Determination Of Carbon Content Research Articles

Carbon Absorption Potential in Sargassum sp. and Padina sp. in The Waters of East Melano Bay, Lemukutan Island, Bengkayang District, West Kalimantan Province

Increasing human activities have caused negative impacts on the environment, such as rising earth's surface temperature and extreme climate change. This impact is caused by increased greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide and methane. Marine vegetation such as seaweed Sargassum sp. and Padina sp. It can also help absorb carbon and reduce carbon emissions through the process of photosynthesis. Seaweed that has the potential to reduce carbon emissions is Sargassum sp. and Padina sp. which is located in the waters of East Melano Bay, Bengkayang Regency. This study aims to determine the density of seaweed species Sargassum sp. and Padina sp. in East Melano Bay, as well as analyzing the carbon sequestration potential of seaweed. The method used is to use the descriptive method of exploration. The descriptive method of exploration aims to describe the state of a phenomenon. This study uses the quadrant transect method in sampling in the field, while the determination of carbon content uses the analysis of biomass, ash content, moisture content and volatile substances. The results of the analysis that have been carried out show the density value of Sargassum sp. has the highest value of 102.4 Ind/m2 and Padina sp. 76.05 Ind/m2. Carbon sequestration by seaweed Sargassum sp. is 105,637 tons of C/ha and Padina sp. amounting to 78,032 tons of C/ha. Based on the description in this study, it can be concluded that the highest carbon absorption is in Sargassum sp.

An experimental investigation of dispersive soils treated by microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP)

Dispersive soils are frequently employed as construction materials in projects such as drains and dams in western Jilin, China. However, their propensity to disperse upon contact with water presents a grave threat to construction projects if left unaddressed. Therefore, following the identification of the fundamental physical and chemical properties, as well as the dispersivity of soils in the western region of Jilin Province, Sporosarcina pasteurii was chosen to conduct laboratory experiments and mechanistic studies aimed at improving dispersive soils in the area through MICP. The treatment effect of the soil samples was quantitatively assessed through tests including comprehensive dispersivity identification, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) measurement, and determination of calcium carbonate content. Furthermore, scanning electron microscope (SEM) tests were conducted to examine the microstructural alterations of the soil samples before and after microbial treatment. The experimental results showed that soil dispersion can be significantly reduced under various conditions, and increase the soil strength under certain condition. MICP facilitates the replacement of exchangeable Na+ in soil and induces the formation of calcium carbonate, which fills pores and acts as a cementing agent. Treating dispersive soil in western Jilin is crucial to ensuring the safe and normal operation of its water conservancy projects.

On-Site Determination of Soil Organic Carbon Content: A Photocatalytic Approach

This investigation presents a new approach for evaluating soil organic carbon (SOC) content in farming soils using a photocatalytic chemical oxygen demand (PeCOD) analyzer combined with geographic information system (GIS) technology for spatial analysis. Soil samples were collected at various sites throughout Canada and were analyzed using sieve analysis, followed by further SOC evaluation using three distinct techniques: loss on ignition (LOI), Walkley-Black, and PeCOD. The PeCOD system, which relies on the photochemical oxidation of organic carbon, showed an exciting correlation between its evaluations and SOC content, making it a prompt and reliable method to evaluate SOC. In this investigation, finer materials such as clayey soils (soil fractions of (<50 µm)) demonstrated high SOC content compared to coarser ones (soil fractions of (>75 µm)) and decreased SOC content with increased soil depth, generally below the 30 cm mark. It should be noted that this investigation revealed that other variables, such as land management practices, precipitation, and atmospheric temperature, have drastic effects on the formation and residence time of SOC. GIS georeferencing еnablеd mapping of the SOC distribution and identification of hotspot areas with high SOC content. The results of this study have implications for sustainable farming, climate change mitigation, and soil health operations by providing farmers with schemes that amplify carbon sequestration while simultaneously improving soil health.

