Determinants Of Stunting In Children Research Articles

Determinants of stunting in children under five: a scoping review

Background: Inadequate diet, socioeconomic condition, and maternal and child characteristics can damage stunted children under five's mental and physical development. As a result, they have difficulty developing physically and cognitively, have low intellectual abilities, are more susceptible to disease, and have less creativity and innovation. Objective: This study seeks to investigate and summarize the determinants of stunted children under five.Materials and Methods: The study used a scoping review method. The literature search was carried out on indexed databases of Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, Crossref, and Pro-Quest in English and Indonesian. There were 720 research articles, and 18 of them met the inclusion criteria. From the 18 journals, information was collected from the publication year 2015-2021. Relevant study articles related to the topic were analyzed qualitatively using NVIVO-12 Plus.Results: Our findings identify that maternal education, low birth weight (LBW), gender, exclusive breastfeeding, parental income, parental age, and child age are the dominant determinants of stunting among under-five children.Conclusion: Higher risk factors of stunting among children are parents' lack of knowledge, low family income, low nutrition, low level of mother's education, and lack of parents' supervision and parenting skills.

Determinants of Stunting in Children Aged 6-24 Months at Pambusuang Health Centre Working Area, Polewali Mandar Regency, Indonesia

Background: Based on the results of the Indonesian Nutrition Status Survey in 2022, the national prevalence of stunting is 21.6% and in the Pambusuang Health Centre working area it is still above the national average of 26.1%. This study aims to determine the determinants that are risk factors for stunting in children aged 6-24 months. Methodology: This research uses a case control study design with a total sample size of 144 consisting of 72 cases and 72 controls selected by systematic random sampling method. Data analysis was carried out using Stata version 14 program. Results: Determinants that are risk factors for stunting are history of LBW (OR=7 with 95% CI=1,453-66,087), pregnancy distance (OR=3.7, with 95% CI=1,698-8,178), knowledge about complementary feeding (OR=4.230 with 95% CI=1,841-10,048) and hand washing with soap habits (OR=5.153 with 95% CI=1,707-18,565). Logistic regression analysis showed that LBW history was the main determinant of stunting in children aged 6-24 months. Conclusions: Risk factors that determine stunting in children aged 6-24 months, including a history of LBW, pregnancy distance, knowledge about complementary feeding and hand washing with soap habits.

Analysis Of Determinants Of Stunting Incidents In Children Toddler In The Area Of The Bukal District Health Center, Buol District

According to UNICEF, stunting is defined as the percentage of children aged 0-59 months with a height below minus (moderate and severe stunting) and minus three (chronic stunting) measured by WHO child growth standards. Stunting in toddlers manifests chronic nutritional deficiencies both during pregnancy and during the birth process. This research aims to analyze the determinants of stunting in children under five regarding parenting patterns, access to health services, nutritious food, and clean water and sanitation in the Bukal District Health Center Area, Buol Regency. The research was conducted in the Bukal Community Health Center Working Area, Buol Regency. The sample in this study was the entire population of 322 mothers of toddlers in the Bukal District Health Center Area, Buo Regency. This research was an analytical survey research with a cross-sectional design. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that: There is a relationship between parenting pattern factors and the incidence of stunting in children under five in the Puskesmas area, Bukal District, Buol Regency with a p-value = 0.000, ,There is a relationship between the factor of access to health services and the incidence of stunting. In children under five in the Puskesmas area, Bukal District, Buol Regency with a p-value = 0.000, , There is a relationship between the factor of access to nutritious food and the incidence of stunting in children under five in the Puskesmas area, Bukal District, Buol Regency with a p-value = 0.000, There is a relationship between access to clean water and sanitation and the incidence of stunting with a p-value = 0.000. This study concludes that health services are the most related factor, with a significant value of 0.004 and a Wald value of 8.310, meaning that access to health services has a risk of 8,310 times the risk of stunting.

