Determination Of Power Consumption Research Articles

Optimization of operational parameters using central composite design in the peroxi‐alternating current‐electrocoagulation process for the pollutant removal with determination of power consumption from industrial wastewater

AbstractThe utilization of electrochemical and advanced oxidation technologies for industrial wastewater (IW) treatment has grown in popularity during the last two decades. The effectiveness of several methods for treating IW, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), direct‐current (DC) and alternating‐current (AC)‐electrocoagulation (EC), and the combination of H2O2 with DC/AC‐EC (H2O2‐DC/AC‐EC) processes were all investigated. In comparison to the H2O2, DC/AC‐EC, and H2O2‐DC/AC‐EC technologies, the results showed that the H2O2‐AC‐EC process produced 100% total colour and 100% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency with a low power consumption of 4.4 kWhm−3. The H2O2/AC‐EC technology was optimized for treating IW using a response surface methodology approach based on a central composite design using a five‐factor level. Utilizing statistical and mathematical techniques, the optimum parameters were determined to minimize consumption of power (1.02 kWhm−3) and maximum COD elimination (75%). The experimental parameters comprised the following: H2O2 of 600 mg/L, current of 0.65 Amp, pH of 7.6, COD of 1600 mg/L, and treatment time (TT) of 1.26 h. When using a Fe/Fe electrode combination with the wastewater pH of 7, the COD removal efficiency was shown to be enhanced by increasing the TT, current and H2O2, and decreasing the COD concentration. The synergistic impact, quantified as the combined efficiency of eliminating % COD utilizing the H2O2, AC‐EC, and H2O2/AC‐EC procedures, was found to be 15.75%. Therefore, employing a hybrid H2O2‐AC‐EC approach is considerably more effective in treating IW.

Relation between Scale-Up and Life Cycle Assessment for Wet Grinding Process of Pumice

This study examines the grinding process of pumice based on the dry and wet laboratory measurements, scale-up method, and life cycle assessment. This research’s main goal was to set up the relation between scale-up and life cycle assessment results for the wet grinding process with the help of mathematical equations. Within the first research works, basic grinding testing in a laboratory dry Bond mill was accomplished. This step allowed the description of the estimated particle size distribution, median particle size, specific grinding work, and grindability index number of pumice. The second step was the determination of power consumption and scale-up in a laboratory stirred media mill, and it involved the assessment of resources, primary energies, and environmental impacts of wet grinding using GaBi 8.0 software. According to the results, we obtain life cycle emission factors by introducing five coefficients for grinding in laboratory and industrial conditions. These constants depend on the external dimensions of the mill and can be expressed by a derived scale constant from the scale-up. Research results enable the industry to make a prognosis for industrial plants based on the integration between life cycle assessment and scale-up of the pilot grinding processes.

Sono-alternating current-electro-Fenton process for the removal of color, COD and determination of power consumption from distillery industrial wastewater

In this study, a variety of electrochemical and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), such as sono (US), US/hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), direct/alternating current-electro-Fenton (DCEF / ACEF), and sono-direct/alternating current-electro-Fenton (US + DCEF / US + ACEF) processes were compared in terms of their ability to remove a certain percentage of color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from distillery industrial wastewater (DIW), as well as their impact on the amount of power required to treat the wastewater. According to experimental findings, the hybrid US + ACEF process produced complete color-100% and COD-100% removal efficiencies with a lower power consumption of 3.40kWhr m−3 than single like US, DCEF, ACEF processes, and hybrid US/H2O2 and US + DCEF processes. The consequences of significant operational parameters such as treatment time (30–210 min), sonication power (20–100 W) current density (0.1–0.6A dm−2), pH (1–5), COD concentration (1500–7500 mg L−1), inter-electrode distance (1–4 cm), H2O2 concentration (100–350 mg L−1), pulse duty cycle (0.14–1.00) and combination of electrode (Al/Fe, Al/Al, Fe/Fe, Fe/Al) on the % COD removal efficiency and power consumption of DIW were investigated by using hybrid US + ACEF process. The synergistic index and water recovery between US and ACEF process were also investigated and reported in this work. When compared to the other processes, the US + ACEF method is the most appropriate since it can be used effectively and efficiently to remove pollutants from wastewater and industrial effluent.

Removal of color, COD and determination of power consumption from landfill leachate wastewater using an electrochemical advanced oxidation processes

The comparison of photo (UV), electro-Fenton and photo-electro-Fenton process on the removal of % color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) along with power consumption on landfill leachate wastewater was investigated. Experimental results showed that, the hybrid photo-electro-Fenton process yielded higher color (100%) and COD (97%) removal efficiencies with lower power consumption (3.10 kWhr/m3) than the photo and electro-Fenton processes alone. Effect of major operating parameters such as current density (0.07–0.35 A/dm2), solution pH (1.5–5), inter-electrode distance (0.75–3 cm), hydrogen per oxide (H2O2) concentration (75–450 mg/L), COD concentration (1000–5000 ppm) and UV power (8–32 W) on the % COD removal efficiency and power consumption of landfill leachate were investigated. The direct and alternating current photo-electro-Fenton process was studied and reported on the % COD removal and power consumption. The alternating current photo-electro-Fenton process is most suitable in comparison to the direct current photo-electro-Fenton process and can be applied effectively and efficiently for the removal of pollutant from wastewater.