Carbon analysis of large soil samples using the tagged neutron method: Accounting for radiation attenuation

Non-destructive methodology for determining carbon content in large or semi-infinite (soil) samples is discussed. This methodology is based on deconvoluting the sample's gamma spectra (received by tagged neutron method) on the sample component's spectra by accounting for neutron and gamma radiation attenuations. This algorithm was tested with both Monte-Carlo simulations and experimental gamma spectra. Good agreement was found between defined and actual sample component content. Application of this method for soil carbon determinations in agricultural fields is discussed.

Determination of soil organic carbon content of agricultural soils for proper soil management in Matazu and Musawa, Katsina State, Nigeria

Soil organic carbon is a significant parameter for estimating the global carbon cycle, which makes great sense in soil management and future climate scenario prediction. This work uses 30 heterogeneous soil samples from agricultural and non-agricultural farmlands and soil erosion areas in Matazu and Musawa LGAs to determine soil organic carbon content at the field level in Matazu and Musawa Local Government Areas, Katsina State, Nigeria. Soil samples were meticulously collected from the 0-10cm depth using a hand auger. These samples were obtained from three distinct clusters: agricultural and non-agricultural farmlands and soil erosion areas. The selection of sample locations considered the varied soil types, historical land use, and management practices. Ten soil samples were randomly gathered within each cluster, ensuring a representative and diverse set of samples for analysis. The Warlkey and Black and Hydrometer methods were used to determine the soils' organic carbon contents and particle size distribution, respectively. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS 23 software. Two-sample t-tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were carried out. The soil organic carbon contents of the studied area were 0.29 ± 0.16 g/kg (0.16 – 0.34 g/kg) and 0.28 ± 0.14 g/kg (0.14 - 0.36 g/kg) for Matazu and Musawa, respectively. The study concludes that the organic carbon content helps improve sustainable agricultural productivity due to proper and efficient land use management practices.

Seagrasses produce most of the soil blue carbon in three Maldivian islands

Blue carbon is fast garnering international interest for its disproportionate contribution to global carbon stocks. However, our understanding of the size of these blue carbon stocks, as well as the provenance of carbon that is stored within them, is still poor. This is especially pertinent for many small-island nations that may have substantial blue carbon ecosystems that are poorly studied. Here, we present a preliminary assessment of blue carbon from three islands in the Maldives. The higher purpose of this research was to assess the feasibility of using blue carbon to help offset carbon emissions associated with Maldivian tourism, the largest Maldivian industry with one of the highest destination-based carbon footprints, globally. We used stable isotope mixing models to identify how habitats contributed to carbon found in sediments, and Loss on Ignition (LoI) to determine carbon content. We found that for the three surveyed islands, seagrasses (Thalassia hemprichii, Thalassodendron ciliatum, Halodule pinofilia, Syringodium isoetifolium, and Cymodocea rotundata) were the main contributors to sediment blue carbon (55 – 72%) while mangroves had the lowest contribution (9 – 44%). Surprisingly, screw pine (Pandanus spp.), a relative of palm trees found across many of these islands, contributed over a quarter of the carbon found in sediments. Organic carbon content (‘blue carbon’) was 6.8 ± 0.3 SE % and 393 ± 29 tonnes ha-1 for mangrove soils, and 2.5 ± 0.2% and 167 ± 20 tonnes ha-1 for seagrasses, which is slightly higher than global averages. While preliminary, our results highlight the importance of seagrasses as carbon sources in Maldivian blue carbon ecosystems, and the possible role that palms such as screw pines may have in supplementing this. Further research on Maldivian blue carbon ecosystems is needed to: 1) map current ecosystem extent and opportunities for additionality through conservation and restoration; 2) determine carbon sequestration rates; and 3) investigate options and feasibility for tourism-related blue carbon crediting. Overall, the opportunity for blue carbon in the Maldives is promising, but the state of knowledge is very limited.

