Determination Of Gallic Acid Research Articles

Multi-mode sensing platform for gallic acid determination based on the peroxidase-like activity of magnetic Fe3O4@Co/Ni/Al-LDH nanospheres

The determination of gallic acid (GA), one of the most prevalent antioxidants in various plants, provides information for food nutrition evaluation. A novel colorimetric, fluorescent, and smartphone multi-mode GA sensing platform based on Fe3O4@Co/Ni/Al-layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanospheres was designed in this study. The core-shell magnetic Fe3O4@Co/Ni/Al-LDH nanospheres were synthesized through a simple co-precipitation approach. They showed dominate peroxidase-like activities capable of oxidizing 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) into a blue colored oxidation oxTMB. Meanwhile, the generated oxTMB could quench the fluorescence of neutral red via the inner filter effect. GA acted as an inhibitor to prevent the oxidation of TMB to oxTMB and restoring the fluorescence of neutral red. Under optimized conditions, the linear ranges were 0.5–120 μmol/L with detection limits of 0.137–0.415 μmol/L. Besides, the sensor exhibited good selectivity toward GA over various interferents. Moreover, it was successfully utilized to analyze GA in tea beverages with ideal recoveries of 92.8–105%, demonstrating good reliability and stability in practical applications. This study provided Fe3O4@Co/Ni/Al-LDH nanospheres as candidate nanozymes for the construction of biosensors. The multi-mode self-checking function and the “turn on” fluorescent sensing strategy offered this sensor superior anti-interference ability, and opens up a new strategy for the determination of antioxidants in foods.

Polyethyleneimine in designed nanocomposite based magnetic halloysite nanotubes for extraction and determination of gallic acid in green tea

An innovative and simple nanocomposite denoted as MHNTs@PEI was synthesized for gallic acid (GA) analytical sample pretreatment. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) functionalized was binded onto magnetic halloysite nanotubes (MHNTs) to inhence adsorption capacity. MHNTs@PEI was obtained only through two steps modification (amination and PEI modification). Characterizations showed that there are layers of synthetic PEI on the tubular structure of the material and magnetic spheres on its surface, both indicating successful synthesis of the nanocomposite. Furthermore, the adsorption isotherms and kinetic modeling showed that the Langmuir model and pseudo-first-order model fit the adsorption data, respectively. MHNTs@PEI achieved an adsorption capacity of 158 mg·g−1. Overall, the abundant adsorption sites significantly improved the adsorption performance of the MHNTs@PEI. Regeneration tests demonstrated that the MHNTs@PEI exhibits effective adsorption, even after undergoing five consecutive cycles. Optimization of key parameters (ratio, volume of elution, elution time and frequency) in the process of adsorption and desorption was also conducted. The limit of detection (LOD) and that of the quantification (LOQ) were 0.19 and 0.63 μg·mL−1, respectively, and the recoveries were 95.67–99.43 %. Finally, the excellent magnetism (43.5 emu·g−1) and the adsorption feature of MHNTs@PEI enabled its successful utilization in analytical sample pretreatment through the extraction of GA from green tea.

Pengaruh Penyimpanan dan Lama Pemanasan Terhadap Kadar Asam Galat pada Kacang Tanah (Arachis hypogaea L.)

One of the most prevalent phenolic acids to be found in foods such as fruits, vegetables, and herbal remedies is gallic acid, also known as 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid. The free acids, esters, catechin derivatives, and hydrolyzed tannins are the different ways that these substances are obtained. The specialty of this compound is due to its pharmacological activity as a radical scavenger. The total phenolic content in peanuts varies from 132.5 to 248.8 mg GAE/100 g. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of storage time and heating time of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) on gallic acid levels. Determination of gallic acid using the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method with the column used is an ODS (Octadesil Silica) C18 column and the mobile phase is a mixture of acetonitrile and aquadest (1:3). Peanuts were stored for 1 week, 2 weeks, and 3 weeks at 25°C and fried at 160°C for 2 minutes, 4 minutes, and 6 minutes. The results of this study on the length of storage obtained a P value of 0.000 where the results are smaller than 0.05. This indicates that storage time has a significant effect on gallic acid levels in peanut samples. Gallic acid levels appear to increase from the first week to the fourth week. Based on the results of the research at the time of heating obtained a P value of 0.189 where the results are higher than 0.05. This shows that the length of heating time does not affect on the gallic acid content in the peanut samples. From these results, it was concluded that gallic acid content was affected by storage time, but not by heating time.

