Determination Of Flavonoid Content Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF TOTAL FLAVONOID CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY ASSAY OF GUAVA VARIETY CRYSTAL (Psidium guajava L.) LEAVES EXTRACT

The study investigates the antioxidant activity and total flavonoid compounds in leaves crystal guava, a plant rich in vitamin C and high in antioxidant activity. The research involved maceration extraction of leaves cystal guava using methanol solvent, then fractionation with ethyl acetate and n-hexane solvents in stages to obtain extracts methanol, ethyl acetat and n-hexane; thereafter extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening, total flavonoid content determination, and antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. The study found secondary metabolite compounds which is found in leaves crystal guava such as flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins and tannins; that ethyl acetate extract had the highest flavonoid content of 171.91 mg/L and highest antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 9.59 ppm, followed by n-hexane and methanol extracts.

The Effect of Different Ethanol Concentrations as The Extraction Solvent on Total Flavonoid Content of White Mulberry Leaves Extracts (Morus alba L.)

White mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) contain flavonoid which empirically have many health benefits, such as reducing fever, relieving headaches and throats, coughs, dysentery, digestive disorders, flu, and according to research it has antioxidant activity. Many factors effect the total flavonoid content, one of which is the concentration of the extraction solvent. The purpose of the research was to determine the effect of different ethanol concentrations as the extraction solvent on total flavonoid content of white mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves extract. White mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) were extracted using the maceration method, the extract was tested for phytochemical screening and thin layer chromatography using chloroform: ethyl acetate (6: 4) as the eluent. The resulting spots were observed visually and with λ 254 nm and λ 366 nm UV light. Determination of flavonoid content by UV-Vis spectrophotometry using the AlCl3 colorimetric method at a maximum wavelength of 415 nm. The research results showed that the yield of 50% and 96% ethanol extract of white mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) was 17.42 % and 11.04 %. Phytochemical screening showed that both extracts positively contained flavonoids. The presence of flavonoids was confirmed using a thin layer chromatography test, resulting in an average Rf value for 50% and 96% ethanol extracts are 0.71 and 0.70, close to quercetin Rf standard is 0,73 as comparison. The total flavonoid content obtained from the 50% ethanol extract was 36.0902 mgQE/g and the 96% ethanol extract was 56.4699 mgQE/g. The conclusions are the concentration of the extraction solvent effect the yield and total flavonoid content.

Determination of flavonoid and anthocyanin contents, and antioxidant activity of selected Philippine soybean (Glycine max) genotypes

Soybeans contain flavonoids and anthocyanins that are associated with health benefits related to antioxidant activities. In this study, the total flavonoid content (TFC), total anthocyanin content (TAC), and the relative antioxidant activities (AOA) of selected Philippine soybean genotypes were screened in order to select and recommend promising genotypes that may be used for further breeding and varietal development. Using the aluminum trichloride method, the genotypes POP 1-44 (TFC = 0.619 g/100 g), PHL 29272 (TFC = 0.616 g/100 g), and Tiwala 6 (TFC = 0.608 g/100 g) were determined to have the highest calculated TFC values. pH differential and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays distinguished all three black-seeded soybean genotypes PHL 29272 (TAC = 177.010 mg/100 g; AOA = 24.476%), PHL 29502 (TAC = 143.750 mg/100 g; AOA = 25.745%), and PHL 29552 (TAC = 123.572 mg/100 g; AOA = 29.297%) with the highest anthocyanin contents and relative antioxidant activities. Genotype PHL 29272 was consistently found among those with the highest results for the three tests. Significant correlations (α = 0.05) were found between flavonoid content and antioxidant activity (p < 0.0001), and between anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, the study was able to identify genotypes that can be recommended as the most suitable candidates for soybean breeding activities.