Preliminary Determination of Organic Carbon Content in Seagrass Bed at Ao Pae, Rayong Province, Thailand

Seagrass meadows play crucial roles in delivering ecosystem services to various organisms and environmental systems, particularly in efficiently capturing and storing carbon. Thus, seagrasses are included in plans to address climate change challenges. However, there is limited data on carbon sequestration by seagrass in Thailand, especially in localized areas. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the carbon storage in both sediments and seagrass at Ao Pae, Rayong Province. The analysis focused on sediment depth and the impact of moisture content. Sediment and seagrass samples were collected during the low tide season during May 2022. The sampling area was divided into two zones: one with seagrass presence (9 stations) and another where seagrass was absent (4 stations). Sediment was collected from a depth of 60 cm, divided into six layers of 10 cm each. Results indicated that the highest organic carbon content was observed in sediment at depths of 0-10 cm (22.82±2.08%). Additionally, the organic carbon content showed a significant correlation with sediment moisture content in the area with seagrass presence (p<0.05). Furthermore, the mean belowground organic carbon (1.93±0.29%) exceeded the aboveground carbon (1.66±0.28%), and sediments from stations with seagrass had higher organic carbon content compared to those without seagrass. These findings underscore the potential role of seagrass as a significant carbon sequester in Ao Pae, Rayong Province.

The estimated carbon stored in Underutilized Fruit Trees (UFTs) collection of Cibodas and Cibinong Botanic Gardens

Trees are the largest carbon stores in tropical forests, where each species has different biomass and carbon sequestration. Information on biodiversity potential is essential for the conservation of endangered species, especially underutilized species, such as Underutilized Fruit Trees (UFTs). These UFTs were collected from various regions in Indonesia, representing trees that generally grow in lowland to mountain forest ecosystems, then these trees were replanted in Cibodas Botanic Gardens and Cibinong Botanic Gardens as living collection. This research aims to determine the role of UFT in ecosystem function as carbon storage. Sampling carried out using a purposive sampling method to determine the UFT species. The allometric equations is used to determine biomass, while to determine carbon content the UFT species analysis using C/N analyzer. The research result show that the highest potential for carbon storage and absorption is found in Castanopsis argentea, while Eugenia uniflora wood has the highest carbon content, namely 45.86%. Syzygium pycnanthum wood has the lowest carbon content (35.76%). Considering the highest potential of UFT as a carbon stock, information about other species of UFTs is important for determining carbon in modelling carbon trading, since this species is widely cultivated on agroforestry land.

An Investigation of the Organic Carbon Stocks Estimates Uncertainty on a Fields Scale

A study of the uncertainty sources in the assessment of organic carbon stocks in a layer of 0–30 cm at the scale of the sampling area (100 × 100 m) laid on soddy-podzolic cultivated soil (Albic Glossic Retisol (Aric, Loamic, Ochric)) was carried out. In the experiment, two sampling methods were used – the classic 10-cm layers from profiles and with an auger to the depth of 0–30 cm. The soil bulk density was determined by the Kachinsky method, the carbon content was determined by the Tyurin method. Some of the samples were additionally analyzed at the Bryansk State Agrarian University. The uncertainties associated with natural variation, sample preparation and the proper analytical process are estimated. The analytical uncertainty of the bulk density under the conditions of the experiment did not depend on the sampling depth and amounted to about 6%. The analytical uncertainty of Tyurin’s method did not differ in two laboratories. Its contribution was 5–9% of the total variation of the soil organic carbon content in the area. The uncertainty of sample preparation determined from 11 to 26%, natural variation – from 49 to 68% of the total variance, respectively. Determination of the carbon content in the samples taken by the auger, when the sample is taken immediately at 0–30 cm, wins in reducing intermediate operations and gives comparable results compared to layer-by-layer sampling. The uncertainty of sample preparation determined from 11 to 26%, natural variation – from 49 to 68% of the total variance, respectively. Determination of carbon content in samples taken by auger, when the sample is taken immediately at 0–30 cm, wins in reducing intermediate operations and gives comparable results compared to layer-by-layer soil sampling.

