Determinants Of Domestic Violence Research Articles

Domestic violence patterns in postpartum women who delivered during the COVID-19 pandemic.

To longitudinally assess domestic violence (DV) during the postpartum period, identifying types, patterns and determinants of DV, according to mothers' reports in Fortaleza, Brazil. Data from the Iracema-COVID cohort study interviewed at home mothers who gave birth in the first wave of COVID-19, at 18 and 24 months after birth. Patterns of reported DV were classified as follows: no DV, interrupted DV, started DV and persistent DV. Adjusted multinomial logistic regressions were used to assess factors associated with persistent DV. DV was reported by 19 and 24% of the mothers at 18 and 24 months postpartum, respectively, a 5 percentage points increase. Persistent DV was present in 11% of the households in the period. The most frequent forms of DV were verbal aggression, reported by 17-20% of the mothers at 18 and 24 months, respectively; drunkenness or use of drugs at home, present in 3-5% of the households; physical aggression, reported by 1.2-1.6% of the mothers. Households with two or more forms of DV increased from 2 to 12% in the period. Adjusted factors associated with persistent DV were maternal common mental disorder, family headed by the mother and head of family's poor schooling. Food insecurity was associated with starting DV. Prevalence of DV was considerably high in the postpartum period. DV prevention policies should rely on improving care to women's mental health; preventing food insecurity; and fostering the educational level of young people of both sexes.

Burden, trend and determinants of various forms of domestic violence among reproductive age-group women in India: findings from nationally representative surveys.

Violence, a notable human rights concern, has a public health impact across the globe. The study aimed to determine the prevalence and determinants of domestic violence among ever-married women aged 18-49years in India. Secondary data analysis with National Family Health Survey 5, 2019-21 data (NFHS-5) was conducted. The complex sampling design of the survey was accounted-for during analysis. The primary outcome was domestic violence. Prevalence was reported with 95% confidence interval (CI). Prevalence ratio was reported to provide the factors associated with domestic violence using Poisson regression. About 63796 ever-married women aged 18-49years covered under domestic violence module of NFHS-5 survey were included. Prevalence of domestic violence (12months preceding the survey) was 31.9% (95% CI: 30.9-32.9%). Physical violence (28.3%) was the most common form followed by emotional (14.1%) and sexual violence (6.1%). Women with low education, being employed, husband being uneducated or with coercive behavior had significantly higher prevalence of domestic violence. One-third of the reproductive age-group women were facing some form of domestic violence. Target group interventions like violence awareness campaigns, women supportive services and stringent law enforcement should be implemented to eliminate domestic violence by year 2030.

Determinants of domestic violence among women of reproductive age (15-49 years) in Quetta, Balochistan-a mixed-method protocol.

BackgroundWorldwide, domestic violence (DV) is a cause of death and disability among women aged 15–49 years. In Pakistan, DV appears in different forms, and only 3.2% of women report any DV. There are various factors associated with DV against women. The data are sparse for the Balochistan province due to the under-reporting and scattered population. This research study aims to determine the factors associated with DV and the types of violence among women of reproductive age. Also, to understand the perspective of community leaders and healthcare workers (HCWs) for developing interventions for DV prevention against women of reproductive age in Quetta Balochistan.Methods and analysisA sequential explanatory mixed-method (quantitative study followed by qualitative) study design will be used to fulfil the study’s objectives. Women of reproductive age (15–49 years), both married and unmarried, local residents, community leaders and community HCWs of Quetta Balochistan, will be made part of the study. A structured questionnaire will be used as the quantitative tool. Focus group discussions will be conducted using a semistructured guide for the qualitative data collection. The multivariable logistic regression analysis will be performed for the quantitative part. P value ≤0.05 will be considered significant. In the qualitative part, data will be transcribed, and recurrent themes/subthemes will be developed to understand the perspective and opinion regarding DV prevention.Ethics and disseminationEthical Approval was taken from Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan. Informed written consent will be obtained from all participants. The article will be published after data collection and analysis in the journal to disseminate the results.