Removal of pollutants with determination of power consumption from landfill leachate wastewater using an electrocoagulation process: optimization using response surface methodology (RSM)

Treatment of landfill leachate wastewater by electrocoagulation process using an aluminium electrode was investigated in a batch electrochemical cell reactor. Response surface methodology based on central composite design was used to optimize the operating parameters for the removal of % color and % total organic carbon (TOC) together with power consumption from landfill leachate. Effects of three important independent parameters such as current density (X1), inter-electrode distance (X2) and solution pH (X3) of the landfill leachate sample on the % color and % TOC removal with power consumption were investigated. A quadratic model was used to predict the % color and % TOC removal with power consumption in different experimental conditions. The significance of each independent variable was calculated by analysis of variance. In order to achieve the maximum % color and % TOC removal with minimum of power consumption, the optimum conditions were about current density (X1)—5.25 A/dm2, inter-electrode distance (X2)—1 cm and initial solution of effluent pH (X3)—7.83, with the yield of color removal of 74.57%, and TOC removal of 51.75% with the power consumption of 14.80 kWh/m3. Electrocoagulation process could be applied to remove pollutants from industrial effluents and wastewater.

Specifics of Studying Crushability of Construction Rocks

Objectives: The existing techniques of studying crushability of rocks are based on the determination of power consumption and aggregate size of the resulting products. Given that during disintegration of the construction rocks it is required to retain rock strength in the crushed stone grains, to improve methodology for crushability assessing is an urgent task. Method: When choosing a method to study crushability of rocks it should be considered that the processes of disintegration in various crushing machines have different mechanisms of action, the most accurate forecast figures are provided by the technique using the destruction mechanism similar to an industrial crusher. A deformation field is created in the entire volume of the body under the load, which leads to a change in the structure and strength of the products formed. In this regard, the strength of crushed stone grains being a final product of disintegration is introduced as an additional indicator that characterizes crushability of rocks. Findings: The article presents the results of studying crushability of construction rocks by different methods. It was found that porosity, particle size, grain shape and loading effort application rate are the factors affecting the strength of crushed stone grains. Mechanical stresses undergone by the rocks during blasting and disintegration result in increased porosity and, consequently, reduce strength. Theoretical dependence of increased strength while reducing the fraction size appears for gabbro-diabases being homogeneous in texture. For granites that are non-uniform in composition and texture there is no unique relationship between the strength and the fraction size. Increased grain cubicity of crushed stone enhances its strength. The study of the crushing kinetics revealed that with decreased loading rate the strength of granite crushed stone having high porosity is reduced, while the strength of the low-porous crushed stone made of gabbro-diabase remains practically unchanged. When choosing a crushing method, either shock or static one, it is necessary to take into account, first, the size of the crushed objects and, second, mineral composition and texture-structural features of the rocks. Improvements: The results obtained are of practical value in selecting rational processing technology and relevant equipment, as well as in the crushing process management to reduce energy costs and improve product quality.

Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Mechanically Agitated Air - Aqueous Sucrose Solutions

Abstract The aim of the research presented in this paper was determination of power consumption and gas hold-up in mechanically agitated aerated aqueous low concentration sucrose solutions. Experimental studies were conducted in a vessel of diameter 0.634 m equipped with high-speed impellers (Rushton turbine, Smith turbine or A 315). The following operating parameters were changed: volumetric gas flow rate (expressed by superficial gas velocity), impeller speed, sucrose concentration and type of impeller. Based on the experiments results, impellers with a modified shape of blades, e.g. CD 6 or A 315, could be recommended for such gas-liquid systems. Power consumption was measured using strain gauge method. The results of gas holdup measurements have been approximated by an empirical relationship containing dimensionless numbers (Eq. (2)).

Determination of Power Consumption in Rotary Equipment

A procedure is presented for determination of specific energy outlays with a minimum number of structural dimensions and no empirical coefficients. The correctness of use of this method is confirmed experimentally (discrepancy between computed and experimental data does not exceed 10%).

Determination of power consumption and volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient in bioreactors

A torque meter has been developed for determining the power consumption in a bench stirred tank. The device has been bonded in the stirrer shaft inside a commercial bench fermentor, in order to avoid frictional losses in the mechanical seal. Power consumption measurements in ungassed and gassed systems were obtained at different agitation and aeration conditions, for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. Also, a “simple modified sulfite method” for volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (kLa) determination was developed and the experimental data were correlated with the gassed power (Pg) by using well-known correlations presented in the literature.

Determination of power consumption in calendering

Determination of power consumption in calendering

Studies on mixing. XVI. Exact determination of power consumption of rotational mixers

Studies on mixing. XVI. Exact determination of power consumption of rotational mixers