Electrodetermination of Gallic Acid Using Multi‐walled Carbon Nanotube Paste Electrodes and N‐Octylpyridinium Hexafluorophosphate

AbstractIn this work, the determination of gallic acid was performed using surface‐renewable carbon paste electrodes fabricated with multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and a mixture of N‐octylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate (OPyPF6) ionic liquid with mineral oil (MO) as binder. This system shows remarkable amperometric sensor characteristics and promotes a better electronic transfer. An electroanalytical study of gallic acid shows a linear range from 4.98±0.25 to 74.1±2.2 μmol L−1, with R2=0.9958 and an experiment a limit of detection of 2.70±0.08 μmol L−1 (S/N=3), and a sensitivity of 0.029 μA μmol−1 L.

Voltammetric Determination of Gallic Acid and its Content in Tea Samples Using Modified Iodine-Coated Platinum Electrode

Voltammetric Determination of Gallic Acid and its Content in Tea Samples Using Modified Iodine-Coated Platinum Electrode

Simultaneous Determination of Gallic Acid and Quercetin in Leaf Extract of <i>Madhuca</i> <i>longifolia</i> from Myanmar by HPLC-DAD: Method Development and Validation

Madhuca longifolia (J.Koenig ex L.) Macbr. belongs to the Sapotaceae family. This research work focused on the determination of gallic acid and quercetin in an aqueous leaf extract of M. longilolia. The development and validation of the analytical method using HPLC-DAD have been performed. The validated method was applied to determine both compounds in the leaves of M. longifolia. Optimized HPLC conditions were developed and validated for specificity, linearity, sensitivity, precision and accuracy. The linearity ranges and linear regression value were 3.125 to 100 μg/mL with r2=1 for gallic acid and 0.78 to 50 μg/mL with r2=0.9999 for quercetin, respectively. The LOD and LOQ were 0.24 and 0.73 μg/mL for gallic acid and 0.21 and 0.63 μg/mL for quercetin. Intra and inter-day precision were in the range of 0.18 to 1.76. The recovery percentage were 103.86% to 104.98% for gallic acid and 100.10% to 102.97% for quercetin. The concentration ranges of gallic acid and quercetin in the extracts were 207.95 to 405.79 mg/100 g and 7.31 to 20.56 mg/100 g, respectively. The developed HPLC method was considered to be accurate, precise and reliable for the determination of gallic acid and quercetin in M. longifolia aqueous leaf extract. This may be the first-time report for HPLC-DAD method development for the determination of bioactive phenolic compounds in Madhuca longifolia from Myanmar.

Determination of Gallic acid, Epicatechin and Epicatechin gallate in Different Varieties, Manufacturers and Grades of Tea by HPLC-DAD

Tea has been recognized by scientists for its health benefits and disease prevention. But there are many varieties of tea, and its quality is affected by many factors. The quality of tea determines its effects of health care and disease prevention, and gallic acid, epicatechin and epicatechin gallate are the main active ingredients in tea. The goal of this study was to detect the contents of gallic acid, epicatechin and epicatechin gallate in 33 batches of tea from the market by HPLC to explore the effects of these factors on the chemical composition of tea such as different varieties, different manufacturers and different grades. After the analysis of tea samples by HPLC, the relative standard deviations for precision, repeatability, stability and average recovery were acceptable, and the average recovery rates of gallic acid, epicatechin and epicatechin gallate were 100.2, 101.57 and 102.69, respectively. The results showed that gallic acid, epicatechin and epicatechin gallate were detected in both green tea and oolong tea, while epicatechin was not contained in black. The content of gallic acid and epicatechin gallate in green tea was higher than that in oolong and black tea. The composition content of some special grade tea was lower than that of first or second grade tea. Therefore, the results of this study provide a reference for people to choose high-quality tea and reasonable quality control of tea.