The determinants of child stunting and shifts in the growth pattern of children: A long‐run, global review

AbstractThis article explores how child growth has changed over the past 150 years and links changes in child growth to the recent decline in child stunting in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). The article begins by defining the four characteristics of the growth pattern in height: size at birth, size at adulthood, the timing of the pubertal growth spurt, and the speed of maturation. It then shows how these characteristics have changed over time and links these characteristics to child stunting. Stunted children are too short for their age relative to healthy standards, and their share in the population is used as an indicator of malnutrition in LMICs today. The article then surveys the literature on the causes of changes in the growth pattern and reductions in child stunting, comparing research on current LMICs with historical research on current high‐income countries (HICs) in the past. To limit the scope of the contemporary literature, I focus on explanations of the so‐called “Indian enigma:” why Indian children are shorter than sub‐Saharan African children despite India's lead in many indicators of economic development. The article closes with ideas for what historical and contemporary researchers can learn from one another.

Determinants of stunting in children under five years old in South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi Province: 2013 and 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Survey.

The prevalence of stunting in South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi Province is relatively high. Studies reveal various household, parental, and child factors are associated with stunting. This paper aimed to determine the determinants of stunting among children under five in South and West Sulawesi Province using the 2013 and 2018 Indonesia Basic Health Survey. This study was a secondary data analysis using the 2013 and 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Surveys. The unit of analysis was children under five years, and the study obtained 3641 and 4423 children in South Sulawesi Province from the 2013 and 2018 Indonesia Basic Health Survey, respectively, and 804 and 1059 children from the 2013 and 2018 Indonesia Basic Health Survey in West Sulawesi Province, respectively. The multivariable poisson regression model was conducted to determine the determinants of stunting. The results showed that the mean age of children in South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi Province was 31.1 months and 30.8 months, respectively, on 2013 survey compare to 29.6 months and 29.1 months on the 2018 survey. The determinants of stunting in children under five in South Sulawesi Province in 2013 survey were household with two children under five (APR:1.24; 95% CI: 1.1-1.3; p-value = 0.006), maternal BMI (APR: 1.1; 95% CI: 1.03-1.1; p-value = <0.001), maternal weight (APR: 0.9; 95% CI: 0.94-0.97; p-value = <0.001), children aged 12-23 months (APR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.7-2.7; p-value = <0.001), children aged 24-59 months (APR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.8-2.7; p-value = <0.001), birthweight (APR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.5-2.5; p-value = <0.001). In the 2018 survey, the determinants were maternal weight (APR: 0.9; 95% CI: 0.98-0.99; p-value = 0.005), mothers with no education or with education in primary school (APR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.3-1.9; p-value = <0.001), mothers with education in middle school (APR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.1-1.6; p-value = 0.014), mothers with a height less than 151 cm (APR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.5-3.1; p-value = <0.001), mothers with a height of 151-160 cm (APR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.1-1.6; p-value = 0.014), children aged 12-23 months (APR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.7-2.8; p-value = <0.001), children aged 24-59 months (APR: 2.5; 95% CI: 2.0-3.2; p-value = <0.001)., birthweight (APR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.2-1.9; p-value = <0.001). The determinants of stunting in children under five in West Sulawesi Province in 2013 survey were children under five years living in poor households (APR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.1-3.3; p-value = 0.021), children under five who lived in a household with three or more children under five (APR:1.8; 95% CI: 1.2-2.7; p-value = 0.002), children aged 12-23 months (APR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.2-2.6; p-value = 0.006), children aged 24-59 months (APR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.3-2.7; p-value = 0.001). On the 2018 survey, the determinants were maternal BMI (APR: 1.02; 95% CI: 1.01-1.03; p-value = 0.004), maternal weight (APR: 0.9; 95% CI: 0.95-0.98; p-value = <0.001), mothers with no education or with education in primary school (APR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.3-2.7; p-value = 0.001), mothers with education in middle school (APR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.3-2.7; p-value = 0.001), mothers with education in high school (APR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.2-2.6; p-value = 0.004), children aged 12-23 months (APR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.4-3.0; p-value = <0.001), children aged 24-59 months (APR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.9-3.6; p-value = <0.001), male (APR: 1.2; 95% CI: 1.01-1.4; p-value = 0.035), and acute respiratory infection (ARI) (APR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.04-2.5; p-value = 0.030). The determinants of stunting in children under five in South Sulawesi Province are number of children under five in the household, maternal education, maternal weight, maternal height, maternal BMI, child's age, and birthweight. Meanwhile, the determinants of stunting in children under five in West Sulawesi were wealth, maternal education, maternal weight, maternal BMI,, child's age, child's sex, and history of acute respiratory infection. Hence, intervention on household and child levels as well as maternal sociodemographic factors need to be addressed.