Exploring the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of Chelidonium majus extracts against oral microorganisms

Chelidonium majus (Papaveraceae) is a widely utilized medicinal plant species known for its various effective biological activities. This study investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of C. majus against oral microorganisms. To assess its biological activities, C. majus fractions were obtained using 80% methanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (BuOH), and water. Antioxidant assays, including DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging tests, as well as total polyphenol and flavonoid content determination, were conducted. Notably, the EtOAc fraction exhibited the highest antioxidant activity than that of the other fractions, both in terms of DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. Furthermore, it contained the highest contents of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the EtOAc extract (212.00 mg CAE/g, 135.70 mg NE/g). In addition, antimicrobial assays using various antimicrobial tests against oral microorganisms, namely S. mutans, S. gordonii, S. sobrinus, and S. sanguinis, were conducted to investigate the antibacterial effect, revealing that the EtOAc fraction showed the greatest inhibition. Furthermore, LC-MS analysis of the EtOAc fraction identified biologically active compounds, including phenolic compounds such as fisetin, quercetin, and coumaroylimalic acid. Based on these findings, C. majus, with its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, is a promising candidate for improving oral health.

Determination of Phenolic and Flavonoid Content in Ziziphus Jujuba Mill. Fruit Collected from Farah Province, Afghanistan

The fruit of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.), a member of the Rhamnaceous family, is a valuable exporting dry fruit of Afghanistan. The plant is found in some provinces of the country, but Farah province produces it more. The purposes of this study were to standardize the jujube fruit collected from Farah Province and to determine the amount of its phenolic and flavonoid contents. Jujube fruit (JFs22) was collected from medicinal plant sellers in Kabul. After identification and pharmacogenetic evaluation of JFs22, the amount of phenolic and flavonoid content in the fruit was determined using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The test sample was Ziziphus jujuba. The JFs22 had 10.27±0.532% foreign matter, 4.58±0.33% moisture, 1.97±0.09% total ash, 0.26±0.04% acid insoluble ash, 50.69±0.30% water soluble extractive content, and 24.93±0.59% methanolic extractive value. The JFs22 had flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenolic substances, saponin, and mucilage as its active ingredients. The total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) contents of the methanolic extract of JFs22 were 9.84±1.65 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) and 0.55±0.04 mg rutin equivalent (RE) in 3 grams of dry fruit weight, respectively. Although in most of the cases, the values obtained from the pharmacogenetic evaluation of JFs22 ​​were lower than the standard, nevertheless, they are within the standard range available in pharmacopeias, and this may be considered a good quality of tested jujube fruit and notice for paying much attention for its processing. The determination of TPC and TFC of JFs22 showed that the Farah province jujube fruit has many polyphenols.

Sesuvium Portulacastrum Potentiates Anticancer Activity by Facilitating the Expression of IRS-1/AKT Signalling: An In vitro Study.

Sesuvium portulacastrum, a coastal medicinal plant with traditional uses has shown promising biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. However, the mechanisms of action active ingredients of this plant have not been studied. Aim of the current study is to investigate the anticancer activity of Sesuvium portulacastrum using in vitro and in silico analysis. The in vitro assays included NO radical scavenging activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content determination. The data were analysed by one-way-ANOVA and p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of tannins, steroids, terpenoids and phenols. Antioxidant activity of S. portulacastrum showed the dose dependent effect of nitric oxide radical scavenging activity. In silico analysis showed a better binding affinity with IR, IRS1 and Akt molecules which demonstrated the action of bioactive compound of S. portulacastrum against IRS-1/AKT signalling pathway.