Frequency and determinants of domestic violence against Iranian women during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional survey

IntroductionDomestic violence (social, legal, and health violence) is the most common type of violence against women. Due to factors such as the current quarantine, this type of violence has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study aimed to assess the frequency of domestic violence against women and identify the risk factor among Iranian women during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsThis online cross-sectional study was conducted on 203 Iranian women during May–June 2020. Data were collected using a domestic violence questionnaire, which measured three forms of violence, including physical, emotional, and sexual violence. A link of the questionnaire was distributed among anonymous subjects through social networking apps, such as WhatsApp and Telegram. The subjects were asked to complete the questionnaire based on their experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and a regression model.ResultsThe descriptive results showed that the mean domestic violence against women in all the participants was 34.9 (SD: 17.28). In addition, 26.6% (n = 84), 26.1% (n = 53), and 21.2% of the subjects (n = 43) experienced high levels of physical, emotional, and sexual violence during the COVID-19 pandemic, respectively. The regression model also indicated that lower age, illiteracy/primary education, previous marriage(s), and unwanted/unwise marriage were the significant risk factors for domestic violence against women.ConclusionAccording to the results, domestic violence against women is common among Iranian women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, strategies are urgently needed to prevent and minimize such domestic violence, and such strategies could be adopted through providing educational opportunities, raising awareness, promoting wanted/wise marriage, and providing social support and rehabilitation opportunities to vulnerable social groups, especially vulnerable women.

Determinants of Domestic Violence in Pakistan: A Qualitative and Econometric Analysis

Domestic violence exists in every country, irrespective of the culture, ethnicity, age, income, and education of the women. World Health Organization has estimated that approximately 35% of women worldwide had experienced sexual or physical violence. The present study has attempted to analyze the role of different socioeconomic indicators on the prevalence of domestic violence. In this regard, data of Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017–2018 has been used and logit models have been estimated. It has been found that women married below the age of 18; living in rural areas; have more children; whose mothers experienced violence; feared their husbands; with little or no autonomy in decision-making; had a bank account; married outside of the family; and had not inherited any land or property were significantly more vulnerable victims of domestic violence. It has been found that women's education, education of her husband, and exposure to media by creating awareness may protect women from domestic violence. Furthermore, working women are more likely to face domestic violence, but women who have started working before marriage are significantly less vulnerable victims of domestic violence. However, the age of women herself, the age of husband, age of household head and wealth of household, living in the nucleus or joint family, receiving any support from Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) have no significant role in determining the domestic violence in Pakistan.

Determinants of Domestic Violence in North Eastern Region of India: The Role of Women’s Economic Autonomy and Cultural Context

Domestic Violence is a critical public health challenge and the Sustainable Development Goals include elimination of all forms of violence against women and girls within the agenda. However, there is a relative dearth of research on the factors affecting it in the case of North Eastern Region of India (NER) particularly from the perspective of incorporating women’s economic autonomy and sociocultural norms in a comprehensive way. The present paper is an attempt to critically examine the role of economic autonomy and sociocultural norms in determining the incidence of DV in the region. The study analyzed data from the fourth round of the National Family Health Survey India, 2015-16. Separate binary logistic regressions are carried out on tribes and non-tribes of NER, as it is of interest to see whether and to what extent different factors affect the experience of domestic violence among women in the two social groups.IBM SPSS version 20 software was used for data analysis. Sociocultural norms reflected in leverage of women in domestic-decision-making, experience of controlling behaviour of husband and attitude of women towards wife-beating play a critical role in domestic violence among both tribal and non-tribal communities in NER. Economic autonomy among tribal women, specifically the ownership of land, leads to higher rate of domestic violence. Domestic violence has a strong sociocultural component associated with gender norms prevailing in the society. Policy interventions targeted at changing anti female gender norms at the community level and sustained rises in women’s autonomy seem indispensable for reducing domestic violence in NER.