Determinants of Child Stunting, Wasting, and Underweight: Evidence from 2017 to 2018 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey.

Child malnutrition persists in low-resource countries such as Pakistan, indicating an urgent need for interventions and policies aimed to address this critical population health issue. The World Health Organization Global Target 2025 includes the reduction of malnourishment in the form of stunting, wasting, and low weight. This study aims to examine the prevalence of factors associated with three measures of child malnutrition, i.e., stunting, wasting, and low weight in Pakistan. This study uses a secondary data analysis design based on data from Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (2017-18) that used a two-stage cluster sampling approach. National level data covering urban and rural areas were used for this study consisting of 4,226 children less than 5 years of age. Univariate and multivariable analyses using logistic regression models were conducted. Over 23% of the children were underweight, 8.0% suffered wasting, and 37.7% were stunted. Children with small size at birth (<45.7 cm), those who were average in size (45.7 to 60 cm) at birth were less likely to be stunted (AOR, 0.4890) and underweight (AOR, 0.538). Children with large size at birth (>60 cm) were also less likely to be stunted (AOR, 0.288) and underweight (AOR, 0.538). Children who consumed fresh milk were less likely to be classified as wasted (AOR, 0.524) than those children who did not consume fresh milk. The children in high- and middle-economic status families were less likely to be stunted, underweight, or wasted. Children of mothers who had secondary and higher education were less likely to be stunted (AOR, 0.584) and were less likely to be underweight (AOR, 0.668) than illiterate mothers' children. Children of working mothers were less likely to be wasted compared to children of nonworking mothers (AOR, 0.287). Maternal BMI is also inversely associated with being underweight because overweight and obese mothers were less likely to have underweight children (AOR, 0.585). Our findings reflect a need to design targeted public health policies and community-based education that emphasize the mother's education on nutrition health and provide socioeconomic resources that enable mothers to provide dietary needs that prevent malnutrition.

Prevalence and Determinants Stunting Among Children Under Two Years in Indonesian District

The study aims to analyze the prevalence and determinants of stunting in children under two years of age in Tojo Una-Una District, Indonesia as focus location of stunting. The method is Cross-sectional study design, the sample of 300 children aged 0-23 months, stratified random sampling technique. Data collection in June-July 2022. Stunting data was obtained by measuring body length using the length measuring board. The WHO-Antro 2005 software was used to determine the Z-Score height per age. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyzes used SPSS version 22.00. The Results of this research show that 33.7% of children under the age of two are stunted. Stunting in children under the age of two is associated with child age, birth weight, and food insecurity. In addition to a history of low birth weight (AOR=2.7, 95% CI: 1.2-5.7) and experiencing food insecurity (AOR=1.9, 95% CI: 1.1-3.5), children aged 12-23 months (AOR=3.5, 95% CI: 1.7-7.2) have a higher tendency to experience stunting than those who are not. The Conclusion is the prevalence of stunting which is more than 20 percent is a priority health problem that must be resolved by 2024. Interventions to reduce stunting by reducing the incidence of low birth weight, reducing food insecurity, managing birth spacing &gt; 3 years, number of children less than 3, and breastfeeding.

Determinants of stunting in children under five years in dibate district of Ethiopia: A case-control study

Chronic malnutrition is the consequence of long-term nutritional deficiency resulting in non-communicable disease and reduced productivity in later life. This situation primarily manifests through physical stunting, a term used to individuals short for their age in comparison to reference population of same age. . is defind based on the world health organization (WHO) 2006 reference population. Children whose height for age z score for height ≤ −2 SD while. is children whose z score for height > -2 SD to z score for height +2 SD. to find determinants of stunting among children aged between 6- 59 months. A community-based unmatched case-control study was conducted on 566 study participants (188 case and 378 controls) from March to May 2019. Nutritional status was determined using the WHO reference population. A structured questioner was used to collect data through interviews and anthropometric measurement. Data entry was made in Epi-data version 4.6.02, and the analysis was carried out using IBM SPSS version 26 software. Binary logistic and multivariable logistic regression was done. Multicollinearity was checked using the tolerance testand variance inflation factors. Hosmer- Lemeshow goodness of fit test was used to see model fitness. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% CI at P-values ≤ 0.05 were considered to affirm statistically significant factors. The study participants' response rate was 100% for both cases and controls. The mean age of the children was 28 ± 11.2 months for the case and 28.6 ± 6 months for control with the standard deviation. Factors significantly associated with stunting were poor household dietary diversity (AOR = 10.37, 95% CI; 5.39–19.94), middle household dietary diversity (AOR = 3.78, 95% CI; 1.38–10.38), family size ≥5 (AOR = 6.27, 95% CI; 3.37–11.66) and have no consumption of animal food source (AOR = 7.43, 95% CI; 4.3–12.8) This study relived that four variables were significantly associated with stunting. These are low household dietary diversity, medium household dietary diversity, family size, and animal source food. Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are made. provide health information to families regarding the importance of good household dietary diversity, provide health information to families regarding the importance of limiting family size, and provide nutritional counseling about the benefits of animal source food.