Determination of Medicago orbicularis Antioxidant, Antihemolytic, and Anti-Cancerous Activities and Its Augmentation of Cisplatin-Induced Cytotoxicity in A549 Lung Cancer Cells

The anti-lung cancer properties of the plant Medicago orbicularis have not been explored yet. Therefore, we identified its phytochemical composition and investigated the antioxidant, anti-hemolytic, and anti-cancerous properties of extracts of this plant in A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells. The results show that all parts of M. orbicularis (stems, leaves, and fruits) exhibit remarkable hemolytic activities and modest antioxidant capacity. In addition, all extracts showed a dose-dependent anti-cancerous cytotoxic activity against A549 cells, with fruit extracts being the most potent. This cytotoxic effect could be related, at least partly, to the induction of apoptosis, where M. orbicularis fruit extracts reduced the ratio of anti-apoptotic BCL-2/pro-apoptotic BAX, thereby promoting cellular death. Furthermore, the use of M. orbicularis, in combination with a conventional chemotherapeutic agent, cisplatin, was assessed. Indeed, the combination of cisplatin and M. orbicularis fruit extracts was more cytotoxic and induced more aggregation of A549 cells than either treatment alone. GC-MS analysis and total polyphenol and flavonoid content determination indicated that M. orbicularis is rich in compounds that have anti-cancerous effects. We propose M. orbicularis as a potential source of anti-cancerous agents to manage the progression of lung cancer and its resistance to therapy.

Determination of Flavonoid Content and Anti-Inflammatory Activity Extract and Fraction of Sungkai Leaf (Peronema canescens Jack)

The SARS-CoV-2 virus is the infectious agent that causes COVID-19, a feverish condition brought on by inflammation in the infected patient’s body. Sungkai leaf (Peronema canescens Jack) is one of the Indonesian people who rely on herbal remedies to treat COVID-19. This study aims to determine how much flavonoids are present in ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts, as well as the anti-inflammatory properties of ethanol extract, ethanol fraction, and n-hexane fraction of Sungkai leaves. The procedure was performed in-vitro with a UV-Visible spectrophotometer by observing the absorption response to inhibition of denaturation of inflammatory protein. The inhibition value was then computed via linear regression, and the IC50 and IC70 values were ascertained afterward. The ethanol fraction, ethanol extract, and n-hexane fraction in this investigation had the best inhibition values (%) at a concentration of 15 ppm, corresponding to 74.27%, 54.48%, and 18.52%. The sungkai leaves ethanol fraction &gt; n-hexane fraction &gt; ethanol extract had the best IC50 and IC70 values. Comparatively, the ethanol extract contained the largest amounts of flavonoids, 38.782 μg/mL.

Isolation and characterization of bioactive components from hydroalcoholic extract of Cymbopogon jwarancusa (Jones) Schult. to evaluate its hepatoprotective activity

Ethnopharmacological relevanceCymbopogon jwarancusa (Jones) Schult. (Family: Poacea/Gramineae) is being used to treat numerous ailments in traditional/folklore and indigenous system of medicine due to its antioxidant, anti-allergic, antiparasitic, analgesic, antipyretic and anticancer activities; however there is no documented evidence regarding its hepatoprotective efficacy. AimThis study was aimed to evaluate hepatoprotective activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Cymbopogon jwarancusa (HECJ) against paracetamol (PCM) induced liver damage in albino Wistar rats, and to identify the bioactive components present in the extract responsible for the said activity. Materials and methodsFive groups of rats (n = 6) were orally treated with: 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose (normal control), 50 mg/kg silymarin (reference standard), HECJ [515 mg/kg (low dose) and 720 mg/kg (high dose)] (test groups) for 7 days daily, followed by induction of hepato-toxicity using PCM (2 gm/kg) on 7th day (PCM control; reference standard; test groups). The blood samples to estimate the level of AST, ALT, ALP, total bilirubin and total protein; liver tissue homogenate for antioxidant markers (GSH, GST, GPx, and LPO) and liver section for histopathological analysis were collected. Isolation and characterization of phytochemicals from HECJ was done by preliminary screening, determination of phenolic, flavonoid and terpenoid content, and GC-MS analysis. ResultsThe animals pre-treated with HECJ dose-dependently and significantly alleviated the PCM-induced alterations in liver enzymes, plasma proteins, serum total bilirubin and antioxidant markers levels. The histopathological analysis suggest that PCM causes marked necrosis and lymphocyte infiltration, while preservation of the normal hepatic architecture was observed in groups pre-treated with, reference standard drug silymarin, and HECJ. Preliminary screening of the extract, determination of phenolic, flavonoid and terpenoid content, and GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of some important bioactive components such as phenolics, flavonoids, glycoside, tannins, steroids, fatty acids, sterols, esters, saponins, terpenes/terpenoids and essential oil which could be synergistically responsible for the plant's hepatoprotective effect. ConclusionsThis study concluded that C. jwarancusa could be taken as a beneficial natural product for its hepatoprotective efficacy; however, future line of work is required to establish its precise mechanism of action.

