Determinants Of Human Development Research Articles

DETERMINANTS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND REGIONAL INEQUALITIES IN KARNATAKA

The determinants of human development and regional inequality in Karnataka is analysed in this study. This study majorly examined the indicators of human development. This paper investigation is also based on secondary data using co-efficient variations (CV) examines overall inequality of human development within Karnataka. The study results are evident from 1991 to 2011 HDI values that the districts from the southern regions of the state have higher HDI values compared to northern regions of the state, signifying high intra-regional inequality in human development in the state. It observes that Kalaburgi the revenue region (Ballari, Bidar, Kalaburgi, Koppal, Raichur and Yadagiri districts) has stood lowest in the per capita income. Kalaburgi region‟s per capita income is less than half of the per capita income of the Bengaluru region. KEY WORDS: Human Development; Poverty; Inequality

Determinant of Human Development in Nigeria

The research investigates the factors influencing human capital development (HCD) in Nigeria. Historically, the Nigerian government has overlooked the significant deterioration in both human capital development and infrastructure, which leads to decreased productivity in the country's economy. The primary goal of this study is to explore the factors influencing human capital development in Nigeria. The study investigated the patterns and trends of human capital development in Nigeria over a span of 35 years, encompassing the period from 1988 to 2022. Top of Form; examined the factors that determine human capital development in Nigeria. The time series analysis was used to investigate the effect of fertility rate, gross domestic product, inflation rate, human development index. The data utilized in this study were sourced from the World Bank database (WDI) the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). The study utilized descriptive measurements, which included mean, median, skewness and kurtosis; just as inferential statistics which included correlation analysis, unit root test, Autoregressive distributed lag model (ADL) and error correction estimates as the estimation tools. The study found proof of short run connection among the variables. The study further found that gross domestic product exhibits a positive effect on the Human Development Index, although this effect is found to be statistically insignificant. (t = 1.32; p = 0.206), fertility rate demonstrates a negative and statistically significant effect on the Human Development Index. (t = -1.66; p = 0.002), inflation rate has positive and significant effect on human development index (t= -0.8; p= 0.0215). This, accordingly, suggests that fertility rate and inflation rate contribute more significantly to human capital development in Nigeria. From the study it is concluded that the fertility rate and inflation rate are the variable that mostly determines human capital development in Nigeria. From the findings, the study suggests enhancing the quality of healthcare services through increased government expenditure in the health sector in other to enhance the quality of human development.

The Determinant of Human Development in Eastern Part of Indonesia during 2012-2020

Improving human resource quality in Eastern Indonesia has become a primary concern in many development programs enacted in Indonesia. The KTI regions needed to catch up and often experienced development problems. Several challenges, such as the significant disparity in education and health facilities compared to the western part of Indonesia, have hindered the development process of KTI. This research aims to find the determinants of human development in KTI. We analyze the regional fiscal dependency ratio, employment level, allocation of DAU (general allocation fund) by the central government, and poverty gap level as determinants of the Human Development Index in KTI. Using the Fixed Effect panel data analysis, we found that the general allocation fund, employment, and fiscal dependency ratio are positively associated with HDI in KTI regions. In contrast, the poverty gap is negatively associated with HDI in KTI regions. Our empirical finding implies that central government transfers play an essential role in the human development process, while the poverty problem is one of the main obstacles to improving the human resources quality in KTI regions.JEL Classification: H80, L38, O15How to Cite:Khairina, N., & Wijaya, A. (2023). The Determinant of Human Development in the Eastern Part of Indonesia. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 12(1), 83-96. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v12i1.29496.

