Determination Of Species Composition Research Articles

Видовой состав паразитов крови рыб (Pisces) водоемов Волгоградской области: обзор исследований

The aim of this article is generalization of literary sources on blood parasites of fish in water bodies of the Volgograd region and determination of species composition. The material for the study was all the publications available to the authors on fish blood parasites in the Volgograd region. Methods used: comparative data analysis, descriptive statistics methods. Results indicate that the fish blood parasite fauna includes about 18 species belonging to 2 types (Euglenozoa, Sporozoa), 2 classes (Kinetoplastidea, Coccidea), 3 families (Cryptobiidae, Trypanosomatidae, Haemogregarinidae), and 3 genera. In view of the lack of reliable information about the findings of Cryptobia barbiand Trypanosoma acerinae in the blood of fish from the Volgograd region, their habitation in the study area is debatable. This report is preliminary, and the proposed species composition needs to be clarified. Practical significance: the obtained information can be used as a guide for the study of the parasite fauna of commercial fish species in the reservoirs of the Volgograd region, the implementation of preventive measures, and the monitoring of the epidemiological situation in the region.

Determination of species composition and effective of plant extracts to prevent the eggs-lay of fruit flies, Bactrocera spp. infesting jackfruit

Determination of species composition and effective of plant extracts to prevent the eggs-lay of fruit flies, Bactrocera spp. infesting jackfruit

Хроническая фистула для изучения микробиома слепой кишки кролика

Abstract. The purpose of this work is to approve a device for studying the microbiome of the gastrointestinal tract of mammals. The study of the quantitative and qualitative composition of the digestive tract microbiota is one of the promising directions in metagenomics. Knowledge obtained about the organization of microbiocenosis genome, the determination of species composition and study of metabolic relationships between its representatives not only expand the understanding of its role in the process of evolution, speciation and breeding but also provide a scientifically substantiated basis for targeting changes in the microbiome to form a phenotype (optimization of feed bioconversion, increasing overall resistance, etc.). Scientific novelty. For the first time, the main characteristics of cellulolytic bacteria isolated from the chyme of the rabbit cecum were isolated, cultured and described through a chronic fistula. Methods. In order to carry out research aimed to study mammalian microbiome and its correction, the need arises to develop methods of obtaining microbiome samples from experimental animals. To obtain access to the chyme of the cecum in 7 rabbits for up to 3 months the chronic fistulas developed in Scientific Research Institute of Fur-Bearing Animal Breeding and Rabbit Breeding n. a. V. A. Afanas’ev were installed. No negative manifestations were observed in the animals after installation of the fistulas, no changes in appetite were detected, and complete healing of the skin wound was determined on the 9th day. Diagnostic laparotomies performed 3 months after fistula placement revealed no pathological processes in any of the studied animals. Results. Characteristics of cellulolytic bacteria of the rabbit cecum Butirivibrio fibrisolvens and Ruminococcus flavefaciens were studied. Data on their enzymatic effects on dietary components, fermentation products, digestion and formation of organic substances and chemical compounds are presented.

Methodological Aspects of Determining Type, Age, and Origin of Archaeological Wood: The Case of Fort Nadym

Archaeological studies in the forest-tundra zone of Western Siberia are highly relevant to studying the material culture, social structure, and ethnic history. The presence of permafrost ensures the unique preservation of organics in cultural layers, including timber, which makes it possible to conduct dendrochronological studies (calendar dating of samples, determination of species composition, typological analysis, and the source of the timber origin). In 2011–2012, during the excavations at Fort Nadym, 347 samples of wood were selected for the assessment of the age of wooden structures. The results showed that most samples belonged to three species of trees: Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.), Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.), and Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour). The typological analysis revealed that walls were mostly built from spruce, pine logs, and half-logs, whereas the floors were made from larch and pine. To assess the origin of wood, a new methodological approach was proposed. As a result, it was demonstrated that the main building material was driftwood. This has allowed us to make more accurate interpretations and to specify the years of construction. The analysis indicates three periods of construction / reconstruction: the 1450s–1460s, 1470s–1480s, and 1520s–1570s. The new approach can be applied to other wooden monuments located on the banks of major water arteries of the Siberian forest-tundra zone.