Investigation of Uncertainty in Organic Carbon Stock Estimates on a Field Scale

The uncertainty sources in the assessment of organic carbon stocks were studied in a layer of 0–30 cm within the sampling site (100 × 100 m) set on soddy-podzolic cultivated soil (Albic Glossic Retisol (Aric, Loamic, Ochric)). In the experiment, two sampling methods were used – the classic sampling in pits, by 10-cm layers, and sampling with an auger to a depth of 0–30 cm. The soil bulk density was determined by the Kachinsky method and the carbon content was analyzed by the Tyurin method. Some samples were additionally analyzed at the Bryansk State Agrarian University. The uncertainties associated with natural variation, sample preparation and the analytical process proper were estimated. The analytical uncertainty of bulk density measurement did not depend on the sampling depth under the experimental conditions and amounted to about 6%. The analytical error of Tyurin’s method did not differ in two laboratories. Its contribution reached 5–9% of the total variation in soil organic carbon content at the test plot. The uncertainty of sample preparation ranged from 11 to 26%, natural variation—from 49 to 68% to the total variance, respectively. Determination of carbon content in the samples taken with an auger from the depth of 0–30 cm is preferable than layer-by-layer sampling as the number of intermediate operations is fewer, and the obtained results are comparable.

Estimating carbon content in crucible steel using image analysis

Pre-industrial crucible steel ingots, produced in both Central and South Asia, are an important class of iron-carbon alloys. Their microstructure reflects their formation from a liquid alloy at a carbon content of 1.0–2.5wt%, which is higher than most mild steels but lower than most cast irons. This article introduces a tool to quantify the carbon content of such alloys based on an operator-supervised image analysis which determines the relative proportions of austenite/pearlite and cementite, respectively, from high-contrast back-scatter electron images of unetched samples. Using examples from a recently discovered hoard of crucible steel ingots in Telangana, south-central India, we demonstrate the capabilities of the tool and test its usefulness. The main benefit is in improving accuracy and precision in metallography-based carbon content determination in such alloys by reducing the uncertainty in area estimation in complex microstructures based on visual impression alone.

Determination of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen content in coals using WDXRF scattering spectra

A new approach to determination of light elements (C, O, H and N) content in coals by using Х-Ray fluorescence (XRF) method in combination with partial least squares (PLS) regression was studied. The quantitative content of light elements was determined by studying the spectra of coherent and incoherent scattering of the primary radiation of the X-Ray tube for compressed samples of coals of various brands. The study shows that hidden differences in the scattering spectra can be used for quantification of elements that are typically impossible to quantify using XRF. The information obtained can be used to improve semi-quantitative methods of XRF based on fundamental parameters (FP).

Comparison of methodological approaches to the determination of organic carbon in wastes of mining, processing and combustion of coal

The content of organic carbon is one of the key indicators in determining the areas of using waste of mining, processing and combustion of coal. The measurement results obtained by existing measurement methods are often incomparable to each other, which does not allow obtaining a reliable information about the waste composition. The goal of this study is to generalize current methodological approaches and choose the most effective one for determining the content of organic carbon in samples of waste of mining, processing and combustion of coal. Three most appropriate methods were selected proceeding from the analysis of the methods used for determining organic carbon in various natural and technogenic objects. Method No. 1 is based on the calculation of organic carbon content as the difference between total carbon measured by a CHN analyzer and carbonate carbon determined by the gravimetric method. In method No. 2, the determination of organic carbon content is carried out through the determination of the ash, moisture and carbonate carbon content. Method No. 3 includes demineralization of the sample with hydrochloric acid, drying, and calcination of the resulting residue. The samples of waste of mining, processing and combustion of coal with mass fraction of organic carbon from 0 to 60% were used as objects of the research. According to the results of experimental studies and taking into account possible limitations, measurement procedure based on method No. 3 for determining the content of unburned carbon in ash and slag from a thermal power plant was chosen. The applicability of the newly developed measurement procedure was verified for an extended area of objects, which includes, in addition to the samples of coal combustion waste, the samples of waste of their mining and processing. The comparability of the results obtained by other methods was demonstrated, and a preliminary assessment of the metrological characteristics was performed. The measurement procedure can be used in analysis of the reference samples used for construction of the calibration characteristics in the determination of organic carbon by instrumental methods, as well as in the determination of the metrological characteristics of the reference materials of the composition of waste of mining, processing and combustion of coal.