Prevalence and Determinants of Domestic Violence among Attendees of an Antenatal Clinic in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Delhi, India

Prevalence and Determinants of Domestic Violence among Attendees of an Antenatal Clinic in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Delhi, India

Determinants of Domestic Violence in Women of Reproductive Age in Rwanda

Domestic violence is a global public health problem. It is prevalent in both the developed world and developing countries. The objective of this study is to identify the factors that are associated with domestic violence against women of reproductive age in Rwanda. The data from the 2014/2015 Rwanda demographic and health survey were used. Generalized linear mixed model was used to account for random effects, overdispersion of residual and heterogeneity. The findings of this study revealed that wealth quintiles, education level of the husband or partner, polygamy, alcohol status of husband or partner, size of the family, number of sexual partners including the husband in the last 12 months, the province the victim lived in, the ownership of an asset in the form of a house or land and the societal attitude towards wife-beating, were the determinants of domestic violence in women of reproductive age. The findings of the risk factors in the current study can help the policy makers, public health workers and institutions in charge of gender monitoring in Rwanda to come up with effective strategies to reduce the domestic violence levels directed against women.

Determinants of Domestic Violence in Women of Reproductive Age in Rwanda

Domestic violence is a global public health problem. It is prevalent in both the developed world and developing countries. The objective of this study is to identify the factors that are associated with domestic violence against women of reproductive age in Rwanda. The data from the 2014/2015 Rwanda demographic and health survey were used. Generalized linear mixed model was used to account for random effects, overdispersion of residual and heterogeneity. The findings of this study revealed that wealth quintiles, education level of the husband or partner, polygamy, alcohol status of husband or partner, size of the family, number of sexual partners including the husband in the last 12 months, the province the victim lived in, the ownership of an asset in the form of a house or land and the societal attitude towards wife-beating, were the determinants of domestic violence in women of reproductive age. The findings of the risk factors in the current study can help the policy makers, public health workers and institutions in charge of gender monitoring in Rwanda to come up with effective strategies to reduce the domestic violence levels directed against women.

Domestic Violence among Women in Households in Imo State, Nigeria: Prevalence, Pattern and Determinants

Introduction: Globally, at least 1 in 3 women has experienced some form of gender based abuse during their life time.Domestic violence occurs across the world in various cultures and affect people across society, irrespective of economic status.Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence, patterns and determinants of domestic violence among women in households in communities in Imo State.Methodology: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study carried out among 600 women living in households in Imo State. The multistage sampling technique was used to select the study participants and data was collected using a pretested, interviewer administered and semi-structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed using a computer software (EPI INFO version 7.1.3, CDC, USA), and was presented on frequency tables and percentages. Associations between variables was done using Chi-square and logistic regression where necessary. P value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Result: The mean age of women studied was 31.5±1.4 years. The prevalence of life time and current experience of domestic violence among the women were 72.8% and 42.6% respectively with physical (49.2%) and sexual (31.2%) abuse being the commonest types experienced. Factors found to be associated with current abuse were; age of women, (p=0.040),religious set attended, (p=0.004), occupational status of women, (p=0), marital status, (p=0.028), occupational status of partner, (p=0), place of residence, (p=0), house hold size,(p<0.0001), monthly income of women, (p<0.0001), persons lived with, (p=0.002) and level of knowledge about domestic abuse, (p=0).Conclusion: The prevalence of domestic violence among women in this study was high. Thus, there is need for government at all levels and concerned agencies to do everything within their powers to curb this menace as this will help to improve the lives of our women.

Magnitude and determinants of domestic violence against ever married women in Sohag, Egypt

Magnitude and determinants of domestic violence against ever married women in Sohag, Egypt

Determinants of domestic violence against women in Ghana.

