Determination Of Antioxidant Activity Research Articles

Kinetic optimization of angkak – red ginger extraction and its impact on antioxidant activity

A mixture of angkak and red ginger is a Chinese herbal concoction with potential as an antioxidant. This herbal combination can be extracted using the kinetic hot maceration method by optimizing the stirring speed to be more efficient. Previous studies have shown that using 400, 600, and 800 rpm stirring speeds provides the best IC50 and yield. Based on these problems, this research aims to determine the effect of increasing stirring speed on IC50 and % yield in the extraction of angkak and red ginger, as well as prove the benefits of this herbal combination through the IC50 value. The method used is extracting a mixture of angkak and red ginger at kinetic variations of 400, 600, and 800 rpm using a magnetic hotplate stirrer at a temperature of 60ºC for 2 hours; determination of % yield; determining the chromatogram profile using TLC; determination of antioxidant activity using DPPH; as well as data analysis of percentage yield and IC50 using SPSS. Analysis using SPSS shows that the stirring speed significantly affects the % yield, where increasing the moving speed above 400 rpm results in a decrease in the % yield. However, the moving speed does not affect the IC50. The TLC chromatogram profile shows the presence of 6-gingerol compounds in angkak and red and yellow pigment compounds in red ginger, which have potential as antioxidants. The optimization results in this study obtained optimal % yield and IC50 at 400 rpm with average values, respectively, namely 15.933 ± 3.4771% and 103.76 ± 10.032 ppm, and the combination of angkak and red ginger ingredients can work synergistically to increase yield and antioxidant.

إجمالي محتويات الفينول والفلافونويد وفيتامين ج مع نشاط مضاد للأكسدة لأوراق القراص التي تنمو في زاخو ، إقليم كوردستان ، العراق

يُزرع جنس Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) بشكل متكرر في إقليم كردستان العراق ويستخدم كعلاج شعبي من قبل السكان المحليين لعلاج مجموعة متنوعة من الأمراض. الغرض من هذه الدراسة هو تقييم إجمالي محتويات الفينول والفلافونويد وفيتامين ج باستخدام طريقة القياس الطيفي مع تحديد الأنشطة المضادة للأكسدة للمذيبات المختلفة مثل (المائي ، الإيثانول ، أسيتات الإيثيل ، الكلوروفورم و هكسان) المتدفقة التي تختلف باختلاف اختبارات مضادات الأكسدة مع تراكيز مختلفة وهي (1،1-ثنائي فينيل -2 بيكريل هيدرازيل ، اختبار القدرة المختزل ، القدرة الكلية لمضادات الأكسدة ، كسح أكسيد النيتريك ، جذور الهيدروكسيل ، β-carotene- حمض اللينوليك ومخلبات الحديد) وحمض الأسكوربيك كمرجع معياري. أوضحت نتائجنا أن تحديد إجمالي محتويات الفينول والفلافونويد باستخدام طرق فولين سيوكالتو وكلوريد الألومنيوم أظهر أن مستخلصات المذيبات القطبية أظهرت محتوى عاليًا من الفينول والفلافونويد بينما يحتوي مستخلص أسيتات الإيثيل على نسبة عالية من فيتامين ج. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، أظهرت النتائج أن المستخلصات لها تأثيرات مضادة للأكسدة ملحوظة مقارنة بمضادات الأكسدة القياسية مثل حمض الأسكوربيك. كان لمستخلص الإيثانول لأوراق U. dioica L أنشطة تنظيف أقوى من مستخلصات المذيبات الأخرى لجذور 1،1-ثنائي فينيل -2 بيكريل هيدرازيل و الهيدروكسيل. أظهر مستخلص الماء تأثيرًا مضادًا للأكسدة أعلى من المستخلصات الأخرى لتقليل مقايسات القوة وأكسيد النيتريك مع انخفاض نشاط مضادات الأكسدة لـ β-carotene / حمض اللينوليك وإجمالي اختبارات القدرة المضادة للأكسدة. في المقابل ، كان للهكسان غير القطبي أعلى نشاط مضاد للأكسدة لمقايسة مخلب الحديد. تُظهر الدراسة الحالية أن مستخلصات أوراق U. dioica Lهي مصدر طبيعي حيوي لمضادات الأكسدة ويمكن استخدامها في المنتجات الغذائية بالإضافة إلى تطبيقات التغذ.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of quinoa seed malt extract for the determination of nutritional content, antioxidant, and anticancer activity against HT-29 colorectal cancer cell lines

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of quinoa seed malt extract for the determination of nutritional content, antioxidant, and anticancer activity against HT-29 colorectal cancer cell lines

Salt Tolerance Assessment in Triticum Aestivum and Triticum Durum.

