Determination Of Antipsychotic Drugs Research Articles

Determination of antipsychotic drugs in nails and hair by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and evaluation of their incorporation into keratinized matrices

Nail samples are an alternative to hair for long-term monitoring of drug use, although there are a limited number of studies about its applicability. This study presents the development and validation of a LC–MS/MS method for the determination of five antipsychotic drugs (clozapine, haloperidol, levomepromazine, olanzapine and quetiapine) in nail and in hair samples. Samples were washed with dichloromethane, pulverized with a ball mill, and incubated in water:acetonitrile (50:50 v/v) with horizontal agitation for 90 min. Then, samples were purified by solid phase extraction with OASIS MCX cartridges and analysed by LC–MS/MS. The analytical method was fully validated in nails and in hair, including: limits of detection (2.5 pg/mg and 2.5−10 pg/mg, respectively), limits of quantification (LOQ) (10 pg/mg and 10−20 pg/mg, respectively), linearity (LOQ to 10,000 pg/mg), selectivity (no endogenous or exogenous interferences), accuracy (97.4–106.9% and 97.3–108.2%, respectively), imprecision (<7.9% and <8.6%, respectively), extraction efficiency (62.3%–109.8% and 45.1%–83.6%, respectively), matrix effect (-35.6% to 654.4% and -71.0% to -10.8%, respectively) and autosampler stability after 72 h (%loss <12.4%). Moreover, paired fingernail, toenail and hair samples from 13 patients under chronic treatment were analysed, and concentrations in the different matrices were compared. Concentrations in real samples ranged from 11.3–8306 pg/mg in fingernails, from 12.7–1755.4 pg/mg in toenails and from 17.6–24045.4 pg/mg in hair. Hair concentrations were generally higher than nail concentrations; however, a variable pattern was found in fingernails and toenails depending on the case. In addition, concentrations in paired hair and nail samples from a patient under chronic treatment with quetiapine at different doses were studied for 1-year.

Determination of antipsychotic drugs in oral fluid using dried saliva spots by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

The present work describes the optimization and validation of an analytical method for the determination of six antipsychotic drugs (chlorpromazine, levomepromazine, cyamemazine, clozapine, haloperidol, and quetiapine) in oral fluid samples after solvent extraction from dried saliva spots, by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The method was fully validated, and the included parameters were selectivity, linearity, limits of quantification, precision and accuracy, stability, and recovery. The method was linear for all compounds from 10 to 400ng/mL, except for haloperidol (5-100ng/mL), presenting coefficients of determination higher than 0.99. Inter- and intra-day precision and accuracy were in conformity with the criteria usually seen in bioanalytical method validation; i.e., coefficients of variation were lower than 15% and an accuracy of 15% or better for all studied drugs. The recoveries obtained with this miniaturized technique ranged from 63 to 97%. The herein described method is the first to be reported using the dried saliva spots approach for the analysis of these antypshychotic drugs, proving great sensitivity apart from its simple and fast procedure. The method was considered a good alternative to the conventional techniques to be applied in clinical and toxicological analyses, even more taking into account the extremely low sample volume used (50μL). Graphical abstract.

Determination of antipsychotic drugs in hospital and wastewater treatment plant samples by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

The development and performance evaluation of a method for the simultaneous determination of six antipsychotic drugs in hospital effluents and wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) samples are herein presented. The method involves an off-line mixed mode (reversed-phase and strong cation exchange) solid phase extraction (SPE) with gas chromatography (GC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The present methodology was validated following internationally accepted criteria, and the studied parameters included selectivity, linearity, limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LLOQ), instrumental limits, precision and accuracy, stability and recovery. The procedure was linear for concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10μg/L (0.02 to 2μg/L for haloperidol), with determination coefficients higher than 0.99 for all analytes. Intra- and inter-day precision was lower than 15% for all analytes at the studied concentrations, while accuracy remained between a ±15% interval. Recoveries ranged from 31% to 83%. Low LODs were achieved, between 2 and 10ng/L, allowing a reliable identification of all analytes at trace levels, using only 50mL as sample volume. All studied parameters complied with the defined criteria and the method was successfully applied to gather preliminary results of the determination of antipsychotics on hospital effluents and on influent and effluent of WWTPs, opening perspectives for the study of their fate in the aquatic environment.

Development and validation of an analytical methodology for the determination of antipsychotic drugs in hospital wastewaters by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS)

Development and validation of an analytical methodology for the determination of antipsychotic drugs in hospital wastewaters by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS)

Determination of Antipsychotic Drugs Known for Narcotic Action by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography

A selective Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) method for the simultaneous determination of anti psychotic drugs also known for narcotic action has been developed, which includes Venlafaxine, Escitalopram, Fluoxetine, Candesartan, Risperidone, Trihexyphenidyl, Thioridazine, Aripiprazole and Trifluoperazine. The method includes Reversed Phase AcquityTM BEH C18column (50 mm×2.1 mm i.d. and 1.7 µm particle size). The mobile phase consists of acetonitrile and 10 mM ammonium acetate with gradient elution. The flow rate was set at 0.3 mL/min and UV detection was performed at 215 nm. A System Suitability Test (SST) was developed to govern the quality of the separation and minimal tailing. The developed method has been validated further with respect to Linearity, Accuracy, Precision, Selectivity, LOD, LOQ and Robustness. Different batches of samples were examined using the method. Furthermore, the method has proven to be successful when applied to analyze marketed pharmaceutical dosage formulations.

Determination of antipsychotic drugs by gas-liquid chromatography with a nitrogen detector using a simple acetylation technique

Determination of antipsychotic drugs by gas-liquid chromatography with a nitrogen detector using a simple acetylation technique