Geographical Constituents of Human Well-being in Papua New Guinea: A District-level Analysis

We derive two measures of human well-being from the 2000 national census and seek to establish the relative strength of their association with 12 geographical variables in a comparative study of the 85 partially rural districts of Papua New Guinea. We find that the accessibility of health and education services for rural villagers, along with the proximity of the rural village population to a coastline, are the two geographical variables that have the strongest association with lower child mortality rates and higher school attendance rates. These findings are placed within the context of a broader discussion of ways to improve the measurement of such relationships at a district level in light of the acknowledged failure of the 2011 national census and the possible failure of the national census due to be conducted in 2021. Our findings are also located within the context of a longstanding international debate about the geographical constituents or determinants of human development at a national scale. The distinctive quality of our own contribution to this debate resides in our focus on the measurement of variation between districts within a single country. This is the first discussion paper in a two paper series involving district-level analysis of human well-being in Papua New Guinea. See also: Filer, C, Fraenkel, J & Wood, T (2021), Institutional Constituents of Human Well-being in Papua New Guinea: A Second District-level Analysis. Development Policy Centre Discussion Paper No. 95, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University, Canberra, available at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3851755. A codebook and spreadsheet containing measures for all the variables assessed in both discussion papers is available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14456229.

Role of Sports in Peace-Building: Insights from NCAA Community

Role of Sports in Peace-Building: Insights from NCAA Community

POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: POST-COMMUNIST NATIONS

The literature has extensively investigated the relationships between country economic and political institutions and human well-being. I assume that economic institutions can be the determinants of human development and provide a more robust explanation of the latter under the influence of political institutions in the 2SLS instrumental variable estimation than in the ordinary least square (OLS) estimation. I also assume that most of the Post-Communist Nations (PCN) were transitioning their economic and social systems focusing on human development, among other critical reforms and programs. Data confirm this assumption for 22 countries out of 25. Results indicate that there were causal relationships between human development and business, monetary, and investment freedom, and freedom from corruption and government spending. Only government spending had a negative effect on human development. Economic, labor, trade, fiscal, and financial freedom were not endogenous variables with strong instruments. Therefore, these institutions did not have a stronger impact on human development. External validation of the estimates using data from the rest of the world confirms the results. All the mentioned economic institutions had a significant impact on human development in the rest of the world under the influence of the same instrumental variables: political rights, civil liberties, property rights, the median age of the population, and geographic location. Government spending again had a significant and negative effect on human development.

A fenntarthatóság mint emberi és társadalmi fejlődés

It is a key question of our age how to harmonise economic growth and sustainability. In general economic growth is considered to be related mostly to business activities, while sustainability concerns mostly the effects of economic operations on society and the environment.However, sustainability is a more complex phenomenon as far as human beings are concerned. The structure of an economy determines the possibilites of human development through the quality of the available jobs. Opportunities for learning and preserving health are also determinants of human development. The article first summarises the main research findings of the scholarship on sustainability from a complex perspective. It will also explore the key results and conclusions of the most well-known sustainability reports. Then the paper continues by offering a detailed analysis of two, so far little explored aspects of sustainability, the effects of economic structure and some social characteristics on human development. The Hungarian data will be examined in international comparison. Based on the analysis it will be proved that long term economic success can not be achieved without establishing balance and harmony between even the short term economic interests and human, as well as social sustainability. The article concentrates on the little explored fields of human and social development as research fields of sustainability. Therefore the much more widely analysed and debated environmental sustainability will not be covered.

Training system of the Polish police officers – in the past and today

One of the most important areas of activity of the Police, which plays a fundamental role in shaping the internal security of the state, is the educational activity of training centres for these formations. Although they do not deal directly with performance of statutory tasks their importance in the area of, among other things, quality of services, development of formation culture and its identity and elitism is undisputed. The overriding role of police education is to prepare highly specialised staff in strategic areas of combating crime. This staff will effectively perform the statutory tasks of the formation, connected, among others, with the protection of state security and the public order, protection of human life, health and property, as well as widely understood criminological prophylaxis. For a very long time, education has been a fundamental and universal determinant of human development. Educational activity is the basic condition determining, first of all, moral development of a person. Pedagogical activity is a function of cultural development of societies and an opportunity to overcome prejudices and stereotypes. The position of education in the structure of the state's objectives determines its development in the long run in practically all areas. This study is an attempt to systematically look at one of the elements of the internal security subsystem of the state which is modern police education. The system of training and in-service development of the Police in Poland has been a subject of great interest for many years. Currently, the Polish Police are on the verge of major organisational changes which will also result in structural changes in the educational system. The system of training of the largest uniformed formation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration is the basis for effective and professional training of the police personnel in all kinds of executive and managerial positions. The current solutions in this area are an effect of a specific evolution both in the organizational and structural dimension. The author's intention is to present the issues of Polish police officers training from the moment of the establishment of the State Police to the present day, with particular attention paid to the way of organizing the system of training and in-service development of police officers.

