Determination Of Biochemical Oxygen Demand Research Articles

Application of biosensor for determination of biochemical oxygen demand and heavy metal toxicity in urban canal water

Application of biosensor for determination of biochemical oxygen demand and heavy metal toxicity in urban canal water

Microfluidic chip-based microbial metabolism-indexed BOD sensor for rapid determination of biochemical oxygen demand

Reliance on five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) as an indicator of water quality has inhibited the development of efficient process control due to the associated uncertainty and lag time. In the work, we proposed a novel strategy for rapid on-site BOD5 determination by a microfluidic chip-based microbial metabolism-indexed BOD sensor (MCB-MMI BOD sensor). The rapid on-site BOD5 detection was achieved by quantifying the equilibrium concentration of tryptophan involved in aerobic biodegradation for alternating the traditional 5-day monitoring of dissolved oxygen variation. The regulated metabolized tryptophan was identified by fluorescence spectrum and converted into BOD5 value. The prominent performance for MCB-MMI BOD sensor BOD5 determination was accessible in the field application, such as decreasing detection time from 5 days to 10 min, lowering sample volume from 250 mL to 2.5 mL, diminishing the working area, extending the detection range (without dilution) from 6 mg/L to 27 mg/L, featured with 83% accuracy, and free-labor automation, which exhibited the infinite potential for MCB-MMI BOD sensor on rapid on-site BOD5 monitoring. We believe the MCB-MMI BOD sensor would broaden its practical applications in BOD5-contained multiple-parameters water quality sensing, and would favorably supply a new tool for sewage-treatment process control, environmental monitoring, and aquaculture.

Comparative Analysis of Groundwater Quality near a Dumping Ground in Garchuk Area, Guwahati

Abstract: This project focuses on analyzing and comparing the water quality of a dumping ground, nearby residential area, and commercial area in Garchuk, Guwahati. Water samples were collected from these three locations using tube wells and various parameters were assessed to evaluate the water quality. The analysis included the measurement of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). The Winkler method was employed for DO analysis, involving the oxidation of divalent manganese hydroxide precipitate by dissolved oxygen in the water sample. The BOD determination assessed the oxygen required for the biochemical degradation of organic material during a specified incubation period. Results from the DO analysis indicated varying levels of dissolved oxygen in the water samples collected from the dumping ground, residential site, and commercial site. BOD analysis revealed the oxygen utilization and degradation of organic material in the water samples after a 5-day incubation period. Additionally, the concentrations of heavy metals such as lead (Pb), arsenic (Ar), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and mercury (Hg) were analyzed in the groundwater samples. The results showed that some heavy metal concentrations were below the detectable limit, while others exhibited measurable levels. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the water quality of the studied areas, indicating potential pollution levels and the effectiveness of waste treatment processes. These results contribute to better understanding and management of water resources in the Garchuk area, helping to protect the environment and public health.

In situ and self-adaptive BOD bioreaction sensing system based on environmentally domesticated microbial populations

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is a water quality parameter of vital importance. Rapid BOD analysis methods have emerged to simplify the five-day BOD (BOD5) measurement protocol. However, their universal implementations are restricted by the tricky environmental matrix (including environmental microbes, contaminants, ionic compositions, etc.). Here, an in situ and self-adaptive BOD bioreaction sensing system consisting of a “gut-like” microfluidic coil bioreactor with self-renewed biofilm was proposed for the establishment of a rapid, resilient and reliable BOD determination method. With the spontaneous surface adhesion of environmental microbial populations, the biofilm was colonized in situ on the inner surface of the microfluidic coil bioreactor. Exploiting the environmental domestication during every real sample measurement, the biofilm was capable of self-renewal to adapt to the environmental changes and exhibited representative biodegradation behaviors. The aggregated abundant, adequate and adapted microbial populations in the BOD bioreactor rendered a total organic carbon (TOC) removal rate of 67.7% within a short hydraulic retention time of 99 s. As validated by an online BOD prototype, exceptional analytical performance was achieved in terms of reproducibility (relative standard deviation of 3.7%), survivability (inhibition by pH and metal ion interference of <20%) and accuracy (relative error of −5.9% to 9.7%). This work rediscovered the interactive effects of the environmental matrix on BOD assays and demonstrated an instructive attempt by making use of the environment to develop practical online BOD monitoring devices for water quality assessments.