BackgroundThe prevalence of domestic violence remains unacceptably high with numerous consequences ranging from psychological to maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity outcomes in pregnant women. The aim of this study was to identify factors that increased the likelihood of an event of domestic violence as reported by ever married Ghanaian women.MethodsData from the 2008 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS) was analysed using a multivariate logistic model and risk factors were obtained using the forward selection procedure.ResultsOf the 1524 ever married women in this study, 33.6 % had ever experienced domestic violence. The risk of ever experiencing domestic violence was 35 % for women who reside in urban areas. Risk of domestic violence was 41 % higher for women whose husbands ever experienced their father beating their mother. Women whose mother ever beat their father were three times more likely to experience domestic violence as compared to women whose mother did not beat their father. The risk of ever experiencing domestic violence was 48 % less likely for women whose husbands had higher than secondary education as compared to women whose husbands never had any formal education. Women whose husbands drink alcohol were 2.5 times more likely to experience domestic violence as compared to women whose husbands do not drink alcohol.ConclusionPlace of residence, alcohol use by husband and family history of violence do increase a woman’s risk of ever experiencing domestic violence. Higher than secondary education acted as a protective buffer against domestic violence. Domestic violence against women is still persistent and greater efforts should be channelled into curtailing it by using a multi-stakeholder approach and enforcing stricter punishments to perpetrators.

Socio-demographic factors associated with domestic violence in urban slums, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

Background & objectives:Domestic violence is identified as a public heath problem. It is associated with adverse maternal health. This study examined the prevalence and determinants of domestic violence among women in urban slums of Mumbai, India.Methods:A community based cross-sectional household survey was carried out among eligible women for the study during September 2012 to January 2013. A total of 1137 currently married women aged 18-39 yr with unmet need for family planning and having at least one child were selected using cluster systematic random sampling from two urban slums. Information on socio-demographic, reproductive and domestic violence was collected through face-to-face interview using a pretested structured questionnaire after obtaining informed written consent. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were carried out to find the socio-demographic factors associated with ever experienced domestic violence among women.Results:The prevalence of women ever experiencing domestic violence in the community was 21.2 per cent. Women whose husband consumed alcohol [RR: 2.17, (95% CI: 1.58-2.98)] were significantly at an increased risk of ever experiencing domestic violence than their counterparts. Risk of domestic violence was twice [RR: 2.00, (95% CI: 1.35-2.96)] for women who justified wife beating than women who did not justify wife beating.Interpretation & conclusions:The findings showed that domestic violence was prevalent in urban slums. Factors like early marriage, working status, justified wife beating and husbands use of alcohol were significantly associated with domestic violence.

Battered and shattered: will they get justice? A study of domestic violence against women in India based on National Family Health Survey, 2005

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to determine the type and severity of domestic violence faced by Indian women. An attempt has also been made to analyze and interpret demographic variations of domestic violence. The authors have highlighted steps taken by several government, community and private organizations on issues of domestic violence. Design/methodology/approach – The analysis of National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-III data (2005) was used for determining the socio-economic factors, which are predictors of domestic violence against spouses and children. Logistic Regression Technique was applied. Findings – Results suggest that increased formal education for women, increase in family wealth, and financial independence may decrease spousal violence. Younger women and those who belong to a nuclear family are more vulnerable to spousal violence. Research limitations/implications – The research paper only limits its focus on women in India in the age group of 15-49. A cross-country comparison and a longitudinal study would have given better idea on the issue. Besides in India, there are serious issues of concerns of violence against children and elders which have not been part of discussion on this paper. Practical implications – The paper not only discusses causes of domestic violence but also on its effects on physical and psychological well-being of women and children. Originality/value – The uniqueness of the study lie in on not only extracting out from NFHS survey-III data, the socio-economic factors which are determinants of domestic violence but also analyzing the politico-religious-cultural factors which play major role on the issue. The authors have also thrown light on consequences of domestic violence.

Patriarchy and Structural Determinants of Domestic Violence: Gender Roles and the Normalization of Violence in the Pakistani Family

Patriarchy and Structural Determinants of Domestic Violence: Gender Roles and the Normalization of Violence in the Pakistani Family

Assessing the Economic Burden and Determinants of Violence among Households in Ogun State, Nigeria