Antioxidant Activity and Total Flavonoid Propolis Stingless Bee

Propolis from Indonesia contains secondary metabolites which include flavonoids and other organic compounds. The ethanol extract of 70% propolis Trigona spp from Pandeglang can be used as an antibacterial compound. The purpose of this study was to examine the toxicity of the propolis and nanopropolis with an LC50 value, test the antioxidant activity with an IC50 value, and determine the total flavonoid content. LC50 was determined by the BSLT method on Artemia salina Leach larvae. The antioxidant activity was tested using the DPPH method (1,1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil), and the determination of flavonoid content was carried out with aluminum chloride. The results showed that the LC50 value of propolis was 16.010 ppm, and for 20% nanopropolis was 18.689 ppm. Antioxidant activity obtained IC50 value for propolis is 95.54593 ppm, for 20% nanopropolis is 527.7939 ppm. The total flavonoid content of the propolis was 2.1123%, and the total flavonoid content for the nanopropolis equivalent extract was 1.5293%.

Effects of Exogenous Ergothioneine on Brassica rapa Clubroot Development Revealed by Transcriptomic Analysis.

Clubroot disease is a soil-borne disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae that leads to a serious yield reduction in cruciferous plants. In this study, ergothioneine (EGT) was used to culture P. brassicae resting spores, the germination of which was significantly inhibited. Further exogenous application of EGT and P. brassicae inoculation in Chinese cabbage showed that EGT promoted root growth and significantly reduced the incidence rate and disease index. To further explore the mechanism by which EGT improves the resistance of Chinese cabbage to clubroot, a Chinese cabbage inbred line BJN3-2 susceptible to clubroot treated with EGT was inoculated, and a transcriptome analysis was conducted. The transcriptome sequencing analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes induced by EGT were significantly enriched in the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway, and the genes encoding related enzymes involved in lignin synthesis were upregulated. qRT-PCR, peroxidase activity, lignin and flavonoid content determination showed that EGT promoted the lignin and flavonoid synthesis of Chinese cabbage and improved its resistance to clubroot. This study provides a new insight for the comprehensive prevention and control of cruciferous clubroot and for further study of the effects of EGT on clubroot disease.

Impact of seasonal variations on polyphenolic content and antibacterial activity in Berberis lycium Royl

Periodic changes in the environmental conditions affect significantly on the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds and the therapeutic potential in medicinal plants. Although Berberis lycium is being extensively used against various ailments, specifically infectious diseases, impact of seasonal variations on its polyphenolic contents and antibacterial activities has rarely been explored yet. Consequently, present study was focused on the determination of phenolics and flavonoids content and antibacterial activities in the root and stem bark of B. lycium harvested throughout the year from same location (Abbottabad) using standard analytical approaches. Relatively, stem bark had high concentration of total phenolics than root bark, but in the case of total flavonoids there was no significant difference. In root bark, the highest concentration of TPC was in the month of December (373.5±0.58 mg GAE/100 g DW), while stem bark exhibited highest concentration of TPC (476.1±13.7 mg GAE/100 g DW) in the month of January. In root bark, TFC ranged from 32.00±7.62 to 124.5±5.58 mg QE/100 g DW with highest concentration in April. Whereas, in stem bark, TFC varied from 19.51±4.94 to 135.50±7.11 mg QE/100 g DW, with highest concentration in the month of April. Likewise, in January, November and December inhibition potential was maximum against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus both in root and stem bark samples. Although, significant associations were observed between total phenolics and antibacterial activities. However total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antibacterial activities depicted negative correlations with growing conditions viz. temperature, rain fall and humidity. Our findings confirm the impact of seasonal variations on the phytochemical composition and bioactive potential in medicinal plants. Specifically, to get maximum health benefits from B. lycium, winter season could be more appropriate in the Himalayan region.

