Deterioration Of Water Quality Research Articles

Mining's legacy: Unraveling the impacts of acid mine drainage on the rivers and streams of the Santa Catarina coal region, Brazil

Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) is a major environmental concern associated with coal mining activities, leading to the deterioration of water quality and posing significant risks to aquatic ecosystems and human health. In this study, we analyzed the physicochemical parameters of water samples collected from rivers and streams affected by mining in the Santa Catarina coal region, Brazil, to assess the extent and severity of AMD impact. Our findings reveal a substantial increase in element concentrations, including Fe, Mn, Al, and major cations (Na, Mg, Ca, and K), with some values exceeding background levels by several orders of magnitude. The majority of the samples exhibited acidic pH values, with only 24% and 34% within the limits established by the Ministry of Health and the geochemical background, respectively. Strong correlations between physicochemical parameters, such as pH and EH, and between acidity, sulfate, and metals, highlight the role of pyrite oxidation and mineral dissolution in generating AMD. Although most samples presented values within the established limits for toxic metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, As, and Hg), high concentrations of Zn were observed, exceeding regulatory and background limits. The results of this study emphasize the need for continuous monitoring and assessment of water quality in the region and contribute to a deeper understanding of the extent and severity of AMD in the Santa Catarina coal region.

Integrated monitoring and modeling to disentangle the complex spatio-temporal dynamics of urbanized streams under drought stress

We have a poor understanding of how urban drainage and other engineered components interact with more natural hydrological processes in green and blue spaces to generate stream flow. This limits the scientific evidence base for predicting and mitigating the effects of future development of the built environment and climate change on urban water resources and their ecosystem services. Here, we synthesize > 20 years of environmental monitoring data to better understand the hydrological function of the 109-km2 Wuhle catchment, an important tributary of the river Spree in Berlin, Germany. More than half (56%) of the catchment is urbanized, leading to substantial flow path alterations. Young water from storm runoff and rapid subsurface flow provided around 20% of stream flow. However, most of it was generated by older groundwater (several years old), mainly recharged through the rural headwaters and non-urban green spaces. Recent drought years since 2018 showed that this base flow component has reduced in response to decreased recharge, causing deterioration in water quality and sections of the stream network to dry out. Attempts to integrate the understanding of engineered and natural processes in a traditional rainfall-runoff model were only partly successful due to uncertainties over the catchment area, effects of sustainable urban drainage, adjacent groundwater pumping, and limited conceptualization of groundwater storage dynamics. The study highlights the need for more extensive and coordinated monitoring and data collection in complex urban catchments and the use of these data in more advanced models of urban hydrology to enhance management.

Navigating Urban-Agricultural Watershed Management Conflicts: A View from Watershed Coordinators

Water quality impairment from fertilizer runoff remains a major source of urban-agricultural conflicts when it leads to serious health risks. In this paper, we analyze the role of watershed organizations in Iowa, USA, that include both agricultural and urban stakeholders to address water quality challenges. We conducted three focus group discussions with 14 coordinators representing these watershed organizations to analyze what policy tools these organizations are using to address urban-agricultural conflicts and what outcomes have resulted from their efforts. We used qualitative coding to apply an existing set of policy tools already established in the literature. Coordinators’ responses showed that who participates in these organizations has a major impact on the level of problem solving. There were limited instances of joint urban-agricultural engagement strategies, but these were promising in changing individual’s perspectives and indicate that strategic targeting of watershed participants may be crucial to overcoming conflicts.

Assessment of the surface water quality and primary health risk in urban wastewater and its receiving river Kathajodi, Cuttack of eastern India.