An approach for carbon content measurement in marine sediment: Application of organic and elemental carbon analyzer

Organic and Elemental Carbon (OEC) is widely applied in the atmospheric sciences for determining carbon content and distinguishing black carbon contents of aerosols, with an advantage that OEC-based approach can provide thermograms derived from carbonaceous material. It is potential to adopt the advantage to measure the content and composition of organic carbon (OC)% in marine sediments. Here, we utilized the OEC analyzer to measure the OC% in marine sediment based on the pyrolytic oxidation principle, and obtain the OC-derived carbon dioxide (CO2) thermograms. We examined marine sediments and reference materials to understand the stability and reproducibility of OC% measurements using our approach. The findings indicate that the OC% results (ranging from 1.44 to 1.59%, ave. 1.55 ± 0.03%, n = 64) based on this approach are accurate. In addition, CO2 concentration thermograms obtained by repeated measurements exhibit a strong reproducibility. Our approach can thus provide the concentrations of thermally-evolved CO2 with increasing heating temperature to deeply understand the reactivities of OC and the compositions in sediments. We suggest that the OEC-based OC% measurement is credible when samples preparation is well-performed (e.g., suitable sample mass and uniformly distributed loading). To sum up, we provide a means to accurately determine the OC% in marine sediments in terms of the ramped-pyrolysis principle.

Carbon border adjustment mechanism: a systematic literature review of the latest developments

ABSTRACT Carbon border adjustment mechanism aims to level the playing field and reduce carbon leakage through import taxes and/or export subsidies based on the carbon content for products from countries with different levels of carbon policy stringency. The introduction of an EU carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) has triggered a lively debate on its potential impacts, especially among developing countries. In fact, introducing CBAM is not a new idea; researchers in fields of economics and law have investigated this policy over the last decade. Against this backdrop, this study conducts a literature review of the most recent economic studies of CBAM and provides an exhaustive synthesis of this literature. We employ the so-called ‘Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis’ approach (PRISMA), which includes an exhaustive screening of studies. Specifically, we identified 97 relevant studies on CBAM from 2004 to 31 August 2021, and conducted descriptive and content analysis of these. Our content analysis highlights the potential impacts of CBAM in terms of its effectiveness across 3 policy objectives: protecting fair competition; reducing carbon leakage; and limiting global welfare costs. We synthesize findings on how policy design and characteristics of an economy lead to different levels and types of effectiveness of a CBAM, and we contrast alternative policy designs across various objectives. Armed with this systematic review of the literature, we spell out insights and challenges in formulating effective CBAM polices. This review thus offers evidenced-based guidance for the policy design of a CBAM and a foundation for further research. Key policy insights There is no one-size-fits-all approach to design and implement CBAM to tackle competitiveness and carbon leakage; policy design and characteristics of the economy matter. According to the effectiveness of CBAM across the 3 policy objectives, alternative policy designs should account for the coverage of trade, of sector(s), and also the means to determine carbon content of traded commodities, the use of revenues collected through CBAM, and the adjustment price. In formulating sound CBAM policies, competitiveness, carbon leakage and welfare evaluation are central economic concerns; however, consistency with the latest international climate policy architecture and fairness issues should also be addressed.

