Gender Determination Research Articles

Adoption of clean energy cooking technologies in rural households: the role of women

Abstract Ensuring energy access for rural households is crucial for global sustainable development. Technologies like liquefied petroleum gas, biogas, and efficient cookers are touted as solutions, yet their adoption remains limited despite their potential health, economic, and environmental benefits. We conducted a meta-analysis of 50 studies in developing countries, integrating contextual factors to explore gender and other determinants impacting rural energy transition. Our findings underscore socioeconomic status, social capital, environmental concerns, and gender dynamics as pivotal factors. Notably, women's involvement boosts adoption rates by 7.90 per cent, yet cultural barriers often sideline them from these processes. Thus, our recommendations stress addressing women's roles as energy technology users to foster inclusive energy transitions.

Sex differentiation via the relationship between some morphological measurements of Mystus albolineatus caught from Cai Rang - Can Tho and Long Phu - Soc Trang

This study supplements the gender determination methodology based on the relationship of some morphological indicators in Mystus albolineatus. A total of 229 specimens were caught by trawl nets at Cai Rang – Can Tho and Long Phu – Soc Trang in four months from April to July 2023. After collection, the samples were transferred to the laboratory to determine the total length (TL), standard length (SL), eye diameter (ED), eye distance (DE), body height (BH), head length (HL), and mouth diameter (MD) before surgery to determine the sex based on the gonad. The results showed that the TL-SL regression relationship could be used to determine the sex of this fish. Besides, TL-BH and TL-MD growth relations were relatively balanced in females versus males. In addition, based on SL, DE, and MD, it was also possible to determine whether the sampling time was the wet or dry seasons. These findings form the basis for the initial study of the biological characteristics of this fish in the Mekong Delta.

Sex and Gender Considerations in Orthopaedic Research

Abstract JBJS convened a symposium to discuss the reporting of sex and gender in research studies as an imperative to improve research methods and results to benefit all patients. Barriers to improved reporting include a lack of societal and cultural acceptance of its need; a lack of education regarding appropriate terminology and appropriate statistical methods and efficient study designs; a need for increased research funding to support larger group sizes; unknown concordance of cell and animal models with humans to reflect biologic variables such as sex; and a lack of understanding of key considerations of gender, race, and other social determinants of health and how these factors intersect. Attention to developing and disseminating best-practice statistical methods and to educating investigators (at all career levels), reviewers, funders, editors, and staff in their proper implementation will aid reporting. Concomitantly, well-designed studies with sufficient rigor and adequate resources are essential to enable meaningful and reproducible research. Existing recommendations, such as the Sex and Gender Equity in Research (SAGER) guidelines, provide valuable guidance that can be applied across the research ecosystem. Academic institutions and private foundations are likely groups to assist in scientific and institutional review board guidance and study recruitment and pilot funding to generate meaningful power estimates, and to serve as sources for additional funding and presentation of workshops, educational events, and seminars. All of this needs to be conducted on an ongoing basis to ensure that sex and gender are considered in scientific analyses, where relevant.

Non-destructive detection of male and female information in ducklings based on near-infrared spectral wavelength selection and deep learning

The technology for sex identification in ducklings can contribute to increased revenue and cost savings in modern duck farming. However, traditional manual identification techniques require high skill levels and involve significant labor intensity. In this study, a non-destructive, user-friendly, and efficient duckling sex identification technique was proposed using near-infrared spectroscopy and deep learning algorithms. Spectral data from 600 groups of newly hatched ducklings were collected. These data were divided into training, testing, and validation sets in a ratio of 7:2:1. The raw spectral data was preprocessed using the Savitzky-Golay convolution derivative method, which was employed for subsequent spectral feature wavelength extraction and modeling. The characteristic wavelengths were extracted using competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS), successive projections algorithm (SPA), and uninformative variable elimination combined with SPA (UVE-SPA). Conventional machine learning methods − support vector machine (SVM) and different deep learning models, including multilayer perceptron (MLP), mobile network version 2 (MobileNetV2), and residual neural network (ResNet), were studied and compared. The experiment showed that deep learning algorithms outperform traditional spectral analysis models in terms of classification performance. Furthermore, conducting feature wavelength extraction before constructing the classification model could reduce the model’s testing time and even improve its classification performance. Finally, the four models with better classification performance were validated using a validation set, and the combination of MobileNetV2 model UVE-SPA was selected as the optimized model for ducklings’ gender determination, with a classification accuracy of 98.3 % and an average validation time of 1.1 ms. In summary, the detection model established using near-infrared spectroscopy and MobileNetV2 can achieve non-destructive identification of the gender of ducklings. The findings can provide a preliminary research foundation and technical support for the subsequent design of related online intelligent detection systems.