Salt stress is a multicomponent phenomenon; it includes many processes that directly or indirectly affect the plant. Attempts have been made to comprehensively consider the processes of salt stress in plants Triticum aestivum (variety Orenburgskaya 22) and Triticum durum (variety Zolotaya). The study used methods of light and fluorescence microscopy, methods of immunofluorodetection, expression of DNA methyltransferase genes, genes of the ion transporter and superoxide dismutase families, as well as biochemical determination of total antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) reagent. According to morphometric indicators, the Orenburgskaya 22 variety showed greater tolerance to the action of 150 mM NaCl than the Zolotaya variety. The level of expression of genes of the HKT ion transporter family in the Orenburgskaya 22 variety is higher than in the Zolotaya variety. It was found that the expression of the DNA methyltransferase gene DRM2.1, which post-translationally methylates cytosine residues, is 22.3 times higher in Zolotaya compared to Orenburg 22 when exposed to salt. The accumulation of toxic ions is accompanied by an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased damage to root tissue, especially in the Zolotaya variety. Using fluorescence microscopy using the Carboxy-H2DFF marker in the Orenburgskaya 22 variety at high NaCl concentrations, the highest fluorescence intensity was determined in the cap zone; in the Zolotaya variety-in the zones of the cap and root meristem. Excess ROS is more successfully removed in the Orenburgskaya 22 variety, which has a higher level of antioxidant activity (AOA), as well as the level of expression of the Cu/ZnSOD and MnSOD superoxide dismutase genes. Using programmed cell death (PCD) markers based on the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytoplasm, DNA breakage and the release of phosphatidylserine from mitochondria, the degree of damage to root cells was assessed in both wheat varieties. It has been proven that wheat cell death occurs through the mitochondrial pathway. It was noted that the salt-sensitive variety Zolotaya had a significant number of necrotic cells. Based on the data obtained, it was concluded that the Orenburgskaya 22 variety exhibits greater resistance to salinity than the Zolotaya variety. These data may be of practical importance for enhancing protective mechanisms under abiotic stress.

Ready-to-Use Vegetable Salads: Physicochemical and Microbiological Evaluation

Ready-to-use vegetable salads are minimally processed products, rich in antioxidants, but are associated with a high microbiological risk and possibly, in some cases, with a high content of nitrites. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physicochemical and microbiological properties of different ready-to-use vegetable salad assortments on the Romanian market. Seventeen types of salad vegetables were evaluated for the determination of water activity, antioxidant activity and nitrite concentration and tested for the presence of microorganisms. The water activity of the samples varied from 0.873 to 0.933, and the IC50 values were between 1.31 ± 0.02 and 5.43 ± 0.04 µg/mL. Nitrites were present in all samples investigated (ranging from 290.6 to 3041.17 mg/kg). Staphylococci and Enterobacteriaceae were detected in 35.3% and 70.5% of the samples. Furthermore, 17.6% of the salads were contaminated with Escherichia coli, and Listeria was detected in 29.4% of the samples. Salmonella was detected in only one sample, and Faecal streptococci were not present in any of the samples. The results indicated high nitrite values and also revealed pathogens’ presence. Producers should make more efforts to lower microbial contamination, while maximum limits for nitrites in vegetables should be set based on the impact on human health.

Using smartphone for monitoring colorimetric reactions aiming at determining antioxidant activity

The use of technology for antioxidant determination in foods has contributed toward enhancing the applicability of this analysis in in vitro assays. The present study sought to evaluate the activity of antioxidants in food products using the following analytical methodologies: analysis of total phenols, flavonoids, ABTS, DPPH, reducing power by potassium ferricyanide, and FRAP, using the smartphone app PhotoMetrix PRO®. These methodologies underwent analytical validation demonstrating linearity at 95% confidence interval, while residues displayed homoscedasticity and random distribution. The values obtained for the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were below the working range for all methodologies. The correlation coefficients obtained for the curves were above 0.99, except for the FRAP method. For the analysis, the values obtained for relative standard deviation (RSD %) for repeatability and intermediate precision were lower than 5%, except for ABTS and DPPH analysis, which presented values lower than 10%. The PhotoMetrix PRO® app has proven to be efficient for use in the analysis of whole grape juice samples, when compared to UV-VIS spectrophotometer.

