Determination Of Total Energy Expenditure Research Articles

Association between Water and Energy Requirements with Physical Activity and Fat-Free Mass in Preschool Children in Japan.

Water and energy are essential for the human body. The doubly labeled water (DLW) method measures water turnover (WT) and total energy expenditure (TEE), which serves as a benchmark for the adequate intake (AI) of water and estimated energy requirements (EER). The objective of the current study was to examine the association of WT and TEE with physical activity and body composition in Japanese preschool children. We included 41 preschool children (22 girls, 19 boys) aged 3–6 in this study. WT, TEE, and fat-free mass (FFM) were obtained using DLW. Physical activity was measured using a triaxial accelerometer and categorized as light (LPA; 1.5–2.9 Metabolic equivalents, METs) and of moderate-to-vigorous intensity (MVPA; ≥3.0 METs). Exercise duration (Ex) was defined as ≥4.0 METs of physical activity. WT and TEE moderately positively correlated with Ex, but not with LPA. WT moderately positively correlated with BW and FFM while TEE strongly. We established predictive equations for WT and TEE using body weight (BW), FFM, step count, and Ex to guide the AI of water and EER in Japanese preschool children. We found that FFM and step count are the determinants of TEE, and that BW and Ex are the determinants of WT in preschool children.

Energy Requirements for Older Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review of the Current Findings and Future Tasks.

Aging patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) have a high risk of frailty and disability. This narrative review summarizes the current findings and future tasks regarding the following issues: (1) the optimum body mass index (BMI) target for patients with T2DM, (2) energy expenditure and requirements of patients with T2DM, and (3) the significance of low-intensity physical activity (LPA) as a key determinant of total energy expenditure (TEE) among the older population. While weight reduction is associated with an improvement in glycemic control, an increased risk of mortality as well as disability related to unhealthy BMI must also be considered, especially in older patients. The optimum BMI range and energy requirements for maintaining a healthy BMI should be identified. Limited evidence has shown that the TEE measured using the doubly labeled water method in patients with T2DM did not differ from that of subjects without diabetes, suggesting that the energy requirement data of subjects without diabetes may be applicable to these populations. LPA is one of the determinants of variability in the energy requirements of older patients with T2DM, and the beneficial effects of increasing LPA on nutritional intake and frailty prevention should be investigated further.

Adolescent athletes and nutrition – analysis of two groups of children

Introduction. Proper nutrition is crucial for child and adolescent athletes to maintain growth and development and to achieveoptimal results in sports. It is very important to balance the energy expenditure with the energy intake in order to prevent the energy deficit or excess.Materials and methods. Subjects involved in two different sports participated in the study: 13 gymnasts (age 13.8 ± 4.1 years, height 153.4 ± 11.3 cm, weight 47.1 ± 10.5 kg) and 15 basketball players (age 15.5 ± 1.1 years, height 176.7 ± 7.9 cm, weight 65.2 ± 10.7 kg). Determination of total energy expenditure was made by prediction equations. The subjects maintained a food records for 5 consecutive days, which were processed in the ASA24 system of the NCI. Results and discussion. Energy intake in both groups is sufficient to meet the daily needs, development of young athletes andprovide the energy needed in training. The intake of three minerals (calcium, magnesium and potassium) and three vitamins (D, E and A) was lower than recommended values in both groups.Conclusion. As a result of the busy schedule of adolescent athletes, their main meals are out of home, and the proportion of highly processed foods containing small amounts of important vitamins and minerals is high. The main recommendations include dairy products, fruits, vegetables and whole grains. The idea behind the changes is to give young athletes the right diet and the right eating habits.

Determination of Total Energy Expenditure Using the Doubly labeled Water Method and Expired Gas Analysis in Short-stature Children

Determination of Total Energy Expenditure Using the Doubly labeled Water Method and Expired Gas Analysis in Short-stature Children

Estimation of Activity Related Energy Expenditure and Resting Metabolic Rate in Freely Moving Mice from Indirect Calorimetry Data

Physical activity (PA) is a main determinant of total energy expenditure (TEE) and has been suggested to play a key role in body weight regulation. However, thus far it has been challenging to determine what part of the expended energy is due to activity in freely moving subjects. We developed a computational method to estimate activity related energy expenditure (AEE) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) in mice from activity and indirect calorimetry data. The method is based on penalised spline regression and takes the time dependency of the RMR into account. In addition, estimates of AEE and RMR are corrected for the regression dilution bias that results from inaccurate PA measurements. We evaluated the performance of our method based on 500 simulated metabolic chamber datasets and compared it to that of conventional methods. It was found that for a sample time of 10 minutes the penalised spline model estimated the time-dependent RMR with 1.7 times higher accuracy than the Kalman filter and with 2.7 times higher accuracy than linear regression. We assessed the applicability of our method on experimental data in a case study involving high fat diet fed male and female C57Bl/6J mice. We found that TEE in male mice was higher due to a difference in RMR while AEE levels were similar in both groups, even though female mice were more active. Interestingly, the higher activity did not result in a difference in AEE because female mice had a lower caloric cost of activity, which was likely due to their lower body weight. In conclusion, TEE decomposition by means of penalised spline regression provides robust estimates of the time-dependent AEE and RMR and can be applied to data generated with generic metabolic chamber and indirect calorimetry set-ups.