Gender Determination with foramen magnum using Computed Tomography scans

Gender Determination with foramen magnum using Computed Tomography scans

Reference-based genome assembly and comparative genomics of Calamus Brandisii Becc. for unveiling sex-specific genes for early gender detection.

Calamus brandisii Becc. is an endangered rattan species indigenous to the Western Ghats of India and used in the furniture and handicraft industries. However, its dioecious nature and longer flowering time pose challenges for conservation efforts. Developing markers for early gender detection in seedlings is crucial for maintaining viable populations for in-situ and ex-situ conservation. Currently, no sex chromosomes or gender-specific genes have been reported in the species. We report the first comprehensive comparative genomics study between the male and female genomes of C. brandisii to identify polymorphisms and potential genes for gender determination. Reference-based assembly was conducted and the male and female genomes were predicted to contain 43,810 and 50,493 protein-coding genes respectively. The haploid genome size was ∼691Mb and ∼884Mb for male and female genomes respectively. Comparative analysis revealed significant genetic variation between the two genomes including 619,776 SNPs, 73,659 InDels, 212,123 Structural variants (SVs) and 305 copy number variations (CNVs). A total of 5 male-specific and 11 female-specific genes linked to the sex determining region was predicted. The genomic variants identified between the two genomes could be used in development of markers for early gender identification in C. brandisii for restoration programs. The gender-specific genes identified in this study also provide new insights into the mechanisms of sex determination and differentiation in rattans.

Patterns of identity: Lip prints, tongue prints and mandibular canine width as markers for gender determination—A cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Introduction: Forensic odontology plays a pivotal role in identifying individuals in legal contexts. This study analyses the efficacy of lip prints, tongue prints and mandibular canine width in determining gender, aiming to contribute to the evolving field of forensic dentistry. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 100 participants, analysing lip prints based on Tsuchihashi’s classification, recording tongue shapes and features through the use of alginate impressions and measuring mandibular canine width using a vernier calliper. The findings were reported in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist. Results: In lip prints, Tsuchihashi’s Type I lip print was predominantly found in females, whereas Tsuchihashi’s Type III prevailed in males. Tongue shapes revealed a predominance of pentagonal shapes in males and ovoid shapes in females. The lingual apex was blunt in males and sharp in females. Mandibular canine width was higher in males than females on both the left and right sides. Conclusion: The findings of this study support the use of lip prints, tongue prints and canine width in determining gender as ancillary and supporting methods.

Development and validation of a 5K low-density SNP chip for Hainan cattle

BackgroundThis study aimed to design and develop a 5K low-density liquid chip for Hainan cattle utilizing targeted capture sequencing technology. The chip incorporates a substantial number of functional single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci derived from public literature, including SNP loci significantly associated with immunity, heat stress, meat quality, reproduction, and other traits. Additionally, SNPs located in the coding regions of immune-related genes from the Bovine Genome Variation Database (BGVD) and Hainan cattle-specific SNP loci were included.ResultsA total of 5,293 SNPs were selected, resulting in 9,837 DNA probes with a coverage rate of 85.69%, thereby creating a Hainan cattle-specific 5K Genotyping by Target Sequencing (GBTS) liquid chip. Evaluation with 152 cattle samples demonstrated excellent clustering performance and a detection rate ranging from 96.60 to 99.07%, with 94.5% of SNP sites exhibiting polymorphism. The chip achieved 100% gender coverage and displayed a heterozygosity rate between 14.20% and 29.65%, with a repeatability rate of 99.65–99.85%. Analyses using Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) revealed the potential regulatory roles of exonic SNPs in immune response pathways.ConclusionThe development and validation of the 5K GBTS liquid chip for Hainan cattle represent a valuable tool for genome analysis and genetic diversity assessment. Furthermore, it facilitates breed identification, gender determination, and kinship analysis, providing a foundation for the efficient utilization and development of local cattle genetic resources.