The role of nectariferous plants in the attraction of coccinellids (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Goal. To evaluate the role of nectarines in attracting coccinellid in the agrocenosis of spring wheat.
 Methods. Field experience on the effect of nectarines to attract coccinellid; accounting ladybirds on the plot of nectarines and sowing of spring wheat in accordance with standard methods; laboratory — determination of species composition of ladybirds. The study was conducted in the 2017—2019 years. at the experimental field of the National scientific center «Institute of agriculture of NAAS of Ukraine» in the Department of plant protection against pests and diseases (Kiev region, Kiev-Svyatoshinsky district, town Chabany).
 Results. Updated the species composition of coccinellid in modern conditions on nectarines. Identified eight types of ladybirds, among which Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus, 1758 and Hippodamia variegata Goeze, 1777 are the dominant species. Reflected seasonal population dynamics of ladybirds. Identified a high effect of attracting coccinellid on the dill, where their average number was much higher than on some other options. Given the average number of ladybugs on spring wheat during the accounting period.
 Conclusions. Considering the useful role of representatives of the family Coccinellidae (Latreille, 1807) on crops, it is necessary to improve the practical use of entomophages and engaging coccinellid in agrocenoses with overseeding nectarines. Culture that attracts the entomophagous defined by dill (40.0 specimen/100 sweep net). More diverse species composition was observed coccinellid on Vick spring (six species). The average number of ladybirds over the growing period of spring wheat amounted to: land adjacent to nechernozeme to 16.7 ind./100 sweep net, control of 9.4 ind/100 sweep net. Such an advantage underscores the need of interplanting of plants that attract coccinellid in agrocenoses.

Features of phytosanitary condition of rose cultivars of miniature garden group of the collection of the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens

The objective of the research is the identification of dominant species of phytophagans and the determination of species composition of causative agents of phytopathogenic diseases of garden group of miniature rose cultivars. Methods of research . Species composition of pests was studied by visual inspection of generative and vegetative organs 1 time in 7-10 days. Samples of affections were analyzed under a binocular microscope in the laboratory. The frequency of pests’ occurrence was determined on a 3-point scale. The assessment of garden roses infestation with fungal diseases was carried out on a natural infectious background on a 5-point scale. Results and discussions. The study was performed on 49 cultivars, of which 46 were introduced species, 3 cultivars were of breeding of the Nikitsky Gardens. As a result of the research, three species of phytophagans belonging to three orders of the class Insecta - Homoptera , Lepidoptera Acarina were revealed. Green rose aphid (Macrosiphum rosae L.), rose moth (Archips rosana L.), twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) were most commonly observed during the growing season. In 2016, the focus of reproduction of an invasive species - cattony cushion scale (Icerya purchasi Maskell) was found for the first time on the cultivar of the miniature group Rouletii. The species composition of pathogens of phytopathogenic diseases was identified, the most harmful of which are: powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa (Wallr)). Lev.), black spot (Marsonina rosae (Lib.) Died, rust (Phragmidium tuberculosis J.). Conclusion. The cultivars that are resistant to fungal diseases mainly dominated in the garden group of miniature roses. For the stable expression of this feature, it is necessary to create optimal conditions for cultivation: the use of preventive sprays with biological preparations or low-risk pesticides and compliance with the regime of agricultural activities. On the base of complex cultivar study, cultivar evaluation and phytosanitary evaluation of roses of the miniature garden group of the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens’ collection, an assortment for flower decoration was developed, including 46 cultivars for group planting, which can be recommended for landscaping parks, squares, streets in the populated areas of the Crimea.

Discussion of species composition for flow field’s temperature reconstruction by opticaltomography

Species composition is one of the important factors which could affect the temperature reconstruction from the experimentally measured refractive index by optical computerized tomography (OCT) technology. For the sake of improving the precision of parameter reconstruction so as to better solve the quantitative characteristic of OCT methods in flow fields’ parameter diagnosis, the effect of species composition is studied in this study. The typical flow fields are divided into two types, with and without chemical reactions, and the determination of species composition is discussed in detail. The involved results are benefit to better apply the OCT methods in various flow fields’ real-time diagnosis and measurement.

Stock assessment of juvenile sturgeons in the Iranian water of the Caspian Sea by bottom trawl survey

