. Of particular importance in increasing the feed base is the cultivation of maize for silage, which ensures maximum yields in extreme conditions. The aim of the study was to determine the potential possibilities of increasing the yield of green mass of maize for silage under the influence of temperature stress in conjunction with the prolonged action of mineral fertilizers and precursors in arid conditions. The study was carried out in the central zone of the Orenburg region from 1993 to 2022 on a stationary site with the southern carbonate heavy loamy chernozem soils with a humus content of 3.2–4.0%. The experiment was carried out with and without mineral fertilizers. The content of nitrate nitrogen in the soil was determined by the ionometric method of Tyurin, mobile phosphorus – by Machigin, exchangeable potassium – by Maslova. A thermostatic-weight method was used to determine soil moisture. On average, over 30 years of research, when cultivating maize for silage in a 6-field crop rotation, an increase in yield was noted with the use of mineral fertilizers from 0.23 to 0.84 t/ha. The annual application of mineral fertilizers in permanent sowing of maize provided an increase in the yield of green mass of 2.51 t/ha. In years with severe aridity, the yield of leaf-stem mass on a fertilized background decreased by an average of 1.61 t/ha. In very dry years, maize plants consumed less nitrate nitrogen (by 2 or more times) than in years with different humidity, but at the same time, potassium consumption increased.

Determining soil moisture with Sentinel-1 image

Determining soil moisture with Sentinel-1 image

FEATURES OF FORMING WATER AVAILABILITY FOR WINTER WHEAT IN THE SOUTH OF UKRAINE

The article examines the importance of considering several factors affecting the soil water regime in the context of developing models for forecasting productive soil moisture reserves. It was established that the main factors, such as the type of soil, its density, and mechanical composition, remain constant in different soil and climatic regions of Ukraine. The second group of factors, such as air temperature, precipitation, and soil moisture, are subject to changes throughout the growing season and even over short periods. Therefore, the dynamics of soil moisture as a function of the main variables, such as average air temperature and precipitation, was considered using calculations. Initial moisture reserves are used in the calculations for more accurate forecasting of moisture reserves at the end of a specified period. Hydrothermal conditions considered as predictors in the regression equation are also used. The reliability of the conducted research is confirmed by the analysis of independent input and output information from the Kherson weather station in the period from 2018 to 2021 regarding the actual reserves of productive moisture in the soil at a depth of 0 - 20,0 - 50 and 0 - 100 cm. The average error between actual and calculated data did not exceed +13,5%. It confirms the reliability and precision of the conducted research making it the basis for further analyses and conclusions. The conclusions noted the need for accurately determining soil moisture to effectively manage agrometeorological conditions and optimize crop yield. The authors believe that the research work presented in this article can significantly contribute to developing modern approaches to water availability in agriculture and agrometeorology. That will contribute to the gradual and improved development of soil moisture forecasting methodology, which is key to ensuring sustainable and productive development in agriculture.

LABORATORY DETERMINATION OF THE MAXIMUM DENSITY AND OPTIMAL HUMIDITY OF LARGE-BLOCK SOILS

he purpose of our field research was to develop and select a method of work on laying and compacting the material of large-block soils, ensuring the receipt and determination of maximum density and optimal soil moisture. On the basis of these studies, technical conditions for the construction of thrust prisms are further drawn up. This article presents the results of the work performed with a brief methodology of field and laboratory research. The article provides data characterizing the material intended for installation in the body of the dam. The currently existing methods for determining the control parameters of laying large-block soils are contradictory and require experimental work. A number of parameters are taken into account: grain composition, humidity, density. Therefore, the article considers a laboratory method for determining the maximum density and optimal humidity of stone material when laying in the body of the dam. The results of the research carried out on the development of our quarry area, the thickness of the uncompacted layer was determined, the choice of a sealing mechanism, the number of passes along one track, the determination of the density of dry soil in experimental field sites intended for use in filling the body of the dam, graphs of the required densities for full-scale grain composition are presented. The strength properties of the stone material were determined experimentally for the average grain composition and for the upper curve of the accepted “fish”

Soil Moisture Determination by Normalized Difference Index Based on Drone Images Analysis

Soil Moisture Determination by Normalized Difference Index Based on Drone Images Analysis

