Determination Of Body Surface Area Research Articles

Body Surface Area Prediction in Normal, Hypermuscular, and Obese Mice

Accurate determination of body surface area (BSA) in experimental animals is essential for modeling effects of burn injury or drug metabolism. Two-dimensional surface area is related to three-dimensional body volume, which in turn can be estimated from body mass. The Meeh equation relates body surface area to the two-thirds power of body mass, through a constant, k, which must be determined empirically by species and size. We found older values of k overestimated BSA in certain mice; thus we determined empirically k for various strains of normal, obese, and hypermuscular mice. BSA was computed from digitally scanned pelts and nonlinear regression analysis was used to determine the best-fit k. The empirically determined k for C57BL/6J mice of 9.82 was not significantly different from other inbred and outbred mouse strains of normal body composition. However, mean k of the nearly spheroid, obese lepr(db/db) mice (k = 8.29) was significantly lower than for normals, as were values for dumbbell-shaped, hypermuscular mice with either targeted deletion of the myostatin gene (Mstn) (k = 8.48) or with skeletal muscle specific expression of a dominant negative myostatin receptor (Acvr2b) (k = 8.80). Hypermuscular and obese mice differ substantially from normals in shape and density, resulting in considerably altered k values. This suggests Meeh constants should be determined empirically for animals of altered body composition. Use of these new, improved Meeh constants will allow greater accuracy in experimental models of burn injury and pharmacokinetics.

Determination of Body Surface Area and Formulas to Estimate Body Surface Area Using the Alginate Method

The purpose of this study was to determine the body surface area (BSA) based on the alginate method, to derive formulae for estimating BSA, and to compare the error of the present formula to previous formulas obtained from other countries. We directly measured the entire body surface area of 34 males (20-60 years old, 158.5-187.5 cm in height, 48.5-103.1 kg in body weight) and 31 females (20-63 years old, 140.6-173.1 cm, 36.8-106.1 kg) using alginate. The measurements showed that the BSA had a mean of 18,339 cm(2) (15,416-22,753 cm(2)) for males, and 16,452 cm(2) (12,825-22,025 cm(2)) for females. Based on these measurements, a regression model to estimate BSA was derived: Estimated BSA (cm(2))=73.31 Height (cm)(0.725) x Weight (kg)(0.425) (r(2)=0.999). The mean error of the formula was -0.1%, and did not show any significant difference by gender or body shape. When applied to the datasets (n=506) composed of various races (Caucasians, Africans, and Asians), the mean error of the formula was 0.4% and was smaller than that of DuBois & DuBois's, Gehan & George's, and Mosteller's formulas when applied to the same datasets. The errors of the three previous formulas were also within 2%. Overall, formulas based on the DuBois exponent (Weight(0.425) Height (0.725)) did not show any tendency of overestimation or underestimation by body shape, but other BSA-formulae showed differences by body shape. The present BSA formula has shown good accuracy in Korean adults of all weight categories compared to traditional formulas.

Determination of body surface area in the Wistar rat

Hepatitis E virus (HEV), rotavirus (RV), and porcine enteric calicivirus (PEC) infections are common in swine and raises concerns about the potential for zoonotic transmission through undercooked meat products. Enteric viruses can potentially contaminate carcasses during meat processing operations. There is a lack of information on the prevalence and control of enteric viruses in the pork processing chain. This study compared the incidence and levels of contamination of hog carcasses with HEV, RV and PEC at different stages of the dressing process. A total of 1000 swabs were collected from 2 pork processing plants on 10 separate occasions over the span of a year. The samples were obtained from random sites on hog carcasses at 4 dressing stages (plant A: bleeding, dehairing, pasteurization, and evisceration; plant B: bleeding, skinning, evisceration, and washing) and from meat cuts. Numbers of genome copies (gc) of HEV, RV and PEC were determined by RT-qPCR. RV and PEC were detected in 100%, and 18% of samples, respectively, after bleeding for plant A and in 98%, and 36% of samples, respectively, after bleeding for plant B. After evisceration, RV and PEC were detected in 21% and 3% of samples, respectively, for plant A and in 1%, and 0% of samples, respectively for plant B. RV and PEC were detected on 1%, and 5% of pork cuts, respectively, for plant A and on 0%, and 0% of pork cuts, respectively, for plant B. HEV was not detected in any pork carcass or retail pork samples from plants A or B. The frequency of PEC and RV on pork is progressively reduced along the pork processing chain but the viruses were not completely eliminated. The findings suggest that consumers could be at risk when consuming undercooked meat contaminated with pathogenic enteric viruses.

