Determination Of Vancomycin In Serum Research Articles

A green synthesis route to develop molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for selective detection of vancomycin from aqueous and serum samples

• Fabrication of a green sensor for the analysis of vancomycin. • Green synthesis of TiO 2 nanoparticle incorporated alginate molecularly imprinted polymer for the design of the electrochemical sensor. • Real sample analysis in spiked serum and tap water samples with good accuracy. • A highly sensitive and selective method with an LOD value of 2.808 pM in the linear range of 0.01–0.1 nM. Developing rapid, cost-effective, and "green" approaches to achieve environmental sustainability is currently one of the most important issues for addressing water pollution problems. This study presents a green process that relies on a sensitive molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor fabricated on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using alginate and TiO 2 to determine vancomycin (VAN). The Alginate@TiO 2 /MIP-GCE sensor was found to show excellent efficiency for target molecule recognition. In the experimental study, parameters such as template: polymer ratio, drying time, dropping volume, removal solution and time, and rebinding time, which affect the sensor response, were optimized. The electrochemical behavior of the designed sensor was investigated using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Under optimum conditions, the linear range and limit of detection were found to be 10–100 pM ( r = 0.996) and 2.808 pM, respectively. Satisfactory recovery results were obtained for the determination of VAN in serum and tap water samples. Furthermore, the sensor displayed good repeatability and stability for VAN detection. Finally, Analytical GREEnness Metric Approach and Software (AGREE) was applied to evaluate the greenness profile of our method. The fabricated sensor not only had high selectivity and sensitivity but also was developed via a quite green route in terms of the solvents and methods used throughout the experiment.

Establishment and evaluation of UPLC method for concentration determination of vancomycin in serum

Establishment and evaluation of UPLC method for concentration determination of vancomycin in serum

A Novel Method for the Determination of Vancomycin in Serum by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Its Application in Patients with Diabetic Foot Infections.

A novel, precise, and accurate high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (Q-trap-MS) method was developed, optimized, and validated for determination of vancomycin in human serum using norvancomycin as an internal standard. Effect of different parameters on the analysis was evaluated. ZORBAX SB-C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) using water (containing 0.1% formic acid, v/v)–acetonitrile (containing 0.1% formic acid, v/v) as a mobile phase was chosen. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration ranges of 1 to 2000 ng/mL for vancomycin. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for vancomycin were 0.3 and 1.0 ng/mL. Recoveries were between 87.2 and 102.3%, which gave satisfactory precision. A total of 100 serum samples (from 50 patients with diabetic foot proven Gram-positive infection and 50 nondiabetic patients with pneumonia requiring hospitalization and antibiotic therapy) were analyzed by this method. The trough vancomycin concentrations of diabetic foot infection (DFI) patients and nondiabetic patients were 8.20 ± 2.83 μg/mL (range: 4.80–14.2 μg/mL) and 15.80 ± 5.43 μg/mL (range: 8.60–19.5 μg/mL), respectively. The method is sensitive, precise, and reproducible, it could be applied for routine laboratory analysis of vancomycin in serum samples.

Simple and rapid quantification of vancomycin in serum, urine and peritoneal/pleural effusion via UHPLC–MS/MS applicable to personalized antibiotic dosing research

Management of the therapy of life-threatening bacterial infection is extremely based on an optimal antibiotic treatment. Achieving the correct vancomycin dosage in blood and target tissues can be complicated in special situations, e.g., where large fluid sequestration and/or acute renal failure occur.A UHPLC–MS/MS method operating in electrospray (ESI) positive ion mode was applied for the determination of vancomycin in serum, urine and peritoneal/pleural effusion. Sample pretreatment was composed of dilution and simple protein precipitation where only a small volume (50μL) of serum, urine or peritoneal/pleural effusion was required. The separation of vancomycin was performed on a Meteoric Core C18 BIO column (100×4.6mm, 2.7μm) by gradient elution with 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile. The total time of analysis was 4.5min. The method was found to be linear in the range of 2–60μM (or 0.5–10μM) for serum, 0.27–10μM (or 2–60μM) for peritoneal/pleural effusion and 25–300μM for urine, which was adequate for the determination of vancomycin in patient samples. The intra- and inter-day precision was below 8% RSD, and accuracy was from 89 to 104%.The UHPLC/MS–MS method offers a fast and reliable approach to determine vancomycin concentrations in three different human body fluid samples (serum, urine and peritoneal/pleural effusion) with a simple sample pretreatment that was the same for all selected specimens. This method should be applicable to large sample series in clinical (pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic) studies.