The paper examined the incidence, economic burden and determinants of domestic violence among households in Odogbolu community of Ogun state. Primary data were collected from 80 respondents purposively selected. Data collected were analyzed using the descriptive statistics. Results showed that mean age of the respondents was 35, mean years of educational was 8 years and average household size was 6. Some 67% of the respondents earned above N20,000 per month, 45% have experienced one form of domestic violence or the other. Further results showed that domestic violence exists among households in the study area. In-law’s influence, extra marital affairs, polygamy, poor education and alcohol/substance use were the major determinants domestic violence. Economic burden of domestic violence among respondents included cost of treatment of injured victims and loss of work output. The majority (53%) of the households with incidence of violence were farming households. Interventions of spiritual/traditional leaders (67%), counselors/social workers (63%) are foremost in respondents’ coping strategies for domestic violence. The study recommends community-based efforts encouraging women economic empowerment to reduce poverty and food insecurity and fostering unity of the nuclear family and discouraging unhealthy interference of extended family members in the affairs of the household.

O4-3.2 Determinants of domestic violence against women in an Eastern Saudi community

IntroductionThe objective of this study is to identify the risk factors underlying the occurrence of DV in an eastern Saudi community.MethodsThe study included 2000 ever-married women aged 15–60 years while...

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Domestic Violence among Mongolian Women

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and determinants of domestic violence in Mongolian women. The survey was administered to 5500 people in 1000 households randomly selected from two districts of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. The response rate was 90.3% (total of 4967, and 3338 were women.). About 37.7% of respondents reported that they were affected by some type of domestic violence during the previous 6 months; 17.9% of all respondents reported physical violence, 21.9% reported emotional violence, 10% reported sexual abuse, and 6.9% reported financial violence. Major risk factors for violence against women included having only a primary education or less, low income, living in a rented house, and living with an unemployed partner who uses alcohol. Domestic or intimate partner violence (IPV) is widespread in Mongolia and is usually committed in family circles, often away from public view. This study suggests that increasing employment for men may help reduce poverty and alcohol abuse and, thus, IPV.

Pattern and determinants of domestic violence among prenatal clinic attendees in a referral centre, South-east Nigeria

SummaryGender-based violence, though deeply entrenched in some cultures and religions, has remained a neglected area in health research in South-east Nigeria. This study assessed the prevalence, pattern and background factors precipitating domestic violence in a population of prenatal clinic attendees. This was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study. Booked antenatal women were recruited into the study after informed consent. Trained research assistants administered the questionnaires in the local dialects of the women. Analysis was by the Epi Info Statistical Software package version 3.2.2 of 2005. A total of 500 women were involved in the study that spanned 3 months. Of these, 68 were exposed to gender-based violence. Verbal abuse/insult was the commonest form of male engendered violence. Others were sexual abuse, financial deprivation, threats and physical harm. Financial and domestic issues were the major sources of disagreements. Some 17.6% sustained physical injury, while all admitted to some degree of psychological trauma. Routine assessment in a non-judgemental way of antenatal population for gender-based violence is advocated. This will determine the true prevalence and pattern of domestic violence, and form a rational basis for the formulation of interventional strategies.

Determinants of domestic violence among women attending an Human Immunodeficiency Virus voluntary counseling and testing center in Bangalore, India

Violence against women is a global phenomenon that cuts across all social and economic classes. This study was designed to measure the prevalence and correlates of domestic violence (DV) among women seeking services at a voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) center in Bangalore, India. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among women visiting an human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) VCT center in Bangalore, between September and November 2005. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect information about violence and other variables. Univariable associations with DV were made using Pearson Chi-squared test for categorical variables and Student t-test or the Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables. Forty-two percent of respondents reported DV, including physical abuse (29%), psychological abuse (69%) and sexual abuse (1%). Among the women who reported violence of any kind, 67% also reported that they were HIV seropositive. The most common reasons reported for DV included financial problems (38%), husband's alcohol use (29%) and woman's HIV status (18%). Older women (P < 0.001) and those with low income levels were the most likely to have experienced DV (P = 0.02). Other factors included husband's education, HIV seropositivity and alcohol or tobacco use (P < 0.001). This study found DV levels comparable to other studies from around the world. The findings highlight the need for additional training among health care providers in VCT centers in screening for DV, detection of signs of physical abuse and provisions and referrals for women suffering from domestic partner violence.