Influence of coir pith application on soil moisture distribution with different irrigation regimes of aerobic rice (Oryza sativa) cultivation under trickle irrigation system

An experiment was conducted during the summers of 2019 and 2020 at the AICRP Water Management field, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu to study the effect of coir pith application on soil moisture distribution of aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different irrigation regimes. Treatment consisted of 3 irrigation regimes, viz. I1 , Trickle irrigation at 120% Pan Evaporation (PE); I2 , 100% PE, and I3 , 80% PE. Experiment separately, maintained the surface irrigation of IW: CPE 1.20 as control. The well-composed coir pith @375 kg/ha was spread over the raised beds and leveled well with surface soil. Soil samples were collected in vertical and horizontal directions for determining soil moisture by gravimetric method. Soil moisture appropriation was plotted graphically as contour maps used by the surfer. Results revealed that trickle irrigation at 120% PE with coir pith application improved the yield attributes of aerobic rice compared to surface irrigation (IW: CPE 1.20) owing to coir pith’s favourable hydrological and physical properties to hold and spread the water in the raised bed area.

SISTEM PENYIRAMAN DAN PEMUPUKAN OTOMATIS BERBASIS INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) DENGAN PEMANTAUAN ANTARMUKA APLIKASI ANDROID

Technological developments in the field of agriculture are now expanding widely, various modern tools must be owned to assist farmers in cultivating plants. The owners of the chili plants do watering and fertilizing by collecting water or fertilizer and then giving it to the plants one by one. This is not a problem if the plant owner has free time. However, if the plant owner is busy with other things or is having business that makes the plant owner unable to care for the plant, then this becomes a problem because when the plant does not receive sufficient care, the plant will easily wither and die. Seeing the existing problems, this research will design a system that can automatically water and fertilize plants based on IoT with monitoring from an Android application. The design of this system uses an Arduino microcontroller as a controller, the nodeMCU esp2688 wifi module to send data from the sensor to the web server, a soil moisture sensor to determine soil moisture, a real time clock (RTC) for fertilization scheduling and a relay as an automatic switch on the water pump. This system aims to help the activities of farmers who still use physical force to water and fertilize plants. The IoT-based automatic watering and fertilizing system uses the prototype development method, namely by collecting system requirements, building prototyping, evaluating prototyping, coding the system, testing the system, evaluating the system and using the system

Study on design, construction and testing of cosmic-ray soil moisture observing system in Vietnam

The newly-developed cosmic-ray method for measuring area-average soil moisture at the hectometer horizontal scale is being implemented in the COsmic-ray Soil Moisture Observing System (or the COSMOS). The stationary cosmic-ray soil moisture probe measures the neutrons that are generated by cosmic rays (or Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensing-CRNS) within air and soil and other materials, moderated by mainly hydrogen atoms located primarily in soil water, and emitted to the atmosphere where they mix instantaneously at a scale of hundreds of meters and whose density is inversely correlated with soil moisture. The CRNS technique has been known for more than 10 years and validated by many scientific publications in the world. In Vietnam, a country greatly affected by global climate change, this is the first time this technique has been implemented and applied. Together with other traditional methods for soil moisture determination such as point measurement and remote sensing, CRNS technique will effectively contribute to the real-time monitoring of drought, prediction of flash floods and landslides, or planning irrigation in smart agriculture. This paper is written to introduce the results of the COSMOS-VINATOM project of the Ministry of Science and Technology. We describe the cosmic-ray soil moisture measurement method and the design of a specific COSMOS using advanced technologies in neutron and muon detector, signal processing and data transmission.This system has also been tested in the field in Xuan Canh commune, Dong Anh district, Hanoi, Vietnam with initial positive results.