Morphology of ulnar trochlear notch and defining ideal position for olecranon osteotomy

The aim of the study was to calculate the most important parameters of ulna and to determine its gender. Classifying trochlear notch joint surface types and to establish their representation in Serbian population. To determine the ideal position for olecranon osteotomy. The study included 69 bones. Gender determination was performed using digital scale and photographs of the ulna. The bones weight, maximum and physiological length were measured. The place for the ideal position of olecranon osteotomy (projection of the bare area on its posterior wall) was determined on profile images. Gender related, 45 (65.21%) bones belonged to males, 24 (34.79%) ulnas belonged to females. Type I of the bare area was present in 38 (55%) ulnas, type II in 20 (29%), whereas type III was present in 11 (16%) bones. The average value for the ideal position of olecranon osteotomy was 23.02 mm. In males' ulnas, it was 23.22 mm, in females, it was 22.59 mm. Type I of the bare area is the most common type of trochlear notch joint surface in Serbian population. The average value for the ideal position of olecranon osteotomy was 23.02 mm. We believe that a uniform name for the bare area should be established.

Individual Identification and Assessment of Genetic Diversity Using Microsatellite Markers in Racing Pigeons Raised in Turkiye

The implementation of a swift and economical molecular genetic approach, ensuring both efficacy and cost-effectiveness and facilitating population certification, is of utmost significance for breeders and the conservation of Turkiye's native pigeon biodiversity. In this study, we aimed to examine the genetic structure of racing pigeons (Columba livia domestica) raised in Turkiye using a genetic marker panel consisting of eight short tandem repeat (STR) loci. For this purpose, DNA was isolated from the shed feathers of 216 pigeons. Genomic DNA was amplified using the multiplex allele-specific PCR and subsequent capillary electrophoresis with ABI PRISM 3130XL Genetic Analyzer. Next, PCR products were analyzed in the GeneMapper Software program (Applied Biosystems). For parent testing, paternity index (PI), combined paternity index (CPI), and cumulative probability of paternity (CPP) were calculated. Furthermore, population genetic diversity was evaluated using heterozygosity (He), polymorphism information content (PIC), and Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) testing. Results revealed that the total number of alleles is 81 and the number of alleles per locus varies between 4 and 19. The similarity rate between parent and offspring was calculated as 99.99% and above. Since no pedigree information was given when the samples were analyzed, obtaining this similarity ratio demonstrates the reliability of the panel. He values range from 0.362 to 0.919, and the PIC values range from 0.295 to 0.909. Loci PG-1, PG-2, and PG-3 show significant genetic diversity, with moderate to high PIC values reflecting varied allele frequencies in the population. Consequently, the set of seven STR markers (+ one sex marker) can be applied to identify and confirm parentage on a regular basis, thereby facilitating efficient breeding programs and ensuring genetic diversity conservation. This panel enables efficient pedigree analysis and gender determination, optimizing cost-effectiveness. The methodology presented in this study is ideal for pedigree analysis and breed certification in the Turkish pigeon breeding industry. Consequently, we affirm that the study data carries considerable national importance.

Comparison of School-Attending Adolescent Areca Nut Users with Tobacco-Only Users and Those Using Both Substances on Demographic Variables and Behavioral Determinants.

Consumption of areca nut and tobacco, often initiated in adolescence, are important causes of oral cancers in India. Areca nut prevention, often subsumed into school tobacco prevention programs, assumes that users are similar. However, differences in gender or age of users could necessitate unique approaches. The study aimed to find if adolescent areca nut-only users are different from tobacco-only users and users of both areca and tobacco. A cross-sectional survey with school-students attending grades 7, 8, 9 was used to compare differences in age, gender, knowledge, and attitudes among areca nut only users, tobacco-only, users of both, and non-users. Of 1909 respondents, 464 (24.3%) used only areca nut, 25 (1.3%) used only tobacco, 177 (9.3%) used both, and 1243 (65.1%) were never-users. Females, overwhelmingly, consumed only areca nut. Users of both substances, in greater proportions, were male, older in age, and more than half believed that tobacco-users had more friends. A third of tobacco-only and users of both substances found it hard to turn down a friend's request to use compared to a fifth of areca-only and non-users. Differences in gender, age, and behavioral determinants such as subjective norms and perceived behavioral control between the different types of users underlines the need for prevention and cessation programs and policies that are specific to and tailored to their unique profiles and needs.