Sample Cleanup Using Solid-Phase Dispersive Extraction for Determination of Vancomycin in Serum

A cleanup method employing quick and simple solid-phase dispersive extraction (SPDE) was investigated for its potential use in the determination of vancomycin (VCM) in serum by liquid chromatography/mass-spectrometry (LC/MS). SPDE was observed to be more rapid than conventional cartridge-type solid-phase extraction (SPE). In addition, in the analysis of viscous samples such as serum containing many proteins, SPDE could satisfactorily remove proteins even if deproteinization was not performed beforehand. The limit of detection (S/N = 3) and the limit of quantification (S/N > 10) of VCM by LC/MS were 0.05 and 0.2 ng/mL, respectively. The average recoveries of VCM from pooled serum spiked at 2, 10, and 100 ng/mL were 90.0, 90.8, and 98.6%, respectively. The repeatabilities were 7.5, 6.8, and 2.8%, and the intermediate precision values were 8.5, 6.8, and 7.0%, respectively. This suggests that the developed analytical method combing SPDE is useful for the determination of VCM in serum.

Determination of vancomycin in serum by liquid chromatography–high resolution full scan mass spectrometry

A liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) method was developed for the analysis of vancomycin (VCM) in human serum. The method was based on full scan data with extracted ions for the accurate masses of VCM and the atenolol internal standard obtained by Fourier transform MS. VCM was extracted from serum using strong cation exchange (SCX) solid phase extraction (SPE). The method was found to be linear in the range 0.05–10 μg/ml, which was adequate for quantification of VCM in serum samples, with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.005 μg/ml and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.001 μg/ml. Intra-day precision ( n = 5) was ±3.5%, ±2.5%, ±0.7% at 0.05, 0.5 and 5 μg/ml, respectively. Inter-day precision ( n = 5) was ±7.6%, ±6.4%, ±3.9% at 0.05, 0.5 and 5 μg/ml, respectively. The process efficiency for VCM was in the range 89.2–98.1% with the recovery for the atenolol internal standard (IS) being 97.3%. The method was used to determine VCM levels in patients during peri-operative infusion of the drug, which was found to result in drug levels within the required therapeutic window.

Rapid bioanalysis of vancomycin in serum and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry using on-line sample extraction and parallel analytical columns.

A novel high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method is described for the determination of vancomycin in serum and urine. After the addition of internal standard (teicoplanin), serum and urine samples were directly injected onto an HPLC system consisting of an extraction column and dual analytical columns. The columns are plumbed through two switching valves. A six-port valve directs extraction column effluent either to waste or to an analytical column. A ten-port valve simultaneously permits equilibration of one analytical column while the other is used for sample analysis. Thus, off-line analytical column equilibration time does not require mass spectrometer time, freeing the detector for increased sample throughput. The on-line sample extraction step takes 15 seconds followed by gradient chromatography taking another 90 seconds. Having minimal sample pretreatment the method is both simple and fast. This system has been used to successfully develop a validated positive-ion electrospray bioanalytical method for the quantitation of vancomycin. Detection of vancomycin was accurate and precise, with a limit of detection of 1 ng/mL in serum and urine. The calibration curves for vancomycin in rat, dog and primate were linear in a concentration range of 0.001-10 microg/mL for serum and urine. This method has been successfully applied to determine the concentration of vancomycin in rat, dog and primate serum and urine samples from pharmacokinetic and urinary excretion studies.

Determination of Vancomycin in Serum Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Serum Direct Injection

Determination of Vancomycin in Serum Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Serum Direct Injection

Column-Switching High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Vancomycin in Serum

Concentrations of vancomycin in serum were measured by an automatic high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) micromethod. Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic with broad application in the therapy of gram-positive infections. As this drug is potentially nephro- and ototoxic, a method to maximize its therapeutic benefit while minimizing the risk of toxicity is desirable. This fully automated HPLC method did not involve a sample pretreatment step. The configuration of the apparatus permitted a solid phase extraction of the serum sample on two precolumns filled with a reversed-phase material, followed by a chromatographic separation of the sample constituents on an analytical column. The reversed phase analytical column (muBondapak C18) was flushed with a mobile phase of water-acetonitrile-triethylamine, 870: 130: 4 (vol/vol/vol); the pH was adjusted to 3.0 with orthophosphoric acid. Precision was expressed as the coefficient of variation (CV), which was always < or = 4.13% for intra- and inter-assays (n = 10) in the range 2-50 micrograms/ml. We compared this specific HPLC determination to an enzyme-multiplied immunoassay (EMIT). Fifty clinical samples obtained from patients under vancomycin therapy were assayed by each method and results compared using a linear regression analysis. There was a significant correlation between results from HPLC and EMIT: EMIT = 0.51 + 1 x HPLC (r = 0.963; p < 0.0001). The rapidity and specificity of this HPLC micromethod make it suitable for use in the monitoring of serum levels of vancomycin and for use in pharmacokinetic studies of this antibiotic.

Determination of vancomycin in serum and tissues by column liquid chromatography using solid-phase extraction

Determination of vancomycin in serum and tissues by column liquid chromatography using solid-phase extraction

Simplified liquid-chromatographic determination of vancomycin.

We simplified determination of vancomycin in serum by using a direct and rapid solvent precipitation of protein and by using a simple organic compound as internal standard. Reproductibility of the vancomycin retention time was improved by modifying the mobile phase. Data obtained by fluorescence polarization immunoassay correlated well, and there was little bias between the two methods. The present method is sufficiently rapid to make this a practical choice for many laboratories.