Factors associated with stunting among children in Mvomero district Tanzania.

Background: Under nutrition has been a major problem in developing countries including Tanzania; hence, contributing to about half of the deaths among young children. Objective: The current study aimed at identifying child feeding practices and determinants of stunting in children under the age of five years in Mvomero District. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 150 mother-child pairs was carried out in Turiani ward, Mvomero district in Morogoro region. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with stunting. A p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered sta-tistically significant. Five focus group discussions comprising 5-9 mothers with children below five years participated in the study. Thematic analysis was used to analyse data from the in-depth interviews. Results: The prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting in Mvomero district was 16.8, 42.2, and 6.2% respectively. Pre-lacteal feeding was common in the study area (40%). Children were introduced to complementary food too early (˂6 months) with plain maize porridge being the first food introduced. About 57.2% of children were on the lowest tercile (≤3 food groups per day) dietary diversity score. Significant determinants of stunting were the family source of income (AOR 1.63, 95% CI: 1.99-2.3), age of a child (AOR 2.66, 95% CI: 1.03-3.50) and family size (AOR 3.22, 95% CI: 1.61-4.27). Other factors were consumption of animal foods (AOR 5.30, 95% CI: 0.26-0.60) and dietary diversity score (AOR 1.615, 95% CI: 1.014-2.574). Conclusion: Child feeding practices in the study area are sub-optimal. These findings have important implications for interventions to address stunting among children.

Determinants of Stunting in Children Under Five in Rural Areas

Stunting is a major nutritional problem that will have an impact on social and economic life in society. Stunting is prone to occur in toddlers. Stunting toddlers tend to find it difficult to achieve optimal growth and development potential, both physically and psychomotor. This study is a systematic review using online databases, namely Sciencedirect, ProQuest, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The keywords used are stunting, toddlers, rural areas and their impact. The purpose of the systematic review is to analyze the factors that influence the incidence of stunting in children under five in rural areas. The results of the review show that the factors that influence the occurrence of stunting in children under five in rural areas are mother's education, family income, mother's knowledge of nutrition, exclusive breastfeeding, age of giving complementary feeding, levels of zinc and iron adequacy, history of infectious diseases. and genetic factors. However, for the mother's employment status, the number of family members, immunization status, energy adequacy level, and LBW status did not affect the occurrence of stunting. The factor that most influences the occurrence of stunting in children under five in rural areas is the level of zinc adequacy. It is recommended for the community to be active in outreach activities and other health activities carried out in order to improve health status and for mothers should routinely carry out weighing at the nearest posyandu so that the growth and development of children can be monitored and can be handled immediately if problems are found in the child's growth and development.

Multilevel Analysis of Determinants of Stunting Incidence in Children Under 5 Years in Malaka Regency, East Nusa Tenggara