Biosensor nanostructures based on dual-chamber microbial fuel cells for rapid determination of biochemical oxygen demand and microbial community analysis

Biosensor nanostructures based on dual-chamber microbial fuel cells for rapid determination of biochemical oxygen demand and microbial community analysis

Microbial Biosensors for Rapid Determination of Biochemical Oxygen Demand: Approaches, Tendencies and Development Prospects.

One of the main indices of the quality of water is the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). A little over 40 years have passed since the practical application of the first microbial sensor for the determination of BOD, presented by the Japanese professor Isao Karube. This time span has brought new knowledge to and practical developments in the use of a wide range of microbial cells based on BOD biosensors. At present, this field of biotechnology is becoming an independent discipline. The traditional BOD analysis (BOD5) has not changed over many years; it takes no less than 5 days to carry out. Microbial biosensors can be used as an alternative technique for assessing the BOD attract attention because they can reduce hundredfold the time required to measure it. The review examines the experience of the creation and practical application of BOD biosensors accumulated by the international community. Special attention is paid to the use of multiple cell immobilization methods, signal registration techniques, mediators and cell consortia contained in the bioreceptor. We consider the use of nanomaterials in the modification of analytical devices developed for BOD evaluation and discuss the prospects of developing new practically important biosensor models.

A Universal Biofilm Reactor Sensor for the Determination of Biochemical Oxygen Demand of Different Water Areas.

In this study, we developed a simple strategy to prepare a biofilm reactor (BFR) sensor for the universal biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) determination. The microorganisms in fresh water were domesticated by artificial seawater with different salinity gradients successively to prepare the BFR sensor. The prepared BFR sensor exhibits an efficient ability to degrade a variety of organic substances. The linear range of BOD determination by the BFR sensor is 1.0–10.0 mg/L−1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9951. The detection limit is 0.30 mg/L according to three times of signal-to-noise ratio. What is more, the BFR sensor displayed excellent performances for the BOD determination of different water samples, including both fresh water and seawater. The 16S-rRNA gene sequencing technology was used to analyze the microbial species before and after the domestication. The results show that it is a general approach for the rapid BOD determination in different water samples.

Electrochemical Sensors in the Determination of Biochemical Oxygen Demand. A Revision of the Last Decade

Biochemical oxygen demand is a widely used technique in order to determine the organic material in water. However, it presents various negative points regarding its use, some of the most important being the time (5 days), as well as the response measurement through Dissolved Oxygen (DO); various authors have tried to increase the sensitivity and at the same time accelerate the response time through the production or modification of electrochemical sensors. This work shows a summary of the modifications that have been brought about in a period of time corresponding to the decade 2010-2020 with a view to presenting a condensed set of analysed information as a guide for future investigations. The most relevant investigations are produced through the modification of sensors and the use of microbial fuel cells using microorganisms, such as biosensitive agents, in order to give an electrochemical response and manage to determine the BOD.

Determination of seawater biochemical oxygen demand based on in situ cultured biofilm reactor

Biofilm reactor was in situ cultured with seawater can be used for in situ BOD monitoring. • Biofilm reactor (BFR) was in situ cultured with seawater. • The BFR can be used for in situ detection of BOD in high salinity seawater. • The prepared BFR has high sensitivity and low detection limit. • The prepared BFR exhibits non selective degradation of different organics. • The secondary pollution to the environment can be avoided. In this study, a biofilm reactor (BFR) was in situ cultured for rapid determination of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in seawater. The microorganism in situ cultured with seawater can tolerate the high salt concentration, which enhances the BFR survivability and stability under the extreme conditions. No phosphate buffer solution is needed to maintain the system and the secondary pollution can be avoided. The effects of temperature and flow rate on BFR were optimized. In addition, the prepared BFR exhibits undifferentiated biodegradable ability for a wide range of organic substrates. Under the optimal conditions, it displays a wide linear range of 1.0–8.0 mgL -1 BOD with a correlation coefficient of 0.9776. The detection limit was 0.3 mg/L at the signal to noise ratio of 3. The 16S-rRNA gene sequencing technology was used to analyze the microbial species in BFR and Huangmao seawater. The results showed that the BFR can meet the requirements of rapid BOD determination for seawater.