Determination of Gallic Acid in Tea by a Graphene Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

Determination of Gallic Acid in Tea by a Graphene Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

Microwave-assisted extraction of the gallic acid biomarker from Acacia arabica bark followed by HPLC analysis

An efficient and fast microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique was developed for extracting gallic acid as an indicative biomarker for the quality control of Acacia arabica bark. The MAE technique was optimized and compared with other conventional extraction techniques. The optimal conditions of MAE were 20% methanol as solvent, solid/liquid ratio 1:40 (g/mL), irradiation power 20% and two extraction cycles, 5 min each. The proposed extraction technique produced a maximum yield of 10.59 (mg/g) gallic acid in 10 min, which was 1.03 and 1.15 times more efficient than 6 h of heat reflux and 24 h of maceration extraction, respectively. This high yield, along with saving of time, energy, and solvent would position MAE as a valuable and cost-effective technology suitable for today's highly competitive industries, with growing demand for increased productivity, improved efficiency, and reduced cycle time. Moreover, a new high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the determination of gallic acid in Acacia arabica bark extract. The method was found to be rapid, sensitive, accurate, precise, and robust. The method showed good linearity over concentration range 1-100 (µg/mL) with LOD 16.08 (ng/mL) and LOQ 48.73 (ng/mL). The average recovery obtained using standard addition technique was 100.36% with a low value of RSD% (1.19%) indicating the accuracy of the proposed method for determination of gallic acid in Acacia arabica bark extract.

Antioxidant Activity and Determination of Gallic Acid and Quercetin inOsyris albaL. Root Extract. The Root Oil Contains Essential Fatty Acids

Osyris albaL. (Santalaceae) is a shrub that grows wildly in southern Europe, North Africa and South-west Asia. In Algeria, the decoction of the root bark of this plant has been used since ancient times in folk medicine by the local population in the region of the mountains of Béni- Snousse (South west of Tlemcen), as a fortifying, antianaemic and as an anti-inflammatory agent. The aim of this work was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the phenolic compounds of the root by using DPPH, FRAP, TAC methods. Determination of the phenolic profile of the root extract was assessed using HPLC-DAD technique (High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detection). While the determination of total fatty acid composition of the root oil was performed using Gas Chromatography (GC-FID). From the results, the total poly-phenol extract of the root bark has shown the highest antioxidant power which exceeds the standard, namely, ascorbic acid and Trolox. The chromatographic analysis of the total poly-phenol extract has found that the Gallic acid and Quercetin are the major compounds. These results demonstrate that the phenolic compounds ofOsyris albaroot bark have a great potential as sources for natural health products. Gaseous Chromatography Assay of the oil has revealed the presence of two groups of fatty acids: arachidic acid (C20:0) and linoleic acid (C18: 9.12) known for its pro-inflammatory effect against oleic acid C18:1, linolénic acid C18: 9.12.15, and eicosatrienoic acid (ETA) C20:3 which are known for their pro-anti-inflammatory effect. For this reason, we need to test the effect of this oil on inflammatory models.

Acute and Sub-Acute Antihypertensive Effects of Syzygium polyanthum Leaf Extracts with Determination of Gallic Acid using HPLC Analysis