Stunting is still a global nutritional problem. Stunting is a picture of the occurrence of chronic nutritional problems. Stunting caused by multiple factors, especially if it occurs in the first 1000 days of birth. Malaka Regency is one of the regions in NTT that recorded an increase in the percentage of stunting, from the previous 25% to 30% with the number of children experiencing stunting in Malaka currently reaching 4,909 people. With this number, Malaka is in 11th place with stunting in NTT (Malaka District Health Office, 2020). The purpose of the study was to determine the determinants of stunting in children under five in Malaka Regency. Research design. This research is analytic observational. This research is an observational analytic. The approach is case control and using a multilevel model which is one of the analytical techniques to determine the relationship between various variables in health with the Stata-13 program. This research was conducted by simple random sampling. The sampling technique used in this study. The sampling technique used in this study was stratified random sampling. The method used at the first level was to randomly select 10 villages in the district of Malaka, the second level to randomly select 25 integrated health care (IHC). Eight research subjects will be taken from each integrated service post so that the sample studied is 200 research subjects. Data was collected using a questionnaire and height measurement using a microtoise measuring instrument. The results of this study indicate that the factors causing stunting are exclusive breastfeeding (55.5%), Basic Sanitation (61.5%), Parenting (67.5%), and early marriage (32.0%). The results of this study indicate that the causes of stunting based on these variables have a significant difference (p &lt; 0.05). Recommendations for health workers conduct socialization and counseling about exclusive breastfeeding, the importance of hygiene practices in daily life including caring for children, maximizing the community-based total sanitation program and conducting socialization related to the influence of early marriage.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR PENENTU SEBAGAI DETERMINAN ANAK STUNTING DI INDONESIA

The prevalence of stunting in Indonesia continues to decline by 27.67% based on the results of the 2019 Indonesian Toddler Nutritional Status Study (SSGBI) which also shows that the stunting rate in Indonesian toddlers is quite far from the 20% standard set by WHO. The purpose of compiling this study is to identify the determinants of stunting in children due to the high prevalence of stunting in Indonesia. The method used in this study is an observational study and a systematic literature review. Searches were made with keywords in PubMed, PubMed Central (PMC), and Web of Science published from 2012 to present. Then, obtained 86 results from PubMed, 1,624 from PMC, and 69 from Web of Science and selected 15 studies deemed relevant. Proximal factors such as household factors, breastfeeding practices and complementary feeding, as well as distal factors such as infection and social environment are the determinants of stunting in Indonesia.

Determinants of Stunting Incidence in Children Under Five Years of Age at the Rumbia Health Center, Indonesia

Background: Stunting is linear growth retardation and a major public health problem among children worldwide. This study was done to investigate the determinants of stunting in children under five years at the Rumbia Health Center, Indonesia. Methods: This case-control study was done on 82 (41 cases and 41 controls) subjects matched by age and sex, taken by purposive sampling involving infants and children aged 6-59 months in Rumbia District, Bombana Regency, Indonesia, consisting of 5 Village. Data were collected using medical records and a researcher-made questionnaire and analyzed by odds ratios and logistic regression using SPSS software version 16. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results: The results based on multivariate analysis showed that the incidence of stunting was influenced by a number of factors, including a history of exclusive breastfeeding (OR=0.352), birth weight (OR=5.106), family income (OR=0.703), and mother’s education level (OR=0.175). However, the mother’s education level was significantly related to the incidence of stunting in this analysis model (p=0.003). Conclusion: Indonesian mothers should be more active in accessing information about stunting and how to prevent it. Community health nurses and other members of the health care team are recommended to intensify the provision of stunting education and information to the community, especially to at-risk families. Also, special attention must be paid to women’s access to higher education.

Determinants of Stunting in Children Aged 6-59 Months in Glagah Sub-District, Indonesia

Background: According to basic health research in Indonesia from 2018, the national prevalence of stunting among children under five is 30.80%. Half of the ten highest-priority villages for national stunting interventions in the Lamongan District are located in Glagah Sub-district. Purpose: This study aimed to identify the determinants of stunting in children aged 6 to 59 months in the Muslim population in the Glagah Sub-district, Lamongan District, 2019. Methods: The design of this study was an analytic observational case-control. The population was mothers with children aged 6 to 59 months in Glagah Sub-district. The samples comprised 44 cases and 88 controls. They were paired with matching variables, including gender and clean water sources. Cluster sampling techniques and probability proportional to the size sampling method were utilized to calculate the sample size for each cluster. Data collection was carried out using a modified research questionnaire. Research was carried out in June–July 2019. Bivariate analysis was performed with chi-square and independent t-tests at the significance level α= 0.05. Results: The factors found to be related to stunting were bodyweight at birth (p-value 0.01; eta2 0.09), protein intake (p-value 0.01; eta2 0.12), energy intake (p-value 0.01; eta2 0.19), maternal height (p-value 0.01; eta2 0,08), and parenting pattern (p-value 0.03; ORpermissive 3.33, ORmoderate 1.69). Conclusion: Determinants associated with stunting were bodyweight at birth, protein and energy intake, maternal height, and parenting pattern. Integrated Service Post officers can provide education and workshops on good parenting patterns to parents of toddlers.