A Biosensor Based Microorganisms Immobilized in Layer-by-Layer Films for the Determination of Biochemical Oxygen Demand

A new approach has been developed for the formation of the biosensor recognition elements via the immobilization of microorganisms in layer-by-layer films in order to determine the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Bioreceptor elements of BOD-biosensors have been fabricated based on the bacterial microorganisms Paracoccus yeei, Pseudomonas veronii, and Bacillus proteolyticus isolated from activated sludge. The recognition element was formed with via layer-by-layer deposition; each layer contained cells of one species. A similar multilayered recognition element based on yeast cells of Ogataea angusta, Blastobotrys adeninivorans, and Debaryomyces hansenii was created. In both cases, the cells were immobilized in a hydrogel of polyvinyl alcohol modified with N-vinylpyrrolidone. It was found that layer-by-layer immobilization increases the sensitivity of both the yeast- and bacterial cell–based biosensors. It was surmised that this is due to the lack of competition for substrate within the layer and its greater ability to each of the cell layers. The effects of the composition of the assayed samples (pH, ionic strength, heavy metal compounds) on the oxidative activity of the developed recognition elements have been studied. The analytical and metrological characteristics of the biosensors have been defined. The lower limit of the estimated BOD5 values was 0.5 mg О2/dm3 and 0.7 mg О2/dm3 for bacterial- and yeast cell–based biosensors, respectively. BOD5 was detected in water samples with the fabricated recognition elements. It was shown that the use of these two bioreceptors makes it possible to obtain data that strongly agree with those obtained with traditional method and that biosensing analyzers can act as prototype pilot model of the devices

Microbial fuel cell biosensor for the determination of biochemical oxygen demand of wastewater samples containing readily and slowly biodegradable organics

ObjectivesSingle-chamber air cathode microbial fuel cells (MFCs) were applied as biosensors for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) measurement of real wastewaters with considerable suspended and/or slowly biodegradable organic content.ResultsThe measurement method consists of batch sample injection, continuous measurement of cell voltage and calculation of total charge (Q) gained during the biodegradation of organic content. Diverse samples were analyzed: acetate and peptone samples containing only soluble readily biodegradable substrates; corn starch and milk samples with suspended and colloidal organics; real domestic and brewery wastewaters. Linear regression fitted to the Q vs. BOD5 measurement points of the real wastewaters provided high (> 0.985) R2 values. Time requirement of the measurement varied from 1 to 4 days, depending on the composition of the sample.ConclusionsRelative error of BOD measured in the MFCs comparing with BOD5 was less than 10%, thus the method might be a good basis for the development of on-site automatic BOD sensors for real wastewater samples.

Impact of the nature of organic matter and/or its organo-mineral interaction on microbial activity in dam sediment

Two models serve to explain organic matter (OM) bioavailability in soil through the nature of the OM and/or its degree of attachment to the organo-mineral matrix. This work directly measures the extracted aerobic biomineralization of OM pools in order to determine the model more heavily affecting bioavailability in dam sediment. The OM from four dam sediments was extracted according to a physicochemical sequential protocol. For each step, an extracted phase and a residual phase were recovered. These extraction steps were then coupled with biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) measurements over a 20-day period. The BOD is measured as follows: (i) on the total sediment; (ii) on the residual phase, thus allowing for a BOD determination of the OM linked to the matrix (OML); and (iii) on the extracted free OM (OMF). The total sediment BOD cannot be correlated with either the total extracted carbon or global C/N ratio. The BOD of each OML has been assessed, revealing that the labile phase achieves the highest rate of aerobic biodegradability (2.3 mgO2/mgC), while contributing a small portion to total sediment biodegradability (6 to 22%). The other phases contributing to sediment biodegradability are particulate phase (labile) > weakly linked phase > strongly linked phases, with a corresponding contribution to BOD of 15–46% > 22–41% > 0–30%. An analysis conducted on the OMF shows that the BOD rates of the strongly linked phases are equivalent to those of the labile phases. Organic matter bioavailability and, hence, its biodegradability are mainly affected by the strength of interaction with the organo-mineral matrix. The C/N ratio subsequently alters the biodegradability of bioaccessible OM from dam sediment.