A simple field technique for estimation of body surface area in horses and ponies

AbstractThis study aimed to produce a weight-independent algorithm for determination of body surface area (BSA; cm2) to within 5% accuracy of the directly determined value in selected horses and ponies under field conditions. Quantification of BSA in equines has applications in the fields of energy budgeting, growth, thermoregulation, conformation and drug kinetics. A simple algorithm for determining BSA to ±5% accuracy was produced for Shetland ponies, Shire horses, Welsh Mountain Section A ponies and Hanoverian mature horses and foals. The accuracy of the method was ±8% for Welsh Mountain-type ponies and Hanoverian two-year-olds. The data were produced by tiling of the shoulder region on one side of the animal with chalk and adapting a simple geometrical integrative technique. Linear anthropometric measurements were of limited use in predicting BSA in that they produced algorithms of ±5% accuracy for ponies of uniform conformation only (Welsh Mountain Section A ponies). The relevant equations were: for Arab-based breeds (Welsh Mountain-type and Section A ponies and Hanoverian horses and foals) and for UK native breeds (Shetland ponies and Shire horses), where ‘surface area of shoulder region on one side’ was defined by the anterior margins of the supraspinatus and deep pectoral, and the posterior margin of the triceps muscles. This tiling procedure fulfilled the aim of the study and also provided quantitative information on proportional differences in areas of body regions between and within these selected breeds.

Human body surface area: measurement and prediction using three dimensional body scans.

The development of three dimensional laser scanning technology and sophisticated graphics editing software have allowed an alternative and potentially more accurate determination of body surface area (BSA). Raw whole-body scans of 641 adults (395 men and 246 women) were obtained from the anthropometric data base of the Civilian American and European Surface Anthropometry Resource project. Following surface restoration of the scans (i.e. patching and smoothing), BSA was calculated. A representative subset of the entire sample population involving 12 men and 12 women (G24) was selected for detailed measurements of hand surface area (SAhand) and ratios of surface area to volume (SA/VOL) of various body segments. Regression equations involving wrist circumference and arm length were used to predict SAhand of the remaining population. The overall [mean (SD)] of BSA were 2.03 (0.19) and 1.73 (0.19) m2 for men and women, respectively. Various prediction equations were tested and although most predicted the measured BSA reasonably closely, residual analysis revealed an overprediction with increasing body size in most cases. Separate non-linear regressions for each sex yielded the following best-fit equations (with root mean square errors of about 1.3%): BSA (cm2) = 128.1 x m0.44 x h0.60 for men and BSA = 147.4 x m0.47 x h0.55 for women, where m, body mass, is in kilograms and h, height, is in centimetres. The SA/VOL ratios of the various body segments were higher for the women compared to the men of G24, significantly for the head plus neck (by 7%), torso (19%), upper arms (15%), forearms (20%), hands (18%), and feet (11%). The SA/VOL for both sexes ranged from approximately 12.m-1 for the pelvic region to 104-123.m-1 for the hands, and shape differences were a factor for the torso and lower leg.

Tables for Estimating Dilutional Hematocrits and Blood Flow Rates from Total Blood Volume and Body Surface Area Formulae

This paper provides a historical look at the development of formulae for predicting body surface area and total blood volume. A variety of experimental methods used for the development of body surface area and total blood volume formulae are briefly reviewed. The varying results of different formulae and nomograms are considered in relation to their impact on calculations typically used for the cardiopulmonary bypass patient. Charts are provided which will aid the clinician in the determination of body surface area, relative perfusion output, total blood volume, and resultant hematocrit.

Determination of body surface area in the rhesus monkey.

Body surface areas (BSA) of 31 apparently normal rhesus monkeys of both sexes weighing 3.2-5.3 kg were determined by the direct skinning technique. The range of measured BSA was 1,940-3,020 cm2 (mean = 2,430 cm2). The BSA values of male and female monkeys were not significantly different. The K value, calculated as the ratio of BSA (cm2)/body wt2/3 (kg), was 969 +/- 15 (SE). Based on the principle of least squares for goodness of fit between the measured and calculated BSA, the best equation was determined to be (see article). A nomogram was constructed for rapid determination of the BSA of rhesus monkeys with known body weight and lengths (head to anus). Monkey BSA could also be computed by multiplying the DuBois human BSA equation by a factor of 1.147 for the head-to-anus measure of length or by 0.891 for the head-to-heel measurement.

Determination of body surface area in Indian Hindu children

Body surface area (BSA) was actually measured in 13 Indian Hindu children, of ages varying between 3 and 12 yr, with tape and surface integrator. In 9 out of 13 children the results obtained were lower than the BSA calculated with the weight-height formula of Du Bois and Du Bois. Based on the actual measurements, a new constant for the weight-height formula was obtained and a new equation: surface area, cm2 = weight 0.425 kg x height 0.725 cm x 70, has been suggested for the BSA of Indian children. A nomogram for reading off surface area in metric units based on the above formula was prepared. A significant difference existed between the BSA calculated with the new formula and that of Du Bois and Du Bois. Submitted on December 30, 1960