THE RISK FACTORS OF TODDLERS’ STUNTING EVENTS WITHIN THE WORKING AREA OF COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTRE IN KELURAHAN KAPUAS KANAN HULU, SUNGAI DURIAN, SINTANG REGENCY

Chronic stunting or malnutrition refers to the form of growth failure. The short and the very short size of one’s body indicate nutritional status based on the body length index by age (PB / U) or the body height index by age (TB / U) which is synonymous to the terms stunted (short) and severely stunted (very short). There were 45 toddlers who suffered stunting in Kelurahan Kapuas Kanan Hulu Sintang Regency in 2018.. The purpose of this study was to determine the determinants of stunting in children under five in Kapuas Kanan Hulu Kelurahan, Sintang District. It was a quantitative study with a case control approach. The population in this study were 438 toddler mothers with a sample of 44 toddler mothers. The data were collected through a questionnaire-based interview. The present research found out that statistically there was a relationship between stunting events and the knowledge (p = 0.010), the attitude (p = 0.010), the practice (p = 0.019), the education (p = 0.019), the work (p = 0.009), and the family income (p = 0.049). It is recommended that the District Health Office and Sungai Durian Community Health Centre intervene with health promotion programs to increase knowledge, improve attitudes, and practices (actions) and work together with related institutions to improve family income.&#x0D; Keywords: Stunting, Risk Factors, and Toddler.

Determinants of Stunting in Children Aged 12 to 60 Months in Kota Waingapu District, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Background: Stunting is a problem that is often not recognized in the community because short stature is so common and often considered normal. In Indonesia, the incidence of stunting under five is a major nutritional problem, with an average prevalence from 2015-2017 of around 36.4%. This study aimed to investigate the determinants of stunting in children aged 12 months - 60 months in the Waingapu District. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Posyandu, Waing­apu District, in December 2020. A total of 105 samples were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria using non-probability conse­cutive sampling. The dependent variable was stunting. The independent variables were exclusive breastfeeding, birth weight, house­hold income, maternal education, mater­nal nutritional status, and maternal age. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by Chi-square. Results: The prevalence of stunting in children aged 12 to 60 months in the Waingapu District was 24.8%. The bivariate analysis elucidated that the incidence of stunting was significantly increased by poor maternal education (OR= 3.40; 95% CI= 1.29 to 8.97; p= 0.011), poor maternal nutritional status (OR= 3.06; 95% CI= 1.05 to 8.89; p= 0.034), and low household income (p = 0.002). Conclusion: Poor maternal education, poor maternal nutritional status, and low household income significantly increase the incidence of stunting. Keyword s : stunting, determinant, nutritional status, children Correspondence: Samuel Bungaran Partahi Saud Manalu. Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara. Email: samuel.manalu.4th@gmail.com Indonesian Journal of Medicine (2021), 06(02): 220-229 https://doi.org/10.26911/theijmed.2021.06.02.11

Determinants of stunting in children under five years of age in the Bone regency

This study aims to determine the relationship between antenatal care history and the number of family members in the incidence of stunting in infants aged 6-59 months. This type of research is a cross sectional observational study in the Palakka Kahu District Health Center Working Area Bone involving 165 children selected proportionally cluster random sampling. The instrument of this research was using questionnaires and baby length board height measurements. The analysis used univariate, bivariate (chi-square test). The results of this study indicate that based on the characteristics of toddlers obtained that male sex 53.94%, female 46.06%, the average age group of infants aged 6-15 months 20.61%, normal birth weight 70.30%, Low Birth Weight 29.70%. It is suggested that improving performance should be more active in visiting pregnant women and providing education about pregnancy and family members should help in paying attention to parenting children to avoid stunting. There is a relationship between Pregnancy Examination History and the incidence of stunting in children aged 6-59 months in the Work Area of Palakka Kahu Community Health Center in Bone Regency and there is no relationship between the number of family members and stunting in children aged 6-59 months in the Peskesmas Work Area Palakka Kahu Bone Regency.