Bod sensor for wastewater analysis- design and calibration methods

Water quality monitoring is an important aspect of water management concerning to thepollution control. The removal of biodegradable organic substances is a very importantaspect of evaluation the treatment efficiency in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP).The amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms to oxidise organic substances ischaracterised by biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), a widely used parameter inenvironmental analysis. The conventional method BOD determination is uneffective fromthe point of view of short-term in situ measurements or on-line monitoring because itmeasures the microorganisms endogenous and exogenous oxygen consumption over aperiod of 5 or 7 days. BOD biosensors provide much faster results thereby allowing theresearches to overcome the weaknesses of the conventional method.BOD sensor studied in present work is based on an amperometric oxygen sensor and aneasily replaceable biomembrane of mixed culture of microorganisms. Biosensor outputsignal depends on the concentration of substrate that indicates the organic pollution ofwaters. Biosensor output signal is analysed classically according to the steady-stateparameters and by the dynamic change of the response and also by the elaboratedmathematical model. The calibration of biosensor by steady-state method is based on thechange of biosensor response between an initial value and the stable end-point of thesignal. The dynamic method of measurement is based on the determination of themaximum rate of change of output signal during experiment and the mathematical modelenables us to find the time constants characterising the non-steady-state processes inBOD sensor. Studied biosensor can be used for the measurements of biochemical oxygendemand in the concentration range 10-90 mg/L.

Determination of biochemical oxygen demand and dissolved oxygen for semi-arid river environment: application of soft computing models.

Surface and ground water resources are highly sensitive aquatic systems to contaminants due to their accessibility to multiple-point and non-point sources of pollutions. Determination of water quality variables using mathematical models instead of laboratory experiments can have venerable significance in term of the environmental prospective. In this research, application of a new developed hybrid response surface method (HRSM) which is a modified model of the existing response surface model (RSM) is proposed for the first time to predict biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved oxygen (DO) in Euphrates River, Iraq. The model was constructed using various physical and chemical variables including water temperature (T), turbidity, power of hydrogen (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), alkalinity, calcium (Ca), chemical oxygen demand (COD), sulfate (SO4), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total suspended solids (TSS) as input attributes. The monthly water quality sampling data for the period 2004-2013 was considered for structuring the input-output pattern required for the development of the models. An advance analysis was conducted to comprehend the correlation between the predictors and predictand. The prediction performances of HRSM were compared with that of support vector regression (SVR) model which is one of the most predominate applied machine learning approaches of the state-of-the-art for water quality prediction. The results indicated a very optimistic modeling accuracy of the proposed HRSM model to predict BOD and DO. Furthermore, the results showed a robust alternative mathematical model for determining water quality particularly in a data scarce region like Iraq.

Research progress on the rapid, real time, on line, &amp;lt;italic&amp;gt;in situ&amp;lt;/italic&amp;gt; monitoring water quality biochemical oxygen demand

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is one of the most important parameters in estimating the water quality and its self-cleaning ability. It represented the oxygen demand in biochemical oxidation process in the wastewater treatment process and environmental repair. The standard method needs 5-day incubation, and the analytical error is very huge. Rapid determination proceeded over forty years, but few applications stand until now. In this article, the author concluded the developments of current rapid BOD determination methods and its drawbacks. A new BOD online determination method and analytical instrument based on natively cultivated plug-flow biofilm reactor was developed and applied in situ extensively.

A Mediated BOD Biosensor Based on Immobilized B. Subtilis on Three-Dimensional Porous Graphene-Polypyrrole Composite.

We have developed a novel mediated biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) biosensor based on immobilized Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) on three-dimensional (3D) porous graphene-polypyrrole (rGO-PPy) composite. The 3D porous rGO-PPy composite was prepared using hydrothermal method following with electropolymerization. Then the 3D porous rGO-PPy composite was used as a support for immobilizing negatively charged B. subtilis denoted as rGO-PPy-B through coordination and electrostatic interaction. Further, the prepared rGO-PPy-B was used as a microbial biofilm for establishing a mediated BOD biosensor with ferricyanide as an electronic acceptor. The indirect determination of BOD was performed by electrochemical measuring ferrocyanide generated from a reduced ferricyanide mediator using interdigited ultramicroelectrode array (IUDA) as the working electrode. The experimental results suggested a good linear relationship between the amperometric responses and BOD standard concentrations from 4 to 60 mg/L, with a limit detection of 1.8 mg/L (S/N ≥ 3). The electrochemical measurement of real water samples showed a good agreement with the conventional BOD5 method, and the good anti-interference as well as the long-term stability were well demonstrated, indicating that the proposed mediated BOD biosensor in this study holds a potential practical application of real water monitoring.