A Literature Review on the Determinants of Human Development

Globalization is the main engine of the today’s economic and social universe. It has emerged with the promise of a more livable, more prosperous, richer and more developed world by providing the accumulation of capital. However, contrary to the general beliefs, accumulation of capital is not enough to ensure and increase in well-being and quality of life. It is not a sign of human development alone and there are different social and economic dimensions of human development. Thus, it is important to understand the relationship between different economic indicators and human development and welfare. In this context, this study aims to find out the effect of FDI, import, export, which are commonly associated indicators in economic globalization, and corruption on human development for developing countries in the existing literature.

Maternal characteristics and nutritional status among 6\u201359\u2009months of children in Ethiopia: further analysis of demographic and health survey

BackgroundNutritional status of children influences their health status, which is a key determinant of human development. In Ethiopia, 28% of child mortality is caused by under nutrition. There is also some controversial evidence about the association between maternal characteristics and nutritional status of under five children. This study was aimed to assess the association between maternal characteristics and nutritional status among 6–59 months of children in Ethiopia.MethodsThis was furtheranalysis ofthe 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveyusing7452 children.. Generalized estimating equations was used to quantify the association of maternal factors with stunting and wasting. Both crude Odds ratio and adjusted odds ratio with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals were reported to show the strength of association. In multivariable analysis, variables with a p-value of < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.ResultsThe higher odds of stunting were found among children whose mothers had no education (AOR = 1.58; 95%CI: 1.25, 2.0) and primary education (AOR = 1.42; 95%CI: 1.13, 1.78), underweight nutritional status (AOR = 1.59; 95%CI: 1.27, 2.0), and anemia (AOR = 1.16; 95%CI: 1.04, 1.30). Similarly, higher odds of wasting were observed among children whose mother had underweight nutritional status (AOR = 2.34; 95%CI: 1.65, 3.38), delivered at home (AOR = 1.31; 95%CI: 1.07, 1.60), and lower than 24 months birth interval (AOR = 1.31; 95%CI: 1.04, 1.64).ConclusionMaternal education, nutritional status, and anemia were associated with child stunting. Also maternal nutritional status, place of delivery, and preceding birth interval were associated with wasting. Therefore, there is needed to enhance the nutritional status of children by improving maternal underweight nutritional status, maternal educational and maternal anemia status, prolonging birth interval, and promoting health facility delivery.

Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Human Development Index in Nigeria

Economic growth is a necessary condition for human progress, but not sufficient in itself to guarantee it; therefore, other dimensions and determinants of human development must be investigated by researchers. This paper explores the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the human development index (HDI) in Nigeria for the period of 1972–2013. Johansen cointegration test results reveal a long-term relationship between FDI and human development indices (e.g., school enrollment, life expectancy at birth, and gross national income). Toda-Yamamoto test results show long-run bidirectional causality between FDI and life expectancy at birth. There is also unidirectional causality from FDI to gross national income. These results indicate that FDI has a significant impact on the HDI in Nigeria during the sample period. The striking message our empirical findings conveys is that the effect of FDI on the HDI is a complicated issue, so to obtain optimum results policy-makers should be aware of and take into account the pros and cons of FDI inflows on several aspects of human development.

The Biosocial Approach to Human Development, Behavior, and Health Across the Life Course.