Identification of the cause of the difference among TOC quantitative methods according to the water sample characteristics

Total organic carbon (TOC) analysis with accurate determination of particulate organic carbon (POC) content in suspended solids (SS) containing water is critical for evaluating the environmental impact of particulate organic pollutants in water and calculating the carbon cycle mass balance. TOC analysis is divided into the non-purgeable organic carbon (NPOC) and differential (known as TC-TIC) methods; although the selection of method is greatly affected by the sample matrix characteristics of SS, no studies have investigated this. This study quantitatively evaluates the effect of SS containing inorganic carbon (IC) and purgeable organic carbon (PuOC), as well as that of sample pretreatment, on the accuracy and precision of TOC measurement in both methods for various environmental water sample types (12 wastewater influents and effluents and 12 types of stream water). For influent and stream water with high SS, the TC-TIC method expressed 110–200 % higher TOC recovery than that for the NPOC method due to POC component losses in SS owing to its conversion into PuOC during sample pretreatment (using ultrasonic) and subsequent loss in the NPOC purging process. Correlation analysis confirmed that particulated organic matter (POM, mg/L) content in SS directly affected this difference (r > 0.74, p < 0.01, n = 24); for POC water samples (those containing >10 mg/L of POM) featuring purgeable dissolved organic matter, TC-TIC was appropriate in securing TOC measurement accuracy. In constrast, in effluent and stream water with low SS (i.e., < ∼5 mg/L) and high IC (> 70 %) contents, the TOC measurement ratios (TC-TIC/NPOC) of both methods were similar, between 0.96 and 1.08, suggesting that NPOC is appropriate for improving precision. Our results provide useful basic data to establish the most reliable TOC analysis method considering SS contents and its properties along with the matrix characteristics of the sample.

Magnetic susceptibility of the slope soils for predicting of agronomic characteristics

The article is related to the study of the localization of agronomic heterogeneities of the soil distributed on slopes. To study this important agricultural areas, we usedthe mathematical modeling of erosion processes and the survey of the magnetic susceptibility of the arable horizon of the soils. The experiment design includes the typical chernozemof the slope.The soil sampling was performed according to DSTU 4287:2004, determination of organic carbon content according to DSTU 4289:2004, and determination of statistical indicators using Statistica®. The visualization of the study results was carried out in the QGis software. Magnetic susceptibility (MS) was measured using a KLY-2 magnetometer. Modeling of soil erosion processes involved USLE universal soil loss equation. A 1:10,000 topographic map was adopted as the topographic basis. The research territory is the fields of the National Biotechnological University (V.V. Dokuchaev KhNAU) on the southern outskirts of the city of Kharkiv. The 70 soil samples were collected from the arable layer (horizon A). Due to the course of water erosion processes, a long-term soil washout and a widespread complex spatial complex of washed-out soils took place on the site, which is a typical case for eroded sloping lands of the Forest Steppe. In non-eroded watersheds (in the north-western direction), typical heavy loamy medium-humus chernozems are developed. Sampling was carried out using an irregular grid, the sampling density was about 5 samples per hectare.We detected that mathematical modeling of erosion processes can be used to predict the location of inhomogeneities in the agronomic properties of the ground cover of sloping lands. However, given the shortcomings of the main models of potential soil losses associated with the alternation of zones of erosion and deposition require to clarify and verify the obtained results. Hence, we propose to apply the statistical characteristics of the spatial distribution of values of the magnetic susceptibility of the soil. The most important parameters are the average values and coefficient of variation of MS.