GC-MS Profile, Spectrophotometric Determination of Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Leaves of Cochlospermum Planchonii

GC-MS Profile, Spectrophotometric Determination of Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Leaves of Cochlospermum Planchonii

DETERMINATION OF 70% Ethanol EXTRACT FLAVONOID TOTAL LEVELS BINAHONG (Anredera cordifolia [Ten] Steenis) LEAVES IN PELEM VILLAGE, TANJUNGANOM, KAB. NGANJUK

Binahong leaves (Anredera cordifolia [Ten] Steenis) belonging to the Basellaceae family contain flavonoid compounds, saponins, and polyphenolic alkaloids. The largest secondary metabolites of phenolic compounds are flavonoids which have pharmacological effects such as antioxidants. This study aims to determine the flavonoid content of binahong leaves (Anredera cordifolia [Ten] Steenis) from Pelem village in 70% ethanol solvent. This study uses a pure experimental method. The extract was obtained by maceration method with 70% ethanol as solvent. The maceration process was carried out for 3 days with repeated maceration 2 times and occasionally shaking. After the viscous extract was obtained, qualitative tests were carried out for flavonoid screening and determination of flavonoid content using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The qualitative test results of 70% ethanol extract proved to contain flavonoids. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the determination of total flavonoid levels using the UV-Vis spectrophotometer method was obtained at 0.1842% (w/w).

Determination of polyphenol and flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of ethanolic, chloroform and ethyl acetate extract of the plant species Thymus serpyllum L.

This research aimed to examine the phytochemical composition, content of polyphenols and flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity of ethanolic, ethyl acetate, and chloroform extract of the plant species Thymus serpyllum L. The extracts were tested for the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, cardiotonic glycosides, and coumarins. The total content of polyphenols was determined spectrophotometrically with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, according to Singleton's method, while the total content of flavonoids was determined using the method with aluminum chloride. The highest contents of polyphenols and flavonoids were determined in ethanolic extracts, where the measured values ranged from 111.00 ± 0.26 to 288.00 ± 0.23 mg GAE/g of dry extract for polyphenols, and 65.80 ± 0.19 to 198.22 ± 0.34 mg RE/g dry extract for flavonoids. The antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. The tested extracts show a good effect on DPPH radical inhibition, with the IC50 values ranging from 35.15 ± 0.33 to 398.27 ± 0.24 mg/ml, and the greatest ability of ethanolic extract to neutralize the DPPH radical. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the extracts showed a wide spectrum of phytochemicals, where ethanol, as the most polar solvent, extracts almost all tested phytochemicals.

Hydro-Alcoholic Leaf Extract and Fractions of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Codiaeum variegatum&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; (var. Mollucanum) Exhibited an Improved Anti-Amoebic and Moderate Anti-Oxidant Potential