Determinants of Stunting in Children Aged 12-59 Months

Background: Stunting is one of the priority nutritional issues in Indonesia. It is one of the chronic malnutrition effects in children which will have a long-term impact on the growth and cross-generation of mothers through the cycle of stunting syndrome.Purpose: This study aimed to identify the determinant factors of stunting in children aged 12-59 months.Methods: Quantitative research with a cross-sectional approach was employed in this study, involving 205 respondents recruited using a consecutive sampling technique. Data were collected using the z scores and questionnaires for children aged 12-59 months, food trust questionnaire, feeding practice questionnaire and child eating habits questionnaire. The Chi Square test and multivariable logistic regression were performed for the data analysis.Results: Children who were not exclusively breastfed and had major infectious disease had a higher risk of stunting for 53.8% and 40.9%, respectively. There was a significant relationship between the history of exclusive breastfeeding (p=0.001, OR=2.28), the history of infection (p=0.013, OR= 2.27), and eating habits (p=0.04, OR=1.55) with stunting in children.Conclusion: There is a relationship between the history of exclusive breastfeeding, the history of infection and eating habits of children with stunting. The formation of a peer group community of children aged 12-59 months is expected to prevent and overcome stunting and improve nutritional status and optimal development of the children.

Factors Associated with Stunting in School Children of an Urban Community in Cameroon

Background: Stunting is a condition that occurs as a result of a defective growth process. It may remain unnoticed in some children, with the diagnosis made as late as during adolescence. The accurate diagnosis of stunting is mainly done by physical examination, including the assessment of anthropometric parameters, while etiological explorations may require deeper and more complex investigations such as radiological and hormonal or endocrinal analyses. The various etiologies described in the literature may vary from nutritional, hormonal, pathological to psychological factors. A number of determinants of stunting in children have equally been documented, but they may vary from one context to another according to environmental factors. The effective management of stunting generally relies on the treatment of the underlying causes and the prevention of risk factors. Our objective was to determine the factors associated with stunting in school children living in an urban community of Yaounde, Cameroon. Methods: An analytic cross-sectional study was carried out on primary and secondary school children aged from 8 to 15 years, between January and June 2015. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were made to identify risk factors and eventually predictive factors. Results: The study involved 1442 children of which 79 presented stature delay. After bivariate analysis, the risk factors associated with stunting were: the presence of chronic pathological conditions (p=0.03), low socioeconomic level (p=0.0022), poor or limited diet (p=0.03), delayed puberty (p=0), and children “living with their mothers only” (p=0.02). After multivariate analysis, low socioeconomic level (OR=4.2; CI=1.7-10.3), children “living with their mother only” (OR=0.2; CI=0.6-0.8), and delayed puberty (OR=12.6; CI=4.9-31.8) persisted as independent predictive factors. Conclusion: Common risk factors such as chronic pathologies, low socioeconomic level, poor or limited diet and delayed puberty which are generally incriminated by various researches were verified in this survey. Delayed puberty was the most strongly associated factor, followed by “low socioeconomic level” and children “living with their mothers only”, which appeared as predictive factors as well. Nevertheless, children “living with their mothers only” were protected from stunting. Therefore, improvement of socioeconomic standards, food quality, prevention of chronic pathologies and delayed puberty may help to reduce stunting in such children. While mothers’ presence for nurturing and affective attention is necessary.

A review of child stunting determinants in Indonesia.

Child stunting reduction is the first of 6 goals in the Global Nutrition Targets for 2025 and a key indicator in the second Sustainable Development Goal of Zero Hunger. The prevalence of child stunting in Indonesia has remained high over the past decade, and at the national level is approximately 37%. It is unclear whether current approaches to reduce child stunting align with the scientific evidence in Indonesia. We use the World Health Organization conceptual framework on child stunting to review the available literature and identify what has been studied and can be concluded about the determinants of child stunting in Indonesia and where data gaps remain. Consistent evidence suggests nonexclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months, low household socio‐economic status, premature birth, short birth length, and low maternal height and education are particularly important child stunting determinants in Indonesia. Children from households with both unimproved latrines and untreated drinking water are also at increased risk. Community and societal factors—particularly, poor access to health care and living in rural areas—have been repeatedly associated with child stunting. Published studies are lacking on how education; society and culture; agriculture and food systems; and water, sanitation, and the environment contribute to child stunting. This comprehensive synthesis of the available evidence on child stunting determinants in Indonesia outlines who are the most vulnerable to stunting, which interventions have been most successful, and what new research is needed to fill knowledge gaps.