FORMULATION AND TESTING OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY COMBINATION OF CALENDULA OIL AND SWEET ORANGE OIL WITH DPPH METHOD

Indonesia has many natural ingredients that can be used as primary ingredients for medicines with antioxidant effects. Calendula oil and sweet orange oil have the potential to be antioxidants. This study aimed to determine the stability of cream preparations based on stability test parameters and to determine antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. This study was conducted because the combination of calendula oil and sweet orange oil was tested for antioxidant activity and then formulated in cream dosage forms with ratio of 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1. Antioxidant activity tests were carried out using a combination of calendula oil and sweet orange oil and a cream preparation of a combination of calendula oil and sweet orange oil, which was tested for stability using the cycling test method. Based on the results of the study, the combination of calendula oil and sweet orange oil in a ratio of 1:1 and 1:2 had weak antioxidant activity, as can be seen from the IC50 value of 170.02 ppm, 150.43 ppm, whereas in a 2:1 ratio, it had moderate antioxidant activity because the IC50 value was 143.89 ppm. In the combination cream preparations of calendula oil and sweet orange oil, ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 had weak antioxidant activity. It can be seen from the IC50 value of each preparation, which was 188.85 ppm, 170.01 ppm, and 189.61 ppm. Keywords: Calendula Oil, Sweet Orange Oil, Antioxidant, Cream, DPPH

In vitro Antioxidant, In vivo Bioavailability, and Immunomodulatory Effects of a Polyherbal Formulation (Storg B) Induced by Cyclophosphamide in an Experimental Animal Model

Introduction: The immunomodulatory properties of plants are being extensively explored these days as they contain a wide range of bioactive compounds that can treat immunomodulatory disorders. The aim of the present investigation was to determine the efficacy of the standardized polyherbal formulation (Storg-B). The Storg-B combines Psidium guajava, Mangifera indica, and Citrus limon. Methods: The aqueous extract of the Storg B was investigated for DPPH radical scavenging activity to determine antioxidant activity. SD rats were selected for the evaluation of the immunomodulatory activity of Storg-B. The haemagglutination and hematology methods were used to evaluate the immunomodulatory studies. For the pharmacokinetic studies, the LC-MS/MS technique is employed to quantify Storg B. Results: The percentage inhibition of DPPH radial IC50 values of standard BHT and Storg-B were 60.52 and 68.35µg/ml, respectively. In the in vivo animal studies, Storg-B showed significant immunomodulatory activity by increasing the primary and secondary antibody titer values by 6.58 and 8.25 mg/mL, respectively, for the SRBC antigen at a dose of 100 mg/kg. There’s also an increase in the neutrophil adhesion percentage at the testing doses. Results of hematological parameters revealed that Storg-B restored all the levels of blood components at a 100 mg/kg dose. A Storg-B showed greater potency in the bioavailability studies. Conclusion: Thus, the Storg-B used as an efficient and secure formulation in the treatment of immune deficiency by improving the immune response.

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of grape seed procyanidins, preparation of liposomes, and evaluation of their antioxidant capacity

The residue remaining after oil extraction from grape seed contain abundant procyanidins. An ultrasonic-assisted enzyme method was performed to achieve a high extraction efficiency of procyanidins when the optimal extraction conditions were 8 U/g of cellulase, ultrasound power of 200 W, ultrasonic temperature of 50 ℃, and ultrasonic reaction time of 40 min. The effects of free procyanidins on both radical scavenging activity and thermal stability at 40, 60, and 80 ℃ of the procyanidins-loaded liposomal systems prepared by the ultrasonic-assisted method were discussed. The presence of procyanidins at concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 0.10 mg/mL was observed to be effective at inhibiting lipid oxidation by 15.15 % to 69.70 % in a linoleic acid model system during reaction for 168 h, as measured using the ferric thiocyanate method. The procyanidins-loaded liposomal systems prepared by the ultrasonic-assisted method were characterized by measuring the mean particle size and encapsulation efficiency. Moreover, the holographic plots showed that the effect–response points of procyanidins combined with α-tocopherol in liposomes were lower than the addition line and 95 % confidence interval limits. At the same time, there were significant differences between the theoretical IC50add value and the experimental IC50mix value. The interaction index (γ) of all combinations was observed to be less than 1. These results indicated that there was a synergistic antioxidant effect between procyanidins combined with α-tocopherol, which will show promising prospects in practical applications. In addition, particle size differentiation and morphology agglomeration were observed at different time points of antioxidant activity determination (0, 48, 96 h).