A Comparative Study of Mandibular Ramus Dimensions between Males and Females in Cadavers from Maharashtra

Abstract Background: The mandible, being a robust bone, remains intact postmortem and can be utilized for gender determination. Morphometric analysis of the mandibular ramus holds significance for anthropologists, anatomists, and prosthetists. This study aims to assess the height and breadth of the mandibular ramus and their association with gender. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 56 cadaveric mandibles (18 female and 38 male). The height and breadth of the mandibular ramus were measured.Results: The mean ± SD for ramus height and breadth on the right side for females was 41.18 ± 4.70 mm and 28.89 ± 2.28 mm, respectively, while on the left side, it was 43.03 ± 3.57 mm and 30.70 ± 7.62 mm, respectively. For males, the mean ± SD for ramus height and breadth on the right side was 47.34 ± 2.88 mm and 33.14 ± 3.26 mm, respectively, while on the left side, it was 47.39 ± 3.88 mm and 32.39 ± 3.85 mm, respectively. Conclusion: The mean ± SD for ramus height and breadth was greater in males than in females. Although this study was conducted on cadaveric mandibles, the mandibular ramus can be utilized for gender determination in medico-legal and forensic cases.Keywords: gender, mandible, morphometry, mandibular ramus

Gender Estimation from 2D:4D Ratio and Hand Morphometry by Using Machine Learning Algorithms

Background: The present study was conducted to estimate gender from 2D:4D ratio and hand mor-phometry taken from participants by using machine learning (ML) algorithms. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted retrospectively on 88 men and 96 women be-tween the ages of 18 and 30 who did not have any pathology, deformity or surgical interventions on their hands. Hand width (HW), hand length (HL), second digit length (2D), and fourth digit length (4D) of the individuals were measured as the right (R) and left (L) side by using digital calliper and recorded in Excel. In addition, the ratio between the second digit and fourth digit (2D:4D) of each individual was also recorded. Results: As a result of ML modelling, 0.92 accuracy was obtained with Random forest (RF) algorithm. With RF algorithm, all of the 16 women and 18 of the 21 men in the test set were estimated accu-rately. With SHAP analyzer of RF algorithm, HW-L parameter was found to have the highest contri-bution in estimating gender. The accuracy rates of the other ML models used in the study were found to vary between 0.78 and 0.89. Conclusions: It was found that 2D:4D ratio and hand morphometry measurements, which are fre-quently preferred in gender determination, have higher accuracy rate when examined with ML algorithms. In our study, we concluded that using 2D:4D ratio and hand morphometry in estimating gender provides accurate and reliable data.

Determination of gender from the foot measurements of Telanganite adults: A cross sectional study

Determination of gender from the foot measurements of Telanganite adults: A cross sectional study

Cephalometric Analysis of Maxillary Sinus for Gender Determination Using Lateral Cephalogram: A Novel Retrospective Study in the North Indian Population.

Underlying disorders of the maxillary sinus (MS), including a history of sinus surgeries, chronic sinusitis, or congenital anomalies can potentially impact sinus function and structure, necessitating careful evaluation and management. Moreover, intact sinuses are crucial in gender determination in forensic anthropology. The present study was undertaken to check the accuracy and reliability of MS in gender determination using morphometric parameters. This retrospective study was carried out on 74 lateral cephalograms (37 males and 37 females) aged between 18 to 50 years from the North Indian population. The MS area was measured using a NewTom CBCT machine (NewTom,Imola, Italy) with slicer software. The anatomical landmarks for the sinus were identified, and the area was calculated in square millimeters (mm2). In terms of surface area, females had a mean of 13,210.40 mm2 with a standard error of 713.46. Males, however, exhibited a higher mean surface area of 18,713.82 mm2, but with a significantly larger standard error of 3,371.70. The difference in MS area between males and females was statistically significant (p<0.01). In the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.77, suggesting good discriminative ability. The MS area on lateral cephalograms shows significant sexual dimorphism. Overall, the findings suggest that the MS surface area can be a useful anatomical feature for distinguishing between male and female North Indian subjects, given the statistically significant difference and the good discriminative performance indicated by the ROC curve analysis.

Analysis of palatal rugae pattern and maxillary sinus index for gender determination.

Correlation between rugoscopy and lateral cephalometric radiographic technique for gender determination is of interest. A cross sectional study was conducted on 100 subjects within an age group of 20 to 50 years. Distribution of rugae patterns and morphometric analysis of maxillary sinus was done for gender correlation. Wavy curved and straight rugae patterns were observed to be more in female gender as compared to males. The mean MSI was higher in females (1.32) when compared with males (1.26). Both the morphometric analysis of maxillary sinus and rugoscopy has been proved to be a valuable tool in the assessment of sexual dimorphism. But, morphometric analysis of maxillary sinus is relatively a new and reliable method for gender determination using maxillary sinus index.