Context: Aqueous decoction of Syzygium polyanthum (ADSP) leaf is one of Malay traditionalremedial- preparations for hypertension. Intravenous ADSP reduced blood pressure of anesthetized Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and Spontaneously-Hypertensive rats (SHR); however, acute and sub-acute effects of oral ADSP on conscious rats and its bioactive compound(s) are not comprehensively studied. This study aims to examine the acute and sub-acute effects of ADSP in comparison to methanol extract (MESP) on systolic blood pressure (SBP) of conscious WKY and SHR rats, as well as to identify their major phenolic-compound using highperformance- liquid-chromatography (HPLC). Methodology: For acute study, SHR and WKY rats were gavaged with single-dose of ADSP or MESP (2.00, 2.50 or 3.00 g/kg), vehicles, or losartan (0.01 g/kg). SBP was measured after 1, 3, 5, 6 and 24 hr-post-administration. For subacute experiment, SHR rats were gavaged once-daily with ADSP or MESP (2.50 g/kg/day), vehicles, or losartan (0.01 g/kg/day) for 3-week and their SBP was weekly-measured. Phenolic compounds were screened using ferric-chloride test, then gallic acid was determined using HPLC. Results: Acute administration of ADSP (2.50 to 3.00 g/kg) and MESP (2.00 to 3.00 g/ kg) significantly reduced SBP of SHR, but not of WKY rats. Repeated-daily-dose administration of MESP (2.5 g/kg/day) significantly reduced SBP of SHR after 2-week and sustained until 3-week, while ADSP (2.5 g/kg/day) significantly reduced SBP only after 3-week. Gallic acid was the major phenolic-compound in ADSP (157.09 ± 4.18 ppm) and MESP (134.04 ± 10.30 ppm). Conclusion: Oral ADSP and MESP that contain gallic acid possess acute and sub-acute antihypertensive effects in SHR, but MESP’s effect was more prominent than ADSP.

Determination of Gallic Acid in Ayurvedic Polyherbal Formulation Triphala churna and its ingredients by HPLC and HPTLC

Triphala churna is well known Ayurvedic formulation in official Ayurvedic Formulary of India, It is used for immune system stimulation, improvement of digestion, relief of constipation, gastrointestinal tract cleansing, relief of gas, treatment of diabetes, eye disease, anaemia, jaundice, asthma, fever, chronic ulcers etc. Standardization of herbal formulation is essential in order to assess the quality, purity, safety and efficacy of the drug. In this, study attempts to evaluate the qualitative estimation of bio active compounds Gallic acid and Ellagic acid by HPTLC and quantification of Gallic acid by HPTLC and HPLC Chromatographic methods. The method employed in current study resulted in good peak shape of Gallic acid. The Rf value of Ellagic acid 0.47 and Gallic acid is 0.56 in all the samples and reference standard was found comparable under UV light at 254 nm and 366 nm. The percentage of free Gallic acid is prominent in Emblica officinalis and lower in Terminalia chebula of Triphala churna ingredients.

STANDARDISATION OF PIPALIASAVA-A POLYHERBAL FORMULATION

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Pipaliasava is a commercially available traditionally fermented biomedicine containing self-generated alcohol. Pipaliasava was standardised for various physicochemical and toxicological parameters using relevant modern techniques.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Pipaliasava was evaluated for organoleptic and various physicochemical properties. Alcohol content was determined by gas chromatography. The formulation was analysed for the presence of microbial contamination by microbial tests and for heavy metals by atomic emission spectroscopy. HPTLC studies were carried out for quantitative determination of gallic acid in ethyl acetate extract of the formulation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The formulation was found to be mild acidic. The refractive index was found to be 1.37. The viscosity was found to be 29.2 cp. The solid content was found to be 22.05 % w/v. Water-soluble extractive value and alcohol-soluble extractive value were evaluated to be 31.664 % w/v and 30.424 % w/v. Reducing and non-reducing sugars were found to be 20.08 % w/v and 0.38 % w/v. The content of ethanol was found to be 8.29 % using GC technique. Different extracts of pipaliasava were evaluated for the presence of various phytoconstituents using respective chemical tests. The formulation showed the absence of lead and mercury and permissible levels of arsenic and cadmium. The formulation showed no presence of <em>E. coli, P. </em><em>aerugenosa</em> and<em> S. aureus</em> in the microbiological examination<em>.</em> Gallic acid content in the ethyl acetate extract of pipaliasava was found to be 0.0061 % by HPTLC.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Marketed pipaliasava formulation was successfully standardized as per Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and WHO guidelines.</p>

Determination of gallic acid in the traditional Chinese medicine by high-performance capillary electrophoresis

Determination of gallic acid in the traditional Chinese medicine by high-performance capillary electrophoresis

Determination of Gallic Acid and β - Sitosterol in Poly-Herbal Formulation by HPTLC

Determination of Gallic Acid and β - Sitosterol in Poly-Herbal Formulation by HPTLC