Green Extraction Approach for Isolation of Bioactive Compounds in Wild Thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) Herbal Dust-Chemical Profile, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity and Comparison with Conventional Techniques.

The aim of this study was to provide a chemical profile and determine the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil (EO) and lipid extracts of Thymus serpyllum L. herbal dust obtained via conventional (hydrodistillation (HD) and Soxhlet extraction (SOX)) and novel extraction techniques (supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)). In addition, a comparative analysis of the chemical profiles of the obtained EO and extracts was carried out, as well as the determination of antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activity of the lipid extracts. According to the aforementioned antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and the monoterpene yield and selectivity, SFE provided significant advantages compared to the traditional techniques. In addition, SFE extracts could be considered to have great potential in terms of their utilization in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, as well as appropriate replacements for synthetic additives in the food industry.

Determination of Physicochemical Characteristics, Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Various Clover Honeys.

This paper reports on some physicochemical and phytochemical characteristics (i. e. pH, electrical conductivity, colour, moisture content, total phenolic content, sugar profile) and in vitro antioxidant activity of honeys harvested from five legume species, red clover (Trifolium pratense), balansa clover (T. michelianum), Persian clover (T. resupinatum), purple clover (T. purpureum) and sanfoin, also known as holy clover (Onobrychis viciifolia), that were grown in enclosed shade houses to ensure that the honeys' characteristics are reflective of a truly monofloral honey. Glucose and fructose, determined via High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) analysis, were found as the main sugars in all investigated honeys with the ratio of fructose to glucose ranging from 1 : 1.2 to 1 : 1.6. The honeys' pH values ranged from 3.9 to 4.6 which met Codes Alimentarius (CA) requirements. The moisture content was found to be between 17.6 and 22.2 % which in some cases was slightly higher than CA requirements (≤20 %). The honeys' colour values, prior and after filtration, were between 825.5-1149.5 mAU and 532.4-824.8 mAU respectively, illustrating golden yellow to deep yellow hues. The total phenolic content (TPC) of the honeys was determined using a modified Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Their antioxidant activity was captured by the Ferric Reducing-Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay as well as HPTLC analysis coupled with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) derivatisation. The highest total phenolic content was found in red clover honey (45.4 mg GAE/100 g) whereas purple clover honey showed the highest level of activity in the FRAP assay (7.3 mmol Fe2+/kg). HPTLC-DPPH analysis of the honeys' organic extracts demonstrated the presence of various bioactive compounds that contribute to their overall antioxidant activity. This study developed a methodology for producing monofloral clover honeys in a space limited, enclosed production system, which allowed to collate important baseline data for these honeys that can serve as the foundation for their potential future development into commercial honeys, including honeys that can be used for medicinal purposes.

Chalcone-based novel mono and bisthiocarbohydrazone: synthesis, crystal structure, antioxidant property and theoretical evaluation

This study describes the synthesis of novel chalconethiocarbohydrazones derived from 2′-hydroxychalcone and thiocarbohydrazide as potential drugs. The monothiocarbohydrazone (M1) and bisthiocarbohydrazone (M2) compounds were obtained by condensing thiocarbohydrazide with 2′-hydroxychalcone [1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)−3-phenyl-2-propen-1-one] at 1/1 and 1/2 mol ratios. The synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, 1H NMR, FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopic techniques. The crystal structures of M1 and M2 were solved using single crystal X-ray diffraction method. The total antioxidant capacities of synthesized thiocarbohydrazones were determined by Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) method. It was investigated also the radical scavenging activities of these compounds with 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. When compared to standard compound Trolox, both of the compounds showed good antioxidant activity. For the new compounds, Conceptual Density Functional Theory (CDFT) computations were performed to compute important quantum chemical reactivity descriptors. The chemical reactivities of the studied chemical systems were compared via well-known electronic structure rules of CDFT. Experimentally determined antioxidant activities of the synthesized compounds were supported with Molecular Docking analyses.