Sistem Monitoring dan Penyiraman Otomatis Pada Bibit Sawit Berbasis Android

The quality of oil palm fruits is very important, and effective seedling care is one of the techniques to produce quality oil palm seedlings. However, seedling care is often constrained by watering, because seedling owners cannot control oil palm seedlings at all times. The purpose of this project is to create a tool and mobile application used to control soil moisture and automatic watering based on android In this study, sensor testing and interviews were used as data collection methods. To determine soil moisture, this system uses a soil moisture sensor. Then the NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller will process the data obtained from the sensor, after which the data will be stored in real time in the Firebase realtime database. Android applications made with the Java programming language can be used for monitoring. This system can facilitate the owners of oil palm seedlings in controlling and watering the seedlings, even though they are traveling, the owner of the seedlings can control the oil palm seedlings using the Android application, so that with regular seedling care it will produce quality oil palm

Interplay of Soil and Plant Characteristics in Determining Soil Moisture Content in Sal Forest

This research paper delves into the intricate dynamics between soil and plant characteristics and their combined influence on soil moisture content in Sal forests. Sal (Shorea robusta), a dominant tree species in various parts of Asia, plays a crucial role in forest ecosystems, particularly in terms of water cycling and soil fertility. This study utilizes a multidisciplinary approach, encompassing soil science, botany, and environmental physics, to dissect the factors influencing soil moisture retention in these forests. The methodology involves a comprehensive analysis of soil propertiesand plant traits. The paper posits that a synergistic relationship between these soil and plant characteristics significantly impacts soil moisture levels, with implications for forest health and management. Findings from this research not only contribute to a deeper understanding of Sal Forest ecosystems but also offer practical insights for sustainable forest management practices, particularly in the context of climate change and water scarcity. Through its novel integration of various scientific disciplines, the study highlights the complexity of forest ecosystems and the need for holistic management approaches that consider both soil and plant factors in maintaining ecological balance.

PRODUCTIVITY OF FORAGE CROPS IN THE STEPPE ZONE OF THE NORTHERN KAZAKHSTAN

The article presents the results of a comparative evaluation of unconventional annual forage crops based on their productivity in the steppe zone of the Northern Kazakhstan. The subjects of the study were varieties and hybrids of Sorghum-sudan grass hybrids, Zea mays, Echinochloa frumentacea and Pennisétum gláucum. The relevance of the topic lies in the selection and introduction of new, more productive and drought-resistant forage crops for the steppe zone of the Northern Kazakhstan. The objectives of the study are to examine the features of growing forage crops in the steppe zone of the Northern Kazakhstan; conduct a comparative assessment of the productivity of forage crops; and identify the most promising forage crops for cultivation in the steppe zone of the Northern Kazakhstan. The scientific significance of the paper lies in obtaining new data on the comparative productivity of various forage crops in the conditions of the steppe zone of the Northern Kazakhstan. The study used the following research methods: the experimental method by B.A. Dospekhov, the vegetation accounting method by D. Braun, and the soil moisture determination method by N.M. Bakayev; laboratory analyses; and mathematical processing of yield data. The study results showed that the sorghum-sudan grass hybrid had the highest yield: 209.1 c/ha of green mass and 32.6 c/ha of dry matter. Corn and the sorghum-sudan grass hybrid showed a balanced content of crude protein and crude fiber in the forage. The yield of Echinochloa frumentacea and Pennisétum gláucum is lower but still sufficiently high compared to corn and the sorghum-sudan grass hybrid.

Assessing Horton and Kostiakov models focused on estimating soil water infiltration

Water infiltration into the soil plays key role in proper soil and water conservation and management processes. The aim of the current study is to assess water behavior in soil infiltration processes by using the Horton and Kostiakov models. Double-ring infiltrometer method was used to determine water infiltration into the soil. In addition, soil samples were collected at depths of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm, to determine soil moisture. Cumulative infiltration (IA) and instantaneous infiltration rates per time interval (TiR) were calculated. Equations describing the investigated phenomena were adjusted, according to the Horton and Kostiakov models. High water infiltration rate was observed at the beginning of the process, likely due to low moisture level at the top soil layer. Both models tend to underestimate the initial infiltration rate value. However, the Horton model tends to overestimate most of the instantaneous infiltration values up to 25 minutes. The Kostiakov model, on the other hand, tends to overestimate most of the instantaneous infiltration rate values after 80 minutes. Despite the large fluctuation observed in TiR values in the soil, the assessed models have satisfactorily described the infiltration behavior at the experimental site. Based on the heat map analysis, the Kostiakov model was the one capable of determining the infiltration values closest to actual one.