Comparative HPTLC Analysis of Antioxidant Compound Gallic Acid from in vitro and Naturally Grown Stevia rebaudiana

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (Asteraceae) is a perennial shrub of South America, produces diterpene glycosides used as low calorie sweeteners. Stevioside and extracts prepared from the leaves have been used widely all over the world as sweetening agents, taste modifiers and sugar substitutes. Gallic acid (GA) is reported for its anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral and antimelanogenic activities and many of these are mediated by its antioxidative capacity. Presently a study has been conducted on the comparative High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) analysis of gallic acid from the dried leaf powder of in-situ and in-vitro grown S. rebaudiana. Nodal explants of S. rebaudiana were cultured in vitro in MS media supplemented with 6-benzyladenine (BA; 8.5 mM) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA; 9.2 mM). The quantitative determination of gallic acid was performed on silica gel 60 F254 HPTLC plates as stationary phase. The linear ascending development was carried out in a twin trough glass chamber saturated with a mobile phase consisting of chloroform: ethyl acetate: formic acid (5:4:1) at room temperature (22±2°C). CAMAG TLC scanner-3 equipped with CATS software (version: 1.4.4.6337) was used for spectrodensitometric scanning and analysis in the ultraviolet region at λ=280 nm. The method was validated for linearity, precision and accuracy. Correlation coefficient, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ) as well as recovery values were found to be satisfactory. S. rebaudiana raised in vitro (0.042 %) was found to contain higher amount of GA than their naturally growing counterparts (0.022 %).

Validation of UPLC method for determination of gallic acid from Ximenia americana L.

Validation of UPLC method for determination of gallic acid from Ximenia americana L.

Determination of gallic acid and rutin in extracts Cassia alata and Andrographis paniculata

This study determines gallic acid and rutin in ethanol, methanol, and acetic acid extracts of Cassia alata and Andrographis paniculata. A preliminary study using thin layer chromatography and 0.2% DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl) spraying found that gallic acid was present in all three solvent extracts. Antioxidant components of all extractions were then analysed using high performance liquid chromatography with a C18 reverse-phase column at a flow rate of 0.50 ml/min and 25 °C. The results showed high components of gallic acid and rutin in all extracts of C. alata. The amounts of gallic acid found in C. alata extracted with ethanol, methanol, and acetic acid were 366, 410, and 258 mg/g crude extract, respectively. Amounts of gallic acid found in A. paniculata extracted with ethanol, methanol, and acetic acid were 309.4, 351.2, and 309.1 mg/g crude extract, respectively. Rutin concentrations found in C. alata extracted with ethanol, methanol and acetic acid were 194.4, 193.6, and 120.0 mg/g crude extract, respectively. The highest gallic acid level was found in C. alata extracted with methanol, while the highest rutin levels were found in C. alata extracted with ethanol and methanol.

Capillary Zone Electrophoresis for the Determination of Gallic Acid in Jianmin Throat Tablet

In this work, the new capillary zone electrophoresis method is used for the determination of the content of gallic acid in jianmin throat tablet. Under the 20 mmol/L borate (pH=9.44), valid separation of gallic acid is obtained in jianmin throat tablet and the content of gallic acid is 0.7096 mg/g (RSD=5.4%) (n=5). The average recovery of gallic acid is 112.4% (RSD=8.4%)(n=4). The method is simple and rapid.

Determination of gallic acid in chebulae fructus immaturus of different area by RP-HPLC

Objective To establish an HPLC method for determining gallic acid in Chebulae fructus immaturus of different area.Methods The ZORBAX SB-C18 (250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm) column was used,the mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile: 0.1％ H3PO4(29: 71),the flow rate was 1.0 ml/min,the column temperature was 30℃ the detecting wavelength was at 273 nm.Results Gallic acid was successfully separated within 20 min,the linear response range was 0.5611～5.611 μg.The average recovery was 99.9％,and RSD was 2.35％.Conclusion The method is simple,accurate and repeatable; it can provide evidence for further development and utilization of this crude drug. Key words: Chebulae fructus immaturus ; Gallic acid ; Different area ; HPLC ;