First author gender equality trends in publication of mitochondrial neuro gastrointestinal encephalopathy-MNGIE disease

Mitochondrial neuro gastrointestinal encephalopathy (MNGIE) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic condition caused mainly by thymidine phosphorylates (TP) deficiency and TYMP mutations. Gender equality in scientific publishing is crucial for fostering inclusive practices and promoting diversity in research. This research article conducted a bibliometric analysis using PubMed as the primary data source. The analysis focused on studying the trends and patterns of first author gender equality in the publication of MNGIE disease. The methodology involved data collection, article screening, gender determination using the Namsor app, statistical analysis using R software, and visualization of findings through graphs created with DataWrapper. Our study utilized PubMed as the primary data source, covering the period from 1993 to 2022, and included 224 articles. The findings revealed that 57.6% of first authors were male, while 42.4% were female. Furthermore, the analysis of gender trends based on countries revealed that the Netherlands had the most favorable gender ratio. It revealed a significant association present between the first author’s gender and country. Additionally, selected journals exhibited a favorable gender ratio, with a 1:1 female-to-male ratio in nine out of ten journals examined. ARIMA model predicted that by 2027, approximately 160 publications would have male whereas around 120 publications would have female first authors. Our study highlights the gender discrepancies in first authorship within the context of MNGIE publications and provides insights into the representation of women in medical research. Efforts should be made to address these inequalities and promote gender equality in scientific publishing.

Development and validation of a novel forensic STR multiplex assay for blue (Anthropoides paradiseus), wattled (Bugeranus carunculatus), and grey-crowned crane (Balearica regulorum)

The blue crane (Anthropoides paradiseus), wattled crane (Bugeranus carunculatus), and grey-crowned crane (Balearica regulorum) are species of concern as their populations are declining and they face several threats including habitat loss, disturbance and illegal trade. In South Africa, these species are bred in captivity for trade purposes which is permitted and regulated globally under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Legal sustainable trade through captive breeding of endangered wildlife species such as cranes has been promoted to counteract the illegal trade of individuals from the wild. Captive breeding independent of wild populations may reduce the harvest pressures on wild bird populations which in turn benefit the recovery of exploited species. This approach is considered to be controversial by some individuals. Although captive breeding of endangered species, for both population sustainability and commercial purposes, is promoted to aid in conserving species, concerns have been raised with regards to breeding facilities being used for laundering of animals. To monitor the legal trade of cranes in South Africa a short tandem repeat (STR) assay following recommendations of the International Society for Forensic Genetics (ISFG) was developed and validated. An STR assay comprising of four multiplexes that include 16 STR markers and two gender determination markers was proven to be highly informative with average polymorphic information content (PIC) values of 0.806, 0.646 and 0.725 for A. paradiseus, B. regulorum and B. carunculatus respectively. In addition, the assay showed sufficient discriminatory power for parentage assignment of closely related individuals in all three species (A. paradiseus: PI = 1.7×10−24, PIsibs = 4.7×10−08, and B. carunculatus: PI = 1.4×10−19, PIsibs = 2.9×10−07 and B. regulorum: PI = 1.7×10−12, PIsibs = 5.0×10−05). Analysis of 251 samples suggested that the validated multiplex assay ensures reliability, reproducibility, and repeatability for applications in forensic case work where illegal trade of offspring is suspected through verifying parentage of captive birds in breeding facilities.

Gender Prediction From Foramen Magnum Using Machine Learning Algorithms

Aim; Accurate and highly accurate postmortem identification of the individual is important for forensic sciences. The main element of identification is the determination of gender. The aim of this study is to predict gender with high accuracy using Machine learning (ML) algorithms with parameters of the foramen magnum obtained from Computed Tomography (CT) images. Method; The study was performed on CT images of 214 individuals aged 18-65 years. For. magnum length, width, circumference and area were measured on the images. The measurements were used in ML algorithms for gender prediction and performance values were recorded. Results; As a result of the study, gender prediction results with high accuracy up to 0.84 were obtained with ML algorithms. In addition, it was found that the for. magnum height parameter contributed the most to this high rate with the SHapley Additive exPlanations analyzer. Conclusion; As a result of our study, it was found that the parameters obtained from for. magnum can be used for sex prediction in the Turkish population by analyzing them with ML algorithm. In this respect, we think that it will contribute to other metric studies in the Turkish population.

Is the Morphometry of Paranasal Sinuses Valid for Age and Gender Determination in a Sample of Egyptian Children Population?

Is the Morphometry of Paranasal Sinuses Valid for Age and Gender Determination in a Sample of Egyptian Children Population?