Depositional environment and hydrocarbon potential of Early Permian coals deposit in the Huanghua Depression, Bohai Bay Basin

The Carboniferous-Permian was an important period for the formation of coal mines and coaly source rocks across the world. Controlled by the paleoclimate, Cathaysia flora, and transitional sedimentary environment of the delta, the Early Permian Shanxi Formation in the Huanghua Depression formed several layers of coal and coaly source rocks that can be explored in the whole depression. However, the development regularity and distribution prediction of high-quality coaly source rocks are still not well understood. The coaly source rocks of the Shanxi Formation in the Huanghua Depression were taken as the research object. With the determination and analysis of organic carbon content, rock pyrolysis, and vitrinite reflectance, we found that the organic matter abundance (i.e., TOC which changed from 20.3 % to 80.0 %), hydrocarbon generation potential (i.e., S1 + S2 which varied from 7.82 mg/g to 208.81 mg/g), and kerogen types (mainly type II2) of the coal were better than carbonaceous mudstone and coaly shale. Maceral component identification indicated that coal and carbonaceous mudstone had more liptinite (i.e. cutinite and sporinite)and hydrogen-rich vitrinite, while coaly shale was mainly composed of hydrogen-poor vitrinite and a small amount of liptinite. The analysis of the ratios of major and trace elements, normal alkanes, and isoparaffin suggested that the paleo-water salinity of coal and carbonaceous mudstone deposition was more than that of part coaly shale. Revealed by the weak reduction of their depositional environment, the development of high-quality coal and carbonaceous mudstone was mostly controlled by the input of oil- and gas-prone organic matter. The formation of high-quality coaly shale was chiefly dominated by a strong reduction environment with an insignificant amount of organic matter input. The formation model of high-quality coaly source rocks was established. This model can be used to predict the distribution of coal mines and coaly source rocks in the Huanghua Depression and Bohai Bay Basin.

Determination of Organic Carbon Content of Corn Stalk: A Casestudy in Laiyuan County, Hebei Province

Organic carbon is an important component of straw, which plays an important role in the hydrothermal conditions, physical and chemical properties of straw. In order to discuss the transformation of corn straw in straw and the influence on straw fertility, this paper selects 6 villages in Laiyuan County, Hebei Province as the study area, and uses straw organic carbon analyzer to determine the organic carbon content of straw samples before and after corn straw treatment in the study area. The results show that: The organic carbon content of corn straw in Laiyuan County is 50.62%~55.01%, with an average of 53.46%. In Laiyuan County, the organic carbon content is high in the northern townships, low in the western townships and low in the southern townships. From the spatial distribution of organic carbon content of straw, the organic carbon content of corn straw in the northern area of Laiyuan County is high, while the organic carbon content in the western area is low. The conversion of corn straw in straw and its effect on straw fertility are related to the type of straw, the amount of straw and the planting method.

Color indicators as parameters for predicting the content of organic carbon in soils

The study of chemical, physical and biological properties of soil is important for theoretical and practical soil science. The study of soil properties, in particular the determination of organic carbon content, requires a lot of time and money. Effective measurement of soil organic carbon is necessary to manage the functioning of ecosystems. Organic carbon has an important effect on soil properties and also plays a key role in mitigating the effects of climate change, as carbon dioxide (CO2) can be removed from the atmosphere and stored in the soil, thereby reducing the warming effect. Soil color is one of the key soil characteristics that can be quickly analyzed and is closely related to a number of other physical and chemical soil parameters. According to the researches of domestic and foreign scientists, soils are the main storage place for soil carbon, which plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. With technological progress and the development of imaging systems, image-based soil characterization methods have attracted considerable attention from the global soil science community. Unlike soil spectroscopy, imaging devices such as digital cameras or phone cameras are readily available. Traditionally, soil color is quantified using Munsell’s color system, which requires subjective visual comparison, but recently foreign scientists have begun to use RGB, CMYK, HSB color schemes, the definition of which is available in almost all computer graphics editors. With the increase in the use of smartphones and the gradual improvement of the quality of photo images, the use of smartphone photos to predict organic carbon content shows great potential for development. Unlike face recognition and other recognition methods that mainly rely on object profiles, color is one of the most important factors in determining the accuracy of organic carbon prediction. Different hardware configurations and hardware software settings may cause differences in photo colors.