Physical activity as a determinant of total energy expenditure in critically ill children

For adequate nutritional support of critically ill children, knowledge of the patient's energy expenditure is required. Steady state measurement by a metabolic monitor are defined as resting energy expenditure and may underestimate total energy expenditure in clinical practise. The aim of this study was to investigate total energy expenditure, resting energy expenditure and the relation with physical activity during critical illness and initial recovery. We enrolled 20 patients (0-16 yr) with sepsis or following surgery. During the first week following admission, total energy expenditure was measured with doubly labelled water, and compared with daily resting energy expenditure measurements (metabolic monitor). Activity levels were independently determined by tri-axial accelerometry. Resting energy expenditure was not different from Schofield's predicted basal metabolic rate, but was 20% lower than total energy expenditure (P=0.006). Overall physical activity level (=total energy expenditure divided by resting energy expenditure) was 1.22 (95%CI: 1.08-1.36) and activity related energy expenditure (=total energy expenditure minus resting energy expenditure) was associated with accelerometry recordings (R(2)=0.72, P=0.02). During the week following pediatric intensive care admission, in the individual critically ill patient, activity related energy expenditure should be taken into account to prevent a negative energy balance.

Determination Of Total Energy Expenditure Of Dog Sled Drivers During A 1049-mile Iditarod Race

The Iditarod dog sled race provides a unique opportunity to study the rate of human energy expenditure during extended exercise with the added challenges of sleep deprivation, extreme cold and the management of a large team of dogs. In addition, the distribution of macronutrients and the fitness of the driver are important in order to guide the team through steep and icy conditions during a multi-day race. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was threefold: (a) to assess the total energy expenditure (TEE) of the musher, (b) to determine the distribution of macronutrients ingested during the race and (c) to estimate the fitness level of the dogsled driver (musher) prior to the race. METHODS Five mushers from the Iditarod sled dog race were recruited as research subjects to receive doubly labeled water, with three agreeing to monitor food intake. Four out of the five subjects completed the entire race. Pre-race estimate of aerobic fitness (VO2peak) using a multi-stage bench stepping protocol were also determined. RESULTS Doubly labeled water data demonstrated an average TEE of 20.8 MJ·d−1 (4972 kcal·d−1) from Anchorage to Nome for our male subject, with an average of 11.8±1.7 MJ·d−1 (2808±397 kcal·d−1) for the female subjects during the race. Food records suggested an average distribution of macronutrients of 1.5±0.4, 3.9±0.4 and 1.7±0.9 g·kg−1 for protein, carbohydrates and fats, respectively. Estimated VO2peak was 66.2 ml·kg−1·min−1 and 50.0±8.4 ml·kg−1·min−1 for the male (n = 1) and female subjects (n = 4), respectively. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that dogsled drivers, with an above average estimated VO2peak, maintain consistent, high daily total energy expenditure (TEE) throughout all phases of the race.

Determination Of Total Energy Expenditure Of Dog Sled Drivers During A 1049-mile Iditarod Race

Determination Of Total Energy Expenditure Of Dog Sled Drivers During A 1049-mile Iditarod Race

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY BEHAVIORS CONTRIBUTING TO LOW-AND HIGH ACTIVITY LEVELS MEASURED BY DOUBLY LABELED WATER

Doubly labeled water (DLW) derived measures of energy expenditure can be used to estimate physical activity levels (PAL), but they provide no information about specific PA behaviors contributing to higher PALs. PURPOSE: To describe the type and intensity of PA which contribute to higher PALs among middle-aged women. METHODS: Women consumed DLW on day 0 and returned 1, 7, and 14 days later to provide urine samples for DLW determination of total energy expenditure (TEE). Women wore the CSA accelerometer (AM7164) and completed seven 24-hour PA recall (24PAR) interviews during the 14-d period. Women were categorized into quartiles of PAL using predicted resting energy expenditure (REE) values (PAL=TEE/REE). General linear models were used to obtain age-adjusted 24PAR and CSA PA levels across quartiles of PAL and to test for linear trend. RESULTS: Eighty women (age: 49.1 [6.8] yrs; body mass index: 27.0 [4.0] kg/m2, REE: 1272 [113] kcal/d, TEE: 2118 [404] kcal/d, mean [SD]) were evaluated. 24PAR time spent in total, light, and moderate PA increased across the PAL quartiles (PAL1-PAL4). Table values are mean (SE). Higher levels of inactivity on the 24PAR were associated with lower PAL levels (p = 0.02). Individual PA domains (household, occupational, leisure) were not associated with PAL. CSA results (n = 73) were consistent with the 24PAR in that activity counts and duration were positively associated with PAL levels (p < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The present results are consistent with current public health recommendations to reduce inactive time and to increase PA. Results also suggest an important role for lower intensity activities in achieving higher PA expenditure levels. Supported by NIDDK 52079-02Table: No Caption Available

Influence of sex, seasonality, ethnicity, and geographic location on the components of total energy expenditure in young children: implications for energy requirements.