Enhancement of cellulolytic enzyme production from intrageneric protoplast fusion of Aspergillus species and evaluating the hydrolysate scavenging activity

BackgroundLignocellulosic biomass provides a great starting point for the production of energy, chemicals, and fuels. The major component of lignocellulosic biomass is cellulose, the employment of highly effective enzymatic cocktails, which can be produced by a variety of microorganisms including species of the genus Aspergillus, is necessary for its utilization in a more productive manner. In this regard, molecular biology techniques should be utilized to promote the economics of enzyme production, whereas strategies like protoplast fusion could be employed to improve the efficacy of the hydrolytic process.ResultsThe current study focuses on cellulase production in Aspergillus species using intrageneric protoplast fusion, statistical optimization of growth parameters, and determination of antioxidant activity of fermentation hydrolysate. Protoplast fusion was conducted between A. flavus X A. terreus (PFFT), A. nidulans X A. tamarii (PFNT) and A. oryzae X A. tubingensis (PFOT), and the resultant fusant PFNT revealed higher activity level compared with the other fusants. Thus, this study aimed to optimize lignocellulosic wastes-based medium for cellulase production by Aspergillus spp. fusant (PFNT) and studying the antioxidant effect of fermentation hydrolysate. The experimental strategy Plackett-Burman (PBD) was used to assess how culture conditions affected cellulase output, the best level of the three major variables namely, SCB, pH, and incubation temperature were then determined using Box-Behnken design (BBD). Consequently, by utilizing an optimized medium instead of a basal medium, cellulase activity increased from 3.11 U/ml to 7.689 U/ml CMCase. The following medium composition was thought to be ideal based on this optimization: sugarcane bagasse (SCB), 6.82 gm; wheat bran (WB), 4; Moisture, 80%; pH, 4; inoculum size, (3 × 106 spores/ml); and incubation Temp. 31.8 °C for 4 days and the fermentation hydrolysate has 28.13% scavenging activities.ConclusionThe results obtained in this study demonstrated the significant activity of the selected fusant and the higher sugar yield from cellulose hydrolysis over its parental strains, suggesting the possibility of enhancing cellulase activity by protoplast fusion using an experimental strategy and the fermentation hydrolysate showed antioxidant activity.

Biomorphological features and antioxidant activity of mint species of non-hybrid origin growing in the North Caucasus region

Introduction. Modern researchers note the role of antioxidants in the correction of fat and carbohydrate metabolism, so the search for new raw materials for obtaining substances with antioxidant activity is relevant. Polyphenolic compounds are considered the most powerful natural antioxidants. Our attention was drawn to non-hybrid mint species growing in the North Caucasus region. Objective. Study of biomorphological features and economically valuable characteristics of the species Mentha L. (Lamiaceae), their phytochemical characteristics based on the content of essential oil and some phenolic compounds, determination of antioxidant activity to substantiate the prospects for use in medicine and pharmacy. Material and methods. The studies were carried out according to the methods of the State Pharmacopoeia (SP) XIV and XV editions. Samples of raw mint (M. arvensis L.), watermint (M. aquatica L.), longleaf mint (M. longifolia (L.) Huds.), flea mint (M. pulegium L.), m spicata (M. spicata L.), harvested in forest-steppe and steppe zones, as well as on mountain slopes, damp places, sometimes in wastelands, in North Ossetia – Alania, Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria and the Stavropol Territory in their natural places of growth (end of July–August 2021–2023). Objects were dried using the air-shadow method. Antioxidant activity was determined by amperometric and titrimetric methods. Results. Non-hybrid mint species growing in the North Caucasus contain essential oils, hydroxycinnamic and triterpene acids, flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds. The established antioxidant properties of hydroalcoholic extracts of mint species, in addition to the traditionally known choleretic and antispasmodic effects, can be considered significant for reducing body weight. Conclusion. The content of essential oil and polyphenolic compounds in various types of mint, as well as the established antioxidant properties of aqueous-alcoholic extracts, in addition to the traditionally known choleretic and antispasmodic effects, can be considered significant for weight loss.