Social and biological phenomena are widely recognized as determinants of human development, health, and socioeconomic attainments across the life course, but our understanding of the underlying pathways and processes remains limited. To address this gap, we define the "biosocial approach" as one that conceptualizes the biological and social as mutually constituting, and that draws on models and methods from the biomedical and social/behavioral sciences. By bringing biology into the social sciences, we can illuminate mechanisms through which socioeconomic, psychosocial, and other contextual factors shape human development and health. Human biology is a social biology, and biological measures can therefore identify aspects of social contexts that are harmful, as well as beneficial, with respect to well-being. By bringing social science concepts and study designs to biology and biomedicine, we encourage an epistemological shift that foregrounds social/contextual factors as important determinants of human biology and health. The biosocial approach also underscores the importance of the life course, as assessments of both biological and social features throughout human development over time, and across generations, are needed to achieve a full understanding of social and physical well-being. We conclude with a brief review of the papers in the volume, which showcase the value of a biosocial approach to understanding the pathways linking social stratification, biology, and health across the life course.

Determinants of Human Development: Capturing the Role of Institutions

In this paper, we study development in a panel of 87 countries from 1970 to 2005. We focus on characterizing institutionally driven heterogeneities in the development effects of macroeconomic policies and on comparing the development process as measured by GDP to that measured by the Human Development Index (HDI). We do so within a novel dynamic panel modelling framework that can account for crucial aspects of both the cross-sectional and intertemporal features of the observed process of development, and that can capture the dependence of the development effects of macroeconomic policies on differences in countries’ persistent characteristics, such as their institutions. Among our findings are that macroeconomic policies affect development with less delay than suggested by conventional econometric frameworks, yet impact HDI with longer delay and overall less strongly than GDP. Differences in countries’ persistent characteristics may even affect the sign of the long-run development effects of a given macroeconomic policy: Fiscal stimuli in the form of government consumption expansions positively affect long-run GDP in countries with low institutional quality, but negatively affect long-run GDP in countries with high institutional quality.

Determinants of Human Development: Capturing the Role of Institutions

In this paper, we study development in a panel of 87 countries from 1970 to 2005. We focus on characterizing institutionally driven heterogeneities in the development effects of macroeconomic policies and on comparing the development process as measured by GDP to that measured by the Human Development Index (HDI). We do so within a novel dynamic panel modelling framework that can account for crucial aspects of both the cross-sectional and intertemporal features of the observed process of development, and that can capture the dependence of the development effects of macroeconomic policies on differences in countries’ persistent characteristics, such as their institutions. Among our findings are that macroeconomic policies affect development with less delay than suggested by conventional econometric frameworks, yet impact HDI with longer delay and overall less strongly than GDP. Differences in countries’ persistent characteristics may even affect the sign of the long-run development effects of a given macroeconomic policy: Fiscal stimuli in the form of government consumption expansions positively affect long-run GDP in countries with low institutional quality, but negatively affect long-run GDP in countries with high institutional quality.

Determinants of human development in Sub-Saharan Africa

Determinants of human development in Sub-Saharan Africa

Self-reported maternal morbidity and associated factors among Brazilian women

Demographic health surveys may constitute a valuable source of information on maternal morbidity, particularly in locations where an integrated system of epidemiological surveillance with wide geographic coverage has not yet been developed. This study analyzed the database obtained from a national Demographic Health Survey carried out in Brasil in 1996. Data regarding how the survey was conducted, characteristics of the women interviewed who had given birth to live infants in the five preceding years, characteristics of the obstetrical care received and complications reported were evaluated. Responses from a weighted total of 3,635 women were analyzed. Statistically significant differences (p<0.001) were found between geographic domains for most characteristics studied. Deliveries were predominantly hospital-based throughout the whole country. Prevalence of self-reported maternal morbidity ranged from 15.5-22.9% in the various geographic domains analyzed. This geographic factor was found to be associated to differences in the occurrence of complications, generally and specifically, for cases of prolonged labour. Differences in morbidity may reflect the intricate relationship between determinants of human development and maternal health conditions.