The sturgeon stock assessment was performed to aim at estimation of absolute and relative abundance and determination of species composition at lower 10 m depths using the Si-Sara2 RV vessel in the Iranian coasts of the Caspian Sea in Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces during 6-30 September 2011-2012. In this study, 40 stations were selected on the basis of stratified random sampling design and then the stock estimation was performed using the swept area method. The study was carried out using bottom trawling with 9 m head rope. The time and speed of trawling in each station were 30 minutes and 2.5 knots respectively. The Catch per Unit of Effort (CPUE) in 2011–2012 were 7.03 and 6.96 individuals per trawling, respectively. The catch per unit of area in these years were found to be 1662 and 1644 fish in nm2, respectively. Total abundance of sturgeon juveniles was 13,327,164 individuals in 2011. So, the species composition included A. persicus (87.8%) and A. stellatus (12.2%). Total abundance of sturgeon juveniles was found to be 14,364,882 individuals in 2012 and the species composition comprised A. persicus (61.4%) and A. stellatus (38.6%). In 2011 the biomass of sturgeons in Iranian coastal water of the Caspian Sea was 295 tons and the composition of biomass included A. persicus (81.5%) and A. stellatus (18.5%), respectively. In the cruises conducted in 2011, this amount was estimated to be 217 tons comprising A. persicus (54.2%) and A. stellatus (45.8%), respectively. The results of this study in 2011–2012 showed remarkable abundance of juvenile sturgeons in Iranian coastal waters of the Caspian Sea in late summer and early autumn. So, by conserving these valuable stocks, the number of spawners will be increased in the future.

The influence of species composition on flow field's optical computerized tomography diagnosis

The species composition is one of the factors which could affect the refractive index of flow fields. So, the determination of species composition should be a key point, when optical computerized tomography (OCT) methods are applied to measure the key parameters of flow fields. In this paper, the influence of species composition on flow field's temperature diagnosis will be discussed both in theory and experiment. The final results manifest that the determination of species composition could affect not only the specific temperature values, but also the structure and distribution of the temperature. Meanwhile, it is also found that the nonlinear regular of the maximal temperature variation with the distance between the cross section and nozzle is the same in different models. Finally, the condition, which could be applied to judge whether the effect of species composition can be omitted, is proposed.

The Relationship between Macrophyte Assemblages and Selected Environmental Variables in Reservoirs of Slovakia Examined for the Purpose of Ecological Assessment

ABSTRACT: According to the requirements of the European Water Framework Directive, the Member States of the European Union are obliged to assess and report on the ecological potential of heavily modified and artificial water bodies; water reservoirs on rivers were also designated among them. The objective of this study was to gain more knowledge about macrophyte assemblages in reservoirs in Slovakia, where it was necessary to start analyses leading to the ecological assessment. The research was carried out in 14 multipurpose reservoirs during the vegetation seasons 2008–2010. Analyses focused on the determination of species composition considering the similarity between reservoirs, the impact of selected environmental variables on species composition and evaluation of the Macrophyte Biological Index for Lakes (IBML) in relation to its use for ecological assessment. In total, 60 taxa of macrophytes were identified. More than 90% of all determined taxa are indicators of IBML. The statistical analysis perfor...

Complexity and information propagation in hydrological time series of mountain forest catchments

Ecosystem analysis is typically done by determination of species composition, structural exploration, determination of matter and energy fluxes and/or system analyses based on deterministic or probabilistic/stochastic model approaches. However, regarding ecosystem dynamics, temporal structure, information content, complexity of signals, and their modifications when subsequently passing through different subsystems, have not intensively been studied to date. Structure in time series characterised by information and complexity measures may provide additional, powerful tools to analyse state and dynamics of ecosystems. Along their path through ecosystem compartments, e.g., hydrological signals are transformed in several ways, comprising changes in randomness, autocorrelation structures, and smoothness. Thus, time series analyses with complexity and information measures are of interest for a holistic understanding of ecosystem behaviour and early indications of natural and anthropogenic disturbances of ecosystems such as ecosystem degradation and climate change. Further, these measures provide additional criteria for the calibration of model parameters, tests of model validity, and determination of the necessary degree of complexity of process models. In this paper, we present the outcome from applications of information and complexity measures to hydrological time series in two climatically different forest ecosystems in South Germany and southern Ecuador. Information and complexity measures are different for different parameters but ecosystems of the same type such as mountain forests exhibit similar behaviour. We hypothesise that complexity of hydraulic time series increases with the number of abiotic and biotic variables involved in the generating process of the time series. Thus, complexity should reach a minimum in the precipitation signal which is controlled by abiotic, atmospheric factors only, and reach a maximum in the root zone where the interaction of abiotic and biotic variables is high. Hydrological time series under study cover the sequence of hydrological signals from open precipitation, throughfall, sapflow, water fluxes in the soil compartment and system discharge. We detected pronounced data aggregation and transformation effects of hydrological signals along their path through subsystems in terms of information propagation. We further found similar patterns in different ecosystems of the same general type. As a result of intensive abiotic and biotic interactions, a pronounced maximum of complexity was found in the moisture signal of the soil compartment.