RESULTS OF USING SPECTRORADIOMETERS FOR IN SOIL MOISTURE OF MONGOLIAN STEPPE ECOSYSTEM

Abstract. Determining soil moisture remains an important issue in environmental, agricultural, and crop fields. The use of remote sensing data in the study of soil surface moisture has many benefits, such as: saving time, resources, and money, as well as monitoring soil condition (surface soil moisture). Based on point data from field measurements, can be used to obtain results of soil moisture. The importance of this study is highlighted by the useof spectral measurements and laboratory-determined moisture content of a variety of soils with different geographical conditions spread over three different natural zones, combined with satellite data. The purpose of this research is to determine and analyse surface soil moisture using Sentinel-2 satellite data and Spectro radiometric measurements. For this research area, four areas representative of forest steppe, steppe, and Gobi eco-regions of Mongolia were selected, field research was conducted, data were collected, and Sentinel-2 satellite data was processed and analysed. According to the results of the spectral reflectance measured during the field research, the high reflectance of the wet soil spectrum in the forest field, and the low reflectance of the spectrum representing the Gobi region, respectively, this create the possibility of studying soil moisture by spectral measurement and analysis. The relationship between the spectral reflectance of the red (665 nm) and near-violet (842 nm) light regions shows that the soil of the forest-steppe region is relatively moist compared to the soil of the Gobi region and that the Gobi soil is drier, and the field soil is drier, and these parameters are confirmed by laboratory analysis. A model developed from a linear relationship between field-measured spectrometer reflectance and laboratory-determined moisture provides a formula that can be used for regular monitoring of moisture content using the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) estimated from satellite data. Surface soil moisture (%) = −44.133*NDWI − 11.553. The NDWI calculated from the spectroradiometer compared to the humidity determined in the laboratory had a linear correlation of R2=0.74 or 74%, and when comparing the humidity calculated from Sentinel-2, the agreement was high. In terms of space, the results calculated from satellite data show that the forest and steppe areas have relatively high humidity compared to the Gobi region, and the total area representing the Gobi region has a lower moisture content. Based on these results, it is considered that it is possible to continuously determine the amount of moisture from satellite data using NDWI (surface soil moisture) in a certain space-time range and use it for soil control and monitoring.

Wavelet analysis for quantifying NavIC-IR multipath signal frequency with the aim of determining soil moisture in agricultural fields

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the potential of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) multipath signals for soil moisture retrieval, specifically focusing on Navigation with Indian Constellations (NavIC). Utilizing GNSS-Interferometric Reflectometry (IR) techniques, wavelet analysis is employed to extract the low-frequency signal sensitive to soil moisture from the reflected multipath signals. The reconstructed low-frequency multipath signal is then subjected to Lomb-Scargle Periodogram (LSP) analysis to determine multipath frequency. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis reveals the dependency of multipath frequency on field soil moisture, particularly in the presence of vegetation. The sensitivity varies across different crop growth stages, categorized by crop height. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) for crop height less than one wavelength was 0.81 and for greater than one wavelength it was 0.67. The sensitivity of multipath frequency for soil moisture was 0.48 rad s−1 cm3 cm−3 and 0.47 rad s−1 cm3 cm−3 for crop height less than one wavelength and crop height greater than one wavelength respectively.This research underscores the potential of GNSS-IR techniques, incorporating wavelet analysis and LSP, for soil moisture sensitivity, especially in areas with varying vegetation and crop growth stages.

Surface Soil Moisture Determination of Irrigated and Drained Agricultural Lands with the OPTRAM Method and Sentinel-2 Observations

Surface soil moisture (SSM) is one of the factors affecting plant growth. Methods involving direct soil moisture measurement in the field or requiring laboratory tests are commonly used. These methods, however, are laborious and time-consuming and often give only point-by-point results. In contrast, SSM can vary across a field due to uneven precipitation, soil variability, etc. An alternative is using satellite data, for example, optical data from Sentinel-2 (S2). The main objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of SSM determination based on S2 data versus standard measurement techniques in three different agricultural areas (with irrigation and drainage systems). In the field, we measured SSM manually using non-destructive techniques. Based on S2 data, we estimated SSM using the optical trapezoid model (OPTRAM) and calculated eighteen vegetation indices. Using the OPTRAM model gave a high SSM estimating accuracy (R2 = 0.67, RMSE = 0.06). The use of soil porosity in the OPTRAM model significantly improved the results. Among the vegetation indices, at the NDVI ≤ 0.2, the highest value of R2 was obtained for the STR to OPTRAM index, while at the NDVI > 0.2, the shadow index had the highest R2 comparable with OPTRAM.