Determination of antioxidant activity, chlorophyll and carotenoids content of Kappaphycus alvarezii: Comparison of seaweed with traditional Chinese Medicines

After the pandemic of COVID-19, there has been a growing interest in food safety concerns. Besides consuming wild-type animals, another focus is the synthetic compounds used in food preparation. Various reports show that antioxidant mechanisms might be closely related to decreasing the risk of disease infection. On 18 March 2020, Malaysia had the first Movement Control Order (MCO) that all communities must stay home. Public also questions whether natural food, mainly traditional Chinese medicine, can act as an antioxidant agent. Therefore, spectrophotometric procedures for determining the antioxidant capacities of selected samples were conducted. This method is based on scavenging 2, 2 diphenyl 1-picryl hydroxyl (DPPH) by adding a radical species or an antioxidant that decolourises the DPPH solution. This study aimed to compare, using the DPPH assay, the antioxidant level of Kappaphycus alvarezii to other traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) such as Andrographis paniculata, Lycium chinense and Ziziphus jujube. This study characterises the antioxidant activity of traditional Chinese medicines associated with carotenoid and total chlorophyll content from seaweed. Antioxidant analysis has shown that the highest antioxidant property was observed in the solvent extract of L. chinense. The DPPH assay provides an easy and rapid way to evaluate potential antioxidants in selected samples.

Determination of chemical composition, antioxidant activity, mass spectrometry and cytotoxicity of the Aiphanes aculeata palm fruit

Berry-type fruits from Arecaceae palms have excellent nutritional, functional and economic characteristics. This study aimed to evaluate the pulp of the Aiphanes aculeata palm fruit through the analysis of proximate composition, physicochemical parameters, micronutrients, total phenolics, antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity. In relation to macronutrients, low levels of lipids, proteins and fibers, and high levels of carbohydrates and sugars were determined. Among the micronutrients analyzed (Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, P and K), potassium (933.04 mg/100 g) was the most abundant element in the fruit. Regarding the analysis of vitamin C, the value determined was 46.97 mg/100 g. The DPPH, FRAP and ABTS assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity. The extracts showed antioxidant activity in the methods used, providing potential for their application in the composition of the food products formulations with functional properties since there was no cytotoxic potential in normal cells (L-929).

Determination of mineral elements, antioxidant activity and bio-active compounds of Allium prezewalskianum regel, an underutilized plant of Ladakh, India using ICP-AES, AAS and GC-MS

Allium prezewalskianum also known as wild garlic, is a wild aromatic herbaceous plant that has been used as substitute for garlic in both food and medicine for treating various remedies since traditional times. Despite the traditional importance of this plant in Ladakh, there is no report available about the nutritional and phytochemical composition of this plant till date. Keeping in view the ethanobotanical importance of this plant, present study was aimed to assess and quantify the mineral elements, bioactive compounds and the antioxidant property of aerial parts of A. prezewalskianum. ICP-AES, AAS and flame photometer were used to analyze the mineral profile which indicated that K (47,080 ± 250 mg/kg) has highest content followed by Ca (17,770 ± 200 mg/kg) and Fe (135 mg/kg). Total phenol (34.6 ± 0.48 mg/g) and flavonoid content (46.25 ± 0.01 mg/g) along with the antioxidant activity using DPPH (127.01 ± 0.19 µg/mL) and FRAP (43.019 ± 1.735 mg/g) assay was also evaluated that showed high phenols and antioxidant activity compared to some cultivated species like A. porrum and A. ampeloprasum. Characterization of phytochemical profile by GCMS revealed 33 compounds from which 9-octadecenoic acid (z)-, methyl ester (10.45%), Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (9.01%), Hexadecanoic acid, 2‑hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester (8.96%), 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol (8.84%) and Stigmast-5-en-3-ol, (3.beta.,24 s) (5.53%) are the major compounds identified. These bioactive compounds are known to have anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties. Biochemical knowledge is essential to assess the health benefits and physiological effects of wild plants and to develop clinical studies on its mechanism of action, safety and efficacy. The findings indicated that A. prezewalskianum possesses health promoting minerals and are rich in phytochemicals which make it a treasured source to be utilized in food supplements, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical preparations.