Effects of T4 lysozyme release from transgenic potato roots on bacterial rhizosphere communities are negligible relative to natural factors.

Rhizosphere bacterial communities of two transgenic potato lines which produce T4 lysozyme for protection against bacterial infections were analyzed in comparison to communities of wild-type plants and transgenic controls not harboring the lysozyme gene. Rhizosphere samples were taken from young, flowering, and senescent plants at two field sites in three consecutive years. The communities were characterized in a polyphasic approach. Cultivation-dependent methods included heterotrophic plate counts, determination of species composition and diversity based on fatty acid analysis of isolates, and community level catabolic profiling. Cultivation-independent analyses were based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rRNA gene fragments amplified from rhizosphere DNA using primers specific for Bacteria, Actinomycetales, or alpha- or beta-Proteobacteria. Several bands of the DGGE patterns were further characterized by sequence analysis. All methods revealed that environmental factors related to season, field site, or year but not to the T4 lysozyme expression of the transgenic plants influenced the rhizosphere communities. For one of the T4 lysozyme-producing cultivars, no deviation in the rhizosphere communities compared to the control lines was observed. For the other, differences were detected at some of the samplings between the rhizosphere community structure and those of one or all other cultivars which were not attributable to T4 lysozyme production but most likely to differences observed in the growth characteristics of this cultivar.

Determination of Species Composition in the Enallagma Damselfly Assemblages of Permanent Lakes

In this study I investigated the important ecological interactions that contribute to maintaining a striking species distributional pattern for the Enallagma damselflies (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) among lakes that do and do not support fish populations. One group of Enallagma species is found as larvae only in lakes containing fish, while the remaining Enallagma species are found as larvae only in fishless lakes. I performed observational and experimental studies to evaluate the importance of water chemistry, competition among the Enallagma species, and predators of the Enallagma species in maintaining the two discrete assemblages. The results of observational studies suggested that water chemistry could not account for the pattern of species distributions, but that differences in predator compositions and competition among the Enallagma species may. Quantitative sampling indicated that dragonfly larvae were the most abundant invertebrate predator group in both lake types, with each lake type supporting a characteristic set of dragonfly species, as in the damselflies. Fish were also potentially major predators in lakes containing fish. Also, Enallagma densities in both lake types were among the highest reported in the literature, suggesting that density—dependent competitive interactions may potentially contribute to maintaining the Enallagma species distributions. The results of laboratory and field experiments demonstrated that predation by large dragonflies in fishless lakes and predation by fish in fish—containing lakes are two major environmental factors maintaining the Enallagma species distributions. When simultaneously offered two Enallagma species in the laboratory, one from the fishless lake group and one from the fish—containing lake group, fish consumed more individuals of species from the fishless lake group, but all dragonfly species, regardless of lake type affiliation, consumed more individuals of species from the fish—containing lake group. The results of field experiments in which I transplanted Enallagma species between the lake types showed that large dragonflies in fishless lakes and fish impose much greater mortality on Enallagma species with which they do not coexist than on those with which they do. Other field experimental results indicated that density—dependent competitive interactions among the Enallagma species were only apparent in the fishless lakes, affected species from both groups similarly, and altered their growth but not their survival. The results of this study are discussed in the context of overall community organization and the consequences to the evolution of species.

Meiofauna of the industrialised estuary and Firth of Forth, Scotland

SynopsisKnowledge concerning the meiofauna of the Forth is reviewed and extended by presentation of the results of new surveys of the intertidal and subtidal provinces of the estuary. Most of the published information concerns the influence of sewage pollution on shores of the firth. Before 1979, the meiofaunal communities of sandy beaches along the Edinburgh coastline exhibited reduced species richness, although certain taxa displayed enhanced densities. Improvements in the sewage treatment process have initiated a phase of meiofaunal recovery.In the estuary the salinity regime plays a key role in the determination of species composition, although the influence of local changes in sediment type and stability is recognised. Meiofaunal communities of lower shore mudflats in different salinity zones of the estuary are described. Pollution plays a major modifying role. In the upper reaches of the estuary, which suffer oxygen depletion in summer, only nematodes and oligochaetes were recorded in the oligohaline zone and impoverished nematode and copepod faunas in the mesohaline zone. In the polyhaline zone discharges from the industrialised region around Grangemouth modify meiofaunal community structure over an extensive area of mudflat. The subtidal meiofauna of the lower estuary is briefly described, particularly with respect to the copepods. Impoverishment again occurs in the vicinity of Grangemouth.