BackgroundThere are limited data on the influence of body composition, sex, seasonality, ethnicity, and geographic location on the components of energy expenditure in children. ObjectiveThe objective was to examine the determinants of total energy expenditure (TEE), resting energy expenditure (REE), and activity-related energy expenditure (AEE) in children. DesignCross-sectional data from 232 children (4-10 y of age) from 4 ethnic groups (white American, African American, Guatemalan Mestizo, and Native American Mohawk) were examined. ResultsIn 104 white children studied in Vermont and Alabama, TEE was significantly higher in spring than in fall, higher in boys than in girls, and higher in children in Vermont (all effects: approximately ≈ 0.42 MJ/d, P < 0.05). The significant effect of sex was explained through REE; the influences of season and location were explained through AEE. In all children, there was no effect of sex but a significant effect of ethnicity (P < 0.01) on TEE: a significant effect of sex (P < 0.01) and no effect of ethnicity (P = 0.16) on REE; and no effect of sex and a significant effect of ethnicity on AEE. The significant effects of ethnicity were due to lower values in Guatemalan children. TEE correlated most strongly with weight (r = 0.81) and fat-free mass (r = 0.79-0.81); REE with weight (r = 0.85) and fat-free mass (r = 0.80-0.87); and AEE with maximal oxygen consumption (r = 0.54), fat-free mass (r = 0.50), and fat mass (r = 0.49). Conclusions1) Season and location influenced TEE in children through their effects on AEE, 2) a higher REE in boys was consistent across all groups examined, 3) Guatemalan children had lower TEE due to a lower AEE, 4) body weight may be the best predictor of TEE, and 5) maximal oxygen consumption was the strongest marker of AEE. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68:675–82.

Determination of total energy expenditure, resting metabolic rate and physical activity in lean and overweight people.

A new 2H/1H and 18O/16O equilibration device was tested, standardized and employed for the determination of total energy expenditure. It was shown that overweight men and women have increased resting metabolic rate as well as increased total energy expenditure when compared to their lean counterparts. The physical activity level (PAL)index was slightly decreased which possibly suggests a decreased physical activity in obese people.

On‐line Reduction of H2O for δ2H and δ18O Measurement by Continuous‐flow Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry

We have evaluated the use of nickel wool, nickelized carbon and a combination of both as catalysts in the on-line reduction of H2O, in a tubular micro-furnace, for δ2H and δ18O measurement by continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry (CF-IRMS). The IRMS used was of a novel design which gives adequate resolution to overcome interference from 4He+ on 2H1H+, allowing reduction to be performed in the presence of a He flow. No measurable memory effects were observed for δ2H using a nickel catalyst. A small, but significant degree of memory was observed for both δ2H and δ18O upon combining nickelized carbon and nickel, that was removed by two washes between analyses. On-line reduction is an accurate method of analysis of nL volumes of water, with a precision of ±4‰ for δ2H and ±0.4‰ for δ18O. The technique is fully adequate for determination of total energy expenditure by the doubly-labelled water method, being accurate over a wide range of enrichment.

Energy expenditure of pregnant women at rest or walking self-paced

Energy expenditure during rest and self-paced walking was determined from early to late pregnancy either longitudinally or in a cross-section of women. The cross-sectional study was done with 16 women confined to a metabolic unit: six nonpregnant (NP), six early pregnant (EP 10 to 20 wk gestation), and four late pregnant (LP 30 to 40 wk gestation). In the longitudinal study, five of the six EP subjects from the cross-sectional study were studied at 5-wk intervals until parturition. Basal metabolic rate, measured by open circuit, indirect calorimetry, and expressed as kcal/min, was 13% greater (p < 0.05) in EP compared to NP and was 28% greater (p < 0.05) in LP compared to EP. Resting metabolism increased during gestation in the EP group from a value of 1.01 kcal/min at 15 to 25 wk to 1.15 kcal/min at 35 to 40 wk. When energy expenditure during rest is expressed as kcal/kg body weight/h, there were no significant differences due to stage of pregnancy. The time required for the women to walk 400 m at their own pace was measured. The pace of the LP women was 20% slower (p < 0.05) than the EP women. But when the EP women were studied at 35 and 40 wk gestation their pace was only 4.5% slower than that at 15 to 25 wk. These data suggest that individual behavioral differences have a greater effect on pace than stage of gestation. A decrease in pace reduced the rate of energy expenditure per kilogram body weight for walking 400 m. But, body weight, rather than pace, was the major determinant of total energy expenditure for the walk (p < 0.05). It is apparent from these data that body weight is the major determinant of energy expenditure during rest and self-paced weight bearing activity in pregnancy.