Determination Of Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Research Articles

Sensitive monitoring of doxorubicin in plasma of patients, MDA-MB-231 and 4T1 cell lysates using electroanalysis method

In the present work, an innovative electrochemical sensor was fabricated based on poly toluidine blue modified glassy carbon electrode (PTB-GCE). So, PTB-GCE was used for the detection and determination of doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) in cell lysate, and whole human plasma samples. PTB could enhance the rate of electrochemical reaction for the electro oxidation and detection of DOX in real samples. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique was used for the electro polymerization of toluidine blue on the surface of GCE with the applied potential ranging from -0.6 to 0.2 V. The sensor construction steps were approved by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and electrochemical methods. Also, CV results indicated that the DOX is oxidized via two electrons and two protons process at the optimum pH of 6.5 using PTB modified GCE. Under optimized conditions, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique response exhibited linear relationship between the oxidative peak current and concentration of DOX in the range of 17 nM - 8.6 μM with low limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 17 nM for untreated and treated human plasma samples. Also, determination of DOX in MDA-MB-231 and 4T1cell lysates were performed based on its direct electrochemical oxidation on PTB-GCE. Finally, analytical validation of DOX in human bio-fluids using FDA guideline were done successfully. Results suggested that the proposed electrochemical sensor can be used to the sensitive and selective determination of DOX in biological samples. The interaction results of DOX with cancer cells indicate the developed probe can easily detect candidate drug in cancer cells with high accuracy. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of the determination of DOX based on the direct electrochemical oxidation on PTB-GCE and determination in MDA-MB-231 and 4T1 cell lysates. It is anticipated that this research open new horizons on the design of new class of electrochemical sensors for determination drugs, and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in human bio-fluids.

Sensing of doxorubicin hydrochloride using graphene quantum dot modified glassy carbon electrode

In this report, graphene quantum dot (GQD) was casted on the surface of the glassy carbon electrode and used for detection and determination of doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) in human plasma samples. It was found that GQD has been stably absorbed on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by simple technique. The cyclic voltammetric results indicate that GQD modified GCE can remarkably enhance electroactivity toward the oxidation of DOX in phosphate buffer solutions. The electrochemical behavior was further exploited as a sensitive detection scheme for the DOX determination by differential-pulse voltammetry. Under optimized conditions, the concentration range and detection limit were 0.018–3.60μM and 0.016μM (S/N=3), respectively. The method was successfully applied assay of the drug in human plasma samples.

A new kinetic–mechanistic approach to elucidate electrooxidation of doxorubicin hydrochloride in unprocessed human fluids using magnetic graphene based nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode

A novel magnetic nanocomposite was synthesized in one step using polymerization of magnetic graph oxide grafted with chlorosulfonic acid (Fe3O4–GO–SO3H) in the presence of polystyrene. The prepared magnetic nanocomposite was characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), (Thermo-gravimetric/differential thermal analysis (DTA)), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and UV–Vis techniques. Magnetic nanocomposite was casted on the surface of the glassy carbon electrode (PS/Fe3O4–GO–SO3H/GCE) and used for the detection and determination of doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) in human biological fluids. The cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of the modified electrode in aqueous solution displayed a pair of well-defined, stable and irreversible reductive/oxidation redox systems. CV study indicated that the oxidation process is irreversible and adsorption controlled. In addition, CV results indicated that DOX is oxidized via two electrons and three protons which is an unusual approach for the oxidation of DOX. A sensitive and time-saving procedure was developed for the analysis of DOX in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine with detection limit of 4.9nM, 14nM and 4.3nM, respectively.

Determination of doxorubicin hydrochloride by visible spectrophotometry

Four simple and sensitive visible spectrophotometric methods (A-D) have been described for the assay of doxorubicin hydrochloride either in pure form or in pharmaceutical formulations. Method A was developed based on oxidation of the drug with Fe(III) to produce Fe(II), which subsequently reacts with 1.10- ortho-phenanthroline to form a red colored complex ( λ max: 510 nm) at pH 4.6. Method B involves the reduction of Folin-Ciocalteu (F-C) reagent by the drug and the reduced species formed possesses a characteristic intense blue color ( λ max: 770 nm). In methods C and D. oxidation of the drug with periodate at specified experimental conditions yields formaldehyde and dialdehyde, which in turn react either with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone hydrochloride to form an intensely brilliant blue cationic dye ( λ max: 620–670 nm. method C) or by condensation with phenylhydrazine hydrochloride (PHH) to form orange-red colored product ( λ max: 510 nm, method D) in the presence of potassium ferricyanide. All of the variables have been optimized and the reaction mechanisms presented. The concentration measurements are reproducible within a relative standard deviation of 1.0%.