Determination Of Limit Values Research Articles

Metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene after low-dose subchronic exposure to an industrial mixture of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rats: a cocktail effect study.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are interesting environmental pollutants for understanding cocktail effects. High-molecular-weight-PAHs (HMW-PAHs) are classified as probable or possible carcinogens; only benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is a certain carcinogen in humans. Their toxicity depends on their metabolic activation. While 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHB[a]P) represents its detoxification pathway, trans-anti-7,8,9,10-tetrahydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (tetrol-B[a]P) represents the carcinogenicity pathway. The objective was to study the metabolism of B[a]P and HMW-PAHs during chronic low-dose exposure to B[a]P or a PAH mixture. Rats were exposed orally 5 times/week for 10weeks to low-levels of B[a]P (0.02 and 0.2mg.kg-1.d-1) or to an industrial mixture extracted from coal tar pitch (CTP) adjusted to 0.2mg.kg-1.d-1 B[a]P. Urinary levels of monohydroxy-, diol-, and tetrol-PAH were measured during weeks 1 and 10 by HPLC-fluorescence and GC‒MS/MS. After 1 week, the percentages of B[a]P eliminated as 3-OHB[a]P and tetrol-B[a]P were not different depending on the dose of B[a]P, whereas they were reduced by half in the CTP group. Repeated exposure led to an increase in the percentages of the 2 metabolites for the 0.02-B[a]P group. Moreover, the percentage of B[a]P eliminated as 3-OHB[a]P was equal in the 0.2-B[a]P and CTP groups, whereas it remained halved for tetrol-B[a]P in the CTP group. The percent elimination of HMW-PAH metabolites did not vary between weeks 1 and 10. Thus, dose, duration of exposure and chemical composition of the mixture have a major influence on PAH metabolism that goes beyond a simple additive effect. This work contributes to the reflection on determination of limit values and risk assessments in a context of poly-exposures.

Human detection thresholds of DC, AC, and hybrid electric fields: a double-blind study

BackgroundIn the course of the ongoing transition of electric energy systems, transmission corridors are often upgraded to higher voltages and other technologies leading to another quality of human exposure. The study aims to determine human detection thresholds for direct current (DC), alternating current (AC), and hybrid electric fields (various DC; constant AC).MethodsA total of 203 participants were exposed to DC, AC, and hybrid electric fields (EFs) in a highly specialized whole-body exposure laboratory using a double-blind experimental setting. Additionally, the participants were exposed to ion currents in part of the DC and hybrid sessions. To investigate environmental influences, relative humidity was changed in two subgroups during EF perception. Methods derived from the signal detection theory and the adaptive staircase procedure based on the single interval adjustment matrix were used to assess individual sensitivity and detection thresholds, respectively.ResultsThe results indicated that detection thresholds of hybrid EF were lower compared to single EF presentation of DC or AC. Ion current exposure enhanced EF perception. High relative humidity facilitated DC EF perception, whereas low relative humidity reinforced the perception of AC EFs.ConclusionsWith this systematic investigation of human perception of DC, AC, and hybrid EFs, detection thresholds were provided, which can help improve the construction processes of energy transmission systems and the prevention of unwanted sensory perception by contributing to the determination of limit values.

LEGAL PROTECTION OF DISADVANTAGED DEBTOR CUSTOMERS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF OBJECT EXECUTION AUCTION PROCEDURES IN BANK CREDIT AGREEMENTS

In the process of granting credit, it often happens that the creditor loses when the debtor defaults so that legal rules are required in the implementation of the imposition of the mortgage as stated in a credit agreement, which aims to provide legal certainty and protection for the parties concerned. So, it raises a lawsuit for the cancellation of the auction. Based on these problems, this research aims to answer problems regarding the auction implementation of mortgage rights against debtors who are negligent by the Bank, limits on the determination of the auction limit value for the object of guarantee rights of security rights, and legal protection for bank customers for auction that does not match the value of a collateral object. This study uses an empirical juridical method by conducting literature studies and interviews with informants. The research and discussion results found that: First, the implementation of the mortgage right execution auction can be used as an alternative when bad credit occurs as a result of the customer (the debtor) in default to his creditor. The Bank, as the creditor, has the right to collect receivables from the sale of the object of the mortgage, which is guaranteed by an auction mechanism following the provisions of Law Number 4 of 1996 concerning Mortgage Rights for Land and Other Objects Related to Land. Mortgage rights in the credit agreement have a function to provide a sense of security for creditors in case of default by the debtor through the mortgage’s execution. Second, the limit value’s determination must be determined based on an appraiser’s assessment. So that if the determination of the limit value is so low, it can be used as one of the reasons for the auction’s cancellation. This is based on the provisions of Article 43 and Article 44 of the Regulation of the Minister of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia Number 27/PMK.06/2016 concerning Instructions for Conducting Auctions. Third, as a guarantee of legal protection for customers, if there is a loss due to implementing an auction that is not based on applicable legislation.

The Implementation of Parate Executie of Mortgage under Plateau Price in an Effort of Solving Bad Loan (Analysis on Verdict of Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 471 K/Pdt/2015)

The objectives of this present research are: 1) to know and to analyze legal consideration done by judges towards limit value under plateau price from auction object in the implementation of Mortgage Parate Executie as the Effort to Solve Bad Loan; 2) to achieve legal certainty in determining limit value in the implementation of Mortgage Parate Executie in order to achieve legal justice in the community. In this research, the writers conduct judicial normative; this research is descriptive-analytical; data obtained are based on secondary data by doing library research and document study. From this research result, it is known that: 1) judges’ verdict in case of the implementation of mortgage parate executie is determined by the approach used by the judges to adjudicate. In the case study researched, the judge tends to consider good attention from the auction holder. Therefore, if the technical regulation regarding to auction, the judge assumes that the auction has been done legally although the determination of limit value by the auction appellant is not reliable from scientific method side in determining it; 2) the effort that can be done in order that the implementation of mortgage parate executie can run well is by doing revision of implementation regulation from technical guidelines of auction. It is in order that State Assets and Auction Service Office can be given authorities to conduct correction towards limit value determination of mortgage object determined by the auction appellant.