Amoebiasis, classified as the third intestinal parasitic infection, represents a public health problem in low-income countries where hygiene and sanitation conditions are poor. With the resurgence of resistant pathogenic strains as well as ancestral considerations in developing countries such as Cameroon, many people rely on medicinal plants to treat a plethora of diseases. This work aimed to highlight the anti-amoebic and anti-oxidant potential of Codiaeum variegatum extracts and fractions. The anti-amoebic potential of C. variegatum was assayed on the polyxenic culture of the clinical isolates of E. histolytica. Then, the anti-oxidant potential of the ethanolic/hydroethanolic extracts and fractions was evaluated through DPPH radical scavenging, iron reduction (FRAP), lipid peroxidation inhibitory potential and total antioxidant capacity tests followed by the determination of phenolic compound and flavonoid content. It was found that the fractionation process decreased the amoebicidal activities of C. variegatum leaf extracts. However hydroethanolic extract (CI50: 10.08 ± 0.42, 5.18 ± 0.09, 5.18 ± 0.09 μg/mL respectively after 24, 48 and 72 hours) was more active than ethanolic extract (CI50: 15.59 ± 6.17; 9.61 ± 2.37; 6.26 ± 3.22 μg/mL respectively after 24, 48 and 72 hours). Interestingly, the activities of hydroethanolic extract were significantly non-different compared to metronidazole CI50: 8.42 ± 0.44, 6.45 ± 0.22 and 3.42 ± 0.33 μg/mL, respectively after 24, 48 and 72 hours). Ethanolic extract and EF5 showed higher Phenolic compound contents and higher antioxidant activity than hydroethanolic extract and other fractions through DPPH radical scavenging power (EC50 = 311.50 ± 4.12 μg/mL) and total antioxidant capacity (44 ± 0.07 mgEAA/gF). However, these activities are significantly lower than those of ascorbic acid (EC50 = 31.20 ± 4.39 μg/mL, and 61.34 ± 4.42 μg/mL respectively). This low antioxidant activity was confirmed by poor phenolic and flavonoid compounds contents found in the extracts and fractions. The present result brings a new approach to the ethnopharmacological uses of C. variegatum against dysentery in cases associated with Amoebiasis in Cameroun.

Determination of Phenolic and Flavonoid Content, Antioxidant and α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity of Leaf and Flower Extracts of Clerodendrum infortunatum and Hibiscus rosa sinensis Growing in Bara Nepal

In the human body, oxidative stress imposed due to the increase in the concentration of free radicals such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) contributes to the initiation and progression of different diseases. The synthetic antioxidants have low efficacy with side effects, for that plant-derived natural antioxidant can prevent oxidative stress by reducing the risk of having these diseases. In the present study, the methanolic extracts of two traditionally used medicinal plants (leaf and flower) have tested for their antioxidant capacity, α-amylase enzyme inhibitory activity and determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content in the plant extracts. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The highest DPPH radical scavenging was shown by Clerodendrum infortunatum (IC50 = 71.95±0.51μg/mL) whereas leaf and flower of Hibiscus rosa sinensis showed moderate antioxidant activity (IC50 = 98.74±1.91 and 117.23±7.72 μg/mL) respectively. Among the tested plant extracts, the highest amount of total phenolic and flavonoid content was found in the methanolic extract of C. infortunatum with TPC of 87.07±9.22 mg GAE/g and TFC 34.40±2.00 mg QE/g. The antidiabetic activity of plant extracts was evaluated by the α-amylase enzyme inhibition assay. The leaf extract of C. infortunatum showed moderate α-amylase inhibition activity (IC50 = 118±4.80 μg/mL) whereas the standard acarbose has (IC50 = 12.96±0.22 μg/mL).

Determination of free radical scavenging activity, phenolic and flavonoid content of seven corn cultivars from the Southwest Maluku District, Indonesia