A single-chamber microbial fuel cell for rapid determination of biochemical oxygen demand using low-cost activated carbon as cathode catalyst

ABSTRACTThe biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is widely used for the evaluation of water and wastewater quality. However, the conventional method to measure BOD is time-consuming and requires complicated processes. In this study, a Microbial fuel cell (MFC)-based BOD sensor was developed by using low-cost activated carbon as the cathode catalyst. The sensor was calibrated with an aerated nutrient medium containing sodium acetate as the BOD source. When the sensor was operated with an external resistance of 1 K Ω, linear correlation (R2 = 0.9965) was obtained for BOD concentrations ranging from 80 to 1280 mg/L in a reaction time of 50 h. Besides acetate, glucose/glutamic acid (GGA) and ethanol could also be analyzed by the sensor. In a low concentration range (200 mg/L), the relationship between GGA solution concentration and output voltage was in accord with Monod growth kinetics.

Ultramicroelectrode array modified with magnetically labeled Bacillus subtilis, palladium nanoparticles and reduced carboxy graphene for amperometric determination of biochemical oxygen demand

The authors describe a microsensor for the determination of biochemical oxygen demand. Different from established BOD detection schemes that incorporate a film of immobilized microbes, the sensitive element of this BOD microsensor consists of magnetite-functionalized Bacillus subtilis that can be immobilized and regenerated on an ultramicroelectrode array (UMEA). Modification and regeneration are magnetically controlled. The oxygen consumed is amperometrically quantified by using an UMEA modified with palladium nanoparticles and reduced carboxy graphene. The assay can be performed within 5 min owing to the fast mass transfer of the magnetite-functionalized microbes on the surface of the UMEA. The calibration plot, best acquired at a voltage of -0.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl, is linear in the 2 to 15 mg⋅L−1 BOD concentration range. A critical comparison with other BOD sensor shows the sensitivity of this sensor to be largely improved. It was successful applied to the determination of BOD in spiked water samples.

Analysis of auto-purification response of the Apies River, Gauteng, South Africa, to treated wastewater effluent

The assimilative capacity of water bodies is an important factor in the integrated management of surface water resources. The current study examined the auto-recovery processes of the Apies River from wastewater discharged into it from a municipal wastewater treatment facility, using a series of equations, including the modified Streeter-Phelps equation. Field data obtained include dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, stream velocity, depth, and width. Water samples were also obtained at 10 sampling stations for the determination of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) using standard methods. It was observed that the DO and BOD level (5.59 mg/L and 8.5 mg/L respectively) of the effluent from the wastewater treatment facility indicated better water quality than the Apies River background DO level (5.42 mg/L) and BOD level (13 mg/L). Also, at 270 m downstream of the effluent discharge point, another effluent stream (Skinnerspruit) adversely impacted on the Apies River with DO and BOD levels of 6.5 mg/L and 9.0 mg/L, respectively, compared to the Apies River background values of 6.81 mg/L and 8.0 mg/L, respectively. The stream, however, recovered well from both the background and imposed pollution sources as it had a computed positive auto-recovery factor of 1.74. Furthermore, the measured DO deficit was plotted against predicted DO deficit. The plot revealed a close match between the measured and predicted DO deficit, indicating that the model could be used for predicting DO deficit along other segments of the river. To further improve on the natural auto-recovery processes of the Apies River, it was recommended that flow along the Skinnerspruit should be enhanced by clearing the observed aquatic plants growing within the channel. Also, suspected pollution activities taking place further upstream on the Apies River should be investigated and appropriately addressed.

A single-layer structured microbial sensor for fast detection of biochemical oxygen demand

In this paper, a novel biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) sensor based on a single layer of immobilized microorganisms on electrode for fast detection is investigated. Instead of the previous two-layer structure of oxygen permselective membrane and microorganism membrane, a single layer structure using electrodes as the support for microorganism immobilization has been studied. Amino functional groups on the surface of microorganisms have been bonded with carboxyl modified electrodes. Without extra supports for immobilization, mass transfer resistances are reduced, which facilitates fast current response. Bacillus subtilis cells with high biodegradation ability are obtained after 12h cultivation. The immobilization process has been investigated by CV and EIS. B. subtilis cultivation time, response time and linear range have been optimized. The proposed sensor can reach equilibrium in 5min which has the advantage for real-time BOD determination in the future. The linear range is 5–30mg/l with correlation coefficient of 0.978 and limit of detection of 1.65mg/l.