LEGAL PROTECTION OF THE DEBTOR CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION OF NONPERFORMING LOANS BY AUCTION OF LIABILITY WARRANTIES

The resolutions of non-performing loans with tendering guarantee Encumbrance Often bring up the resistance of the debtor in the form of Civil Lawsuit filed to the District Court the which is due to the complexity of the auction and Several weaknesses inherent in the Mortgage Law. Issues that will be Examined is the debtor regarding the cause of the resistance and constructing legal protection for the debtor, the which will then be Analyzed by Juridical reasons debtor resistance and constructing legal protection for debtors. Resistance debtor raises the conception of the construction of legal protection to the debtor will be maintained, as well as the Law on Consumer Protection the which regulates legal protection for debtors and Also Provides protection against collateral in the debtor from the arbitrariness of the determination of the limit value by "tendering Crime" in the tendering process the security object security rights. Weakness contained in UUHT and determination of limit values of objects in the tendering process encumbrance Become the subject matter of this study. For it is very important that creditors be cautious in making loans to its customers, in the handling of non-performing loans,

KONSTRUKSI PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM DEBITUR DALAM PENYELESAIAN KREDIT BERMASALAH DENGAN PELAKSANAAN LELANG JAMINAN HAK TANGGUNGAN

The resolutions of non-performing loans with tendering guarantee Encumbrance often bring up the resistance of the debtor in the form of Civil Lawsuit filed to the District Court whichis due to the complexity of the auction and several weaknesses inherent in the Mortgage Law. Issues that will be examined is the debtor regarding the cause of resistance and constructinglegal protection for the debtor, which will then be analyzed by juridical reasons debtor resistance and constructing legal protection for debtors. With the use of methods of doctrinal research is normative juridical will be reviewed by the study of civil cases in the District Court Majalengka and Cirebon.Research into the problem of resistance debtor caused the weaknesses that exist in the Law on Mortgage in particular Article 6 and Article 20 were used as opportunities in filing opposition by the debtor. Clauses are not clear and are not firmly set on the definition of injury Promise of a debtor, limit the authority becomes the object of Encumbrance, and the main thingis the complexity of the auction mainly related to the determination of the value of the object of encumbrance limit unilaterally by the creditor is considered unnatura.Resistance debtor raises the conception of the construction of legal protection to the debtor will be maintained, as well as the Law on Consumer Protection which regulates legal protectionfor debtors and also provides protection against collateral in the debtor from the arbitrariness of the determination of the limit value by “ Tendering Crime “ in the tendering process the security object security rights. Weakness contained in UUHT and determination of limit values of objects in the tenderingprocess encumbrance become the subject matter of this study. For it is very important that creditors be cautious in making loans to its customers, in the handling of non-performing loans,especially the tendering security rights regarding the value of the object of the tender limit creditors should remain guided by the principles of good faith and respect for the property of a person.

Analyzing of eligibility of complex risks of information security by analytical geometry methods

Requirement for the protection state information resources is determined by the law Ukraine. Complex systems of information protection or information security management system is rooted for this. It is necessary to determine eligibility of criteria risk levels and set their limit values during development of such systems. This task is assigned to the owner or manager of information asset. Determination of limit values of risk levels allows to draw the line between acceptable and unacceptable risk. Presence of such limits provides an opportunity to make informed decisions about necessary risks processing and attracting the necessary resources. Therefore, the main purpose is presenting the approach to analyzing the levels acceptability of complex information security risks using mathematical tools of analytical geometry and assumptions concerning the analogy between the additive model of complex risk with equation of line. This line is reflected in the area and defines the boundary, predefined risk levels. The analogy equation of the line with the equation of finding two risk values of threats to security informative asset for a given level of total risk shows as an example. The location of “boundary line” is defined and proven, also considered various options for its intersection with other direct. Depending on their relative position became possible the formation of approaches to the definition and classification of officials recommendations who are developing a complex information protection system or the system of information security management. It is allowed to simplify and justify determination of quantitative characteristics of complex risks and contributed to the formulation of further research in n -dimensional area by using the analytical and geometric models.

Traceability of pollutant measurements for ambient air monitoring

Air-quality management is implemented by national monitoring networks. This implies quality assurance of analysis to ensure good traceability of the data obtained that is of great importance for data comparison on temporal and spatial scales and at national and international levels. In this aim, several tools have been established through regulation: definition of the priority pollutants to be monitored; determination of limit values; and, documented standards. These different points are presented in this article and the particular case of measurement of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ambient air highlighted, through discrepancies observed between reference methods, the further efforts that need to be made to achieve a better understanding of the variability of results and the need for developments to enhance air monitoring.

Selected Diagnostic Methods for Machine Tools Acceptance Tests

A quality evaluation of new machine tools, with the example of a milling machine, based on measurements of idle work power, motion resistance, bearing temperature, peripheral clearances in driving system parts and feeding units clearances. The application of computer methods for the determination of limit values of the above quantities regarded as diagnostic signals. An estimation of peripheral clearance limiting values on the basis of driving system parts dimensional tolerances. The relations between manufacturing and assembling accuracy of milling machine driving system parts and diagnostic signals. Proof of the utility of the applied diagnostic methods for detecting and pinpointing the reasons for diagnostic signals limit values being exceeded.