Abstract. Sinay H, Mahulette F, Yáñez JA. 2022. Determination of free radical scavenging activity, phenolic and flavonoid content of seven corn cultivars from the Southwest Maluku District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 5974-5981. The variation of corn (Zea mays L.) kernel might be considered as a surrogate indicator of the phytochemical and bioactive content. This study aimed to determine the phenolics, flavonoids, and free radical scavenging activity of seven local corn cultivars from Kisar Island, Southwest Maluku District in Indonesia. Sample extraction was done by the maceration method. Flavonoid content was determined using the Dowd method, and total phenolic content was performed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Free radical scavenging activity was determined using the DPPH radical scavenging method. One-way ANOVA was performed with Duncan multiple range tests to assess the differences between corn seed cultivars, and p &lt; 0.05 were regarded as statistically significant. The results show that the total flavonoid content varied from 8.463 mg QE/mg (Putih cultivar) to 40.075 mg QE/mg (Kuning Dalam cultivar). Total polyphenol content also varied between 105.63 mg GAE/mg (Merah Delima Tongkol Putih cultivar) and 136.41 mg GAE/mg (Pulut cultivar). The antioxidant activity by DPPH assay determined that the seven local corn cultivars had IC50 values ??that were similar to quercetin (used as control), some were even lower. The IC50 value of the seven local corn cultivars ranged from 5.56 to 16.96 µg/mL, while quercetin had an IC50 value of 11.97 µg/mL. It was observed that the Merah Delima Tongkol Cokelat, Merah Delima Tongkol Putih, and Putih cultivars had comparable antioxidant activity to the control quercetin. The Merah Darah, Kuning Genjah, and Kuning Dalam cultivars exhibited a statistically significant higher antioxidant capacity than quercetin. These results can contribute to the selection of corn cultivars to harvest for commercial purposes and potential nutraceutical applications.

A Study on the Whitening and Anti-Wrinkle Effects of Red Sword Bean Extract in Functional Cosmetics for Skin Care

In this study, to analyze and determine the bioactive compounds of red sword bean as natural ingredients for functional cosmetics, hot water extraction was performed with ethanol contents of 20%, 50%, and 80%. In addition, for the respective extracts, a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis for the determination of bioactive compounds and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis for the determination of polyphenol and flavonoid contents were performed along with the determination of antioxidant capacity. Moreover, experiments were performed to test the skin whitening and anti-wrinkle effects; a cytotoxicity evaluation was also conducted. As a result of the colorimetric assay, the lightness (L) value decreased with increasing ethanol content, whereas the redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) values tended to increase. This is presumed to be because the active compounds of the double bond structure increased as the ethanol content increased. As a result of GC-MS analysis to determine chemical composition, the detection of ethyl gallate, an antioxidant, and mandelic acid, an active compound with whitening and wrinkle improvement effects, was confirmed; the detected concentrations increased with increasing ethanol content. In the experiment to examine the antioxidant effect of red sword bean extract, the IC50 value of the 80% ethanol extract showed a high antioxidant capacity comparable to that of the control, ascorbic acid. As a result of the tyrosinase inhibitory activity assay, the highest inhibition (%) was confirmed at 80% ethanol content. Furthermore, in the collagenase inhibitory activity assay, all extracts showed high collagenase inhibitory activity of over 90%. Specifically, at 20% ethanol content, a higher inhibition (%) was confirmed than that of the control, ascorbic acid.

Antioxidant activity assay and determination of phenolic and flavonoid content of Libho (Ficus Septica Burm. F) fruits

Background: One of the plants used in Indonesian traditional medicine Libho (Ficus Septica Burm. F) is traditionally used to treat some diseases, including malaria, diarrhea, diabetes, analgesic, antifungal, dysentery, anthelmintic, antioxidant, hemostatic and anti-inflammatory. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate the potential in vitro antioxidant activity assay and phytochemical content of Libho fruits. Methods: Libho leaves powder was extracted with the maceration method Antioxidant activity was evaluated using ABTS cation and CUPRAC radicals. Total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteau method. Meanwhile, the total flavonoid content was determined using the aluminum chloride complex colorimetric method; Results: Extract and fraction of Ficus Septica Burm. F fruits have the strongest antioxidant potential. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the strongest antioxidant activity on both ABTS and CUPRAC radicals with IC50 values of 6.33 ± 0.01 µg/mL and 11.64 ± 0.28 µg/mL, respectively. Ethyl acetate fraction also showed high phenolic and flavonoid content with values of 28 ± 0.05 mg GAE/100 mg sample and 43.08 ± 0.48 mg QE/100 mg sample, respectively. Conclusion: Ethyl acetate fraction has the potential to be used as a source of natural antioxidants and has the potential to be used as a nutraceutical.