Analysis of active compounds and bioactivity of leaves extracts of Sonneratia species

AbstractThe present study focused on the quantitative determination of active compounds, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of leaf extracts of different Sonneratia species. The tested species including Sonneratia alba (SA), Sonneratia caseolaris (SC), and Sonneratia ovata Backer (SO) were collected from Can Gio Mangrove Forest, Vietnam. The methanol extract of SA leaves was found to contain the highest content of total flavonoids, total phenolics and gallic acid (4344.16 ± 51.78 μg/g dry mass). The highest luteolin‐7‐O‐glucoside and luteolin amounts (5963.28 ± 59.77 and 234.33 ± 10.41 μg/g dry mass, respectively) were found in the methanol extract of SC leaves according to HPLC‐DAD analysis. The methanol extracts of all three species exhibited strong DPPH radical scavenging activity while the ethanol extracts provided strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, and Escherichia coli. By fractionating the extracts over a SiO2 column using CHCl3: EA: MeOH gradients, the fractions containing high purity luteolin and luteolin‐7‐glucoside from SC and high purity luteolin from SO were collected. Moreover, all fractions demonstrated significant DPPH free radical scavenging ability but the fraction enriched in gallic acid showed the highest activity. These findings show that SA is a promising source of gallic acid while SC can be potentially used for the extraction and isolation of luteolin‐7‐glucoside.

The Effect of Giving Black Rice Extract Ointment (Oryza Sativa L. Indica) on the Growth of Wistar Rat (Rattus Novergicus) Hair Follicles

Hair loss affects many people worldwide. Hair loss is common and can be treated with vitamins and minerals. Black rice (Oryza sativa l. indica) contains phenolic and anthocyanin-rich flavonoids. The study examined whether black rice extract ointment accelerated Wistar rat (Rattus norvegicus) hair follicle growth. This was an actual experiment with 30 mice. The research involved acclimating test animals in the lab, manufacturing black rice extract, and making ointment. After an Ointment Evaluation Test, Phytochemical Screening was performed. Test the FT-IR Functional Group. DPPH testing will determine antioxidant activity. Finally, four groups (control group, treatment groups 1, 2, and 3 with 10%, 20%, and 30% ointments) received treatment for 21 days. Study results were handled using SPSS. The normality test showed 0.652 > 0.05 significance, while the Independent Samples T-Test showed 0.00 < 0.05 significance. Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and steroids/triterpenoids make black rice an antioxidant, according to the active compound test. For average hair growth, 10% black rice ointment dose therapy yielded 0.681 cm, 20% 0.769 cm, and 30% 0.851 cm. The study found that black rice extract contains high antioxidants (ppm concentration value <50) that can prevent premature skin aging and promote hair and skin health.

Determination of Medicago orbicularis Antioxidant, Antihemolytic, and Anti-Cancerous Activities and Its Augmentation of Cisplatin-Induced Cytotoxicity in A549 Lung Cancer Cells

The anti-lung cancer properties of the plant Medicago orbicularis have not been explored yet. Therefore, we identified its phytochemical composition and investigated the antioxidant, anti-hemolytic, and anti-cancerous properties of extracts of this plant in A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells. The results show that all parts of M. orbicularis (stems, leaves, and fruits) exhibit remarkable hemolytic activities and modest antioxidant capacity. In addition, all extracts showed a dose-dependent anti-cancerous cytotoxic activity against A549 cells, with fruit extracts being the most potent. This cytotoxic effect could be related, at least partly, to the induction of apoptosis, where M. orbicularis fruit extracts reduced the ratio of anti-apoptotic BCL-2/pro-apoptotic BAX, thereby promoting cellular death. Furthermore, the use of M. orbicularis, in combination with a conventional chemotherapeutic agent, cisplatin, was assessed. Indeed, the combination of cisplatin and M. orbicularis fruit extracts was more cytotoxic and induced more aggregation of A549 cells than either treatment alone. GC-MS analysis and total polyphenol and flavonoid content determination indicated that M. orbicularis is rich in compounds that have anti-cancerous effects. We propose M. orbicularis as a potential source of anti-cancerous agents to manage the progression of lung cancer and its resistance to therapy.