Regionalization of Root Zone Moisture Estimations from Downscaled Surface Moisture and Environmental Data with the Soil Moisture Analytical Relationship Model

Root-zone soil moisture (RZSM) plays a key role in the hydrologic cycle and regulates water–heat exchange. Although site observations can provide soil profile moisture measurements, they have a restricted representation. Satellites can determine soil moisture on a large scale, yet the depth of detection is limited. RZSM can be estimated on a large scale using the soil moisture analytical relationship (SMAR) and surface soil moisture (SSM). However, the applicability of the SMAR to different deep-root zones and covariate sources is unclear. This paper investigates the applicability of the SMAR in the Shandian River Basin, upstream of the Luan River in China, by combining site and regional soil moisture, soil properties, and meteorological data. In particular, we first compared the estimation results of the SMAR at different depths (10–20 cm; 10–50 cm) and using covariates from different sources (dataset, SMAR-P1; literature, SMAR-P2) at the site in order to generate SMAR calibration parameters. The parameters were then regionalized based on multiple linear regression by combining the SMAR-P1, SMAR-P2, and SMAR calibration parameters in the 10–50 cm root zone. Finally, the Shandian River RZSM was estimated using regional surface soil moisture and the aforementioned regionalized parameters. At the site scale, diffusion coefficient b obtained in the 10–20 cm root zone at the same depth as the surface layer exceeded the upper limit of the SMAR by one. This is not fit an environment within the site context, and thus the SMAR is not applicable at this particular depth. The opposite is observed for the 10–50 cm root zone. In addition, SMAR-P1 (RMSE = 0.02) outperformed SMAR-P2 (RMSE = 0.04) in the estimation of the RZSM at 10–50 cm. Parameter regionalization analysis revealed the failure of SMAR-P2 to pass the significance test (p > 0.05) for building a multivariate linear model, while SMAR-P1 successfully passed the significance test (p < 0.05) and finished the parameter regionalization process. The median RMSE and median R2adj of the regional RZSM results were determined as 0.12 and 0.3, respectively. The regional RZSM agrees with the spatial trend of the Shandian River. This study examines the suitability of the SMAR model in varying deep-root zones and with diverse covariate sources. The results provide a crucial basis for future utilization of the SMAR.

Comparing quasi-3D soil moisture derived from electromagnetic induction with 1D moisture sensors and correlation to barley yield in variable duplex soil

Farms in Western Australia (WA) are highly variable in soil texture and water retention capacity; therefore, information of soil moisture spatial variability in the field is important for effective crop management. In practice, farmers often rely on point sensors to determine soil moisture in their fields for crop planning. The limitation of point measurements to account for spatial variability highlights the need to develop methods that can assess soil moisture across variable broadacre fields. This information can enable more effective site-specific crop management practices. In this study, we used a mobile non-intrusive electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor to map soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) to predict soil moisture levels at three different depths (0–0.5, 0.5–0.8 and 0.8–1.6 m) across the field and compared it with barley yield production. To convert the depth specific electrical conductivity (EC) from EMI surveys into soil moisture estimates, calibrations between electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) to volumetric moisture were used. These calibrations were developed for the different soil textural classes of the field, with R2 of 0.97–0.99. There was no significant difference between the estimated soil moisture from EMI surveys and the point moisture measurements obtained from soil moisture sensors and soil sample extracts, with Pearson R values of 0.64 for 0–0.5 m depth and 0.73 for 0.5–0.8 m depth. Additionally, correcting the temperature drift relative to the measured soil temperature on EMI surveys by 10% in dry season and 31% in wet season, improved the moisture estimation results. This study successfully demonstrated the effectiveness of spatial soil moisture estimation using EMI sensor in a field characterized by horizontal and vertical soil texture variability. However, no significant correlation was found between the mapped soil moisture or soil texture with barley yield. This may be due to relatively high initial moisture levels resulting from two years of fallow rotation.