Kathajodi, the principal southern distributary of the Mahanadi River, is the vital source of irrigation and domestic water use for densely populated Cuttack city which receives anthropogenic wastes abundantly. This study assesses the contamination level and primary health status of urban wastewater, and its receiving river Kathajodi based on the physicochemical quality indices employing inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy and aligning with guidelines from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and WHO. The high WQI, HPI, and HEI in the catchment area (KJ2, KJ3, and KJ4) indicate poor water quality due to the influx of domestic waste through the primary drainage system and effluents of healthcare units. A high BOD (4.33-19.66mg L-1) in the catchment indicates high organic matter, animal waste, bacteriological contamination, and low DO, resulting in deterioration of water quality. CR values beyond limits (1.00E - 06 to 1.00E - 04) in three locations of catchment due to higher Cd, Pb, and As indicate significant carcinogenic risk, while high Mn, Cu, and Al content is responsible for several non-carcinogenic ailments and arsenic-induced physiological disorders. The elevated heavy metals Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn, in Kathajodi, could be due to heavy coal combustion, vehicle exhaust, and industrial waste. On the other hand, Cu, Fe, K, and Al could be from agricultural practices, weathered rocks, and crustal materials. Positive significant (p ≤ 0.05) Pearson correlations between physicochemical parameters indicate their common anthropogenic origin and similar chemical characteristics. A strong correlation of PCA between elements and physiological parameters indicates their role in water quality deterioration. Assessing the surface water quality and heavy metal contents from this study will offer critical data to policymakers for monitoring and managing public health concerns.

Water Quality and Environmental Health of Lakes in Coimbatore, India: A Comprehensive Study of the Physicochemical Characteristics

The deterioration of lake water quality is a major national issue, particularly in regions with industrial activity. This study assesses the water quality of five lakes in Coimbatore, India: Krishnampathi, Ukkadam, Kurichi, Sulur, and Singanallur, between December 2016 and April 2017. Twenty physicochemical parameters were analysed following standard procedures outlined by the American Public Health Association. Twelve heavy metal elements concentration in the lakes was analysed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy. The results of this study revealed that the values of 17 physicochemical parameters fell beyond the WHO recommended pollution levels in all the study sites, except Sodium, Nitrate, and Sulphate. While, the concentration of 10 heavy metal elements determined were within acceptable limits of WHO-recommended standards for drinking water across all lakes, except Fe and Pb. F-test revealed that the concentration of all the physicochemical parameters varied significantly across all the study sites, except for pH (P = .749). Statistical analysis such as principal component analysis was adopted, and the results were discussed on the multivariate relationships of the physiochemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations of the five study sites. Overall, the findings highlight the urgent need for continuous monitoring and comprehensive management strategies to mitigate the deteriorating water quality in the lakes of Coimbatore district, emphasizing the critical importance of addressing the multitude of factors contributing to this environmental challenge.

Study the Impact of the Anthropogenic Activities on the Marine Environment of Fujairah Offshore Waters of UAE Based on Baseline Surveys and Buoy Data

As Fujairah comprises extremely diverse natural landscapes which enforce us to protect and understand possible risks and challenges faced by the coastal waters of Fujairah, it is critical to mitigate, reduce, and eliminate the risks. The aim of this study is to assess and evaluate the effect of such anthropogenic activities on the offshore waters of Fujairah. Accordingly, two buoys were deployed after conducting a baseline survey for 30 locations targeting areas affected by the anthropogenic activities. Furthermore, two sites were chosen for the buoy deployment, nearshore which is across the desalination plant (Qidfa) and offshore which is across the oil and gas facility port (Skamkam). After analyzing the water quality measurements taken for 1 year from both deployed buoys and compared it with the baseline survey measurements, an indication of water quality deterioration in nearshore and offshore buoys was evinced, and the nearshore site which located in Qidfa has a higher deterioration in water quality measurements compared to the offshore site located in Skamkam. A long-term monitoring program needs to be conducted to gather additional data on water quality over several years to help identify the seasonal variations, trends, and long-term changes in water quality.

Determination of ecological statuses of streams in the Ceyhan River Basin using composition and ecological characteristics of diatoms.

The present study aimed to evaluate the interactions between diatoms and ecological factors in various streams and to test the suitability of diatom indices to evaluate the ecological status of 44 streams in the Ceyhan River Basin during the spring and autumn periods of 2021 and the summer of 2022. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated the significant effects of electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand (BOD5), total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN) on the distribution of diatom species of streams in the Ceyhan River Basin. Of the streams, Aksu and Erkenez streams were associated with high EC, BOD5, and TP and characterized by pollution-tolerant species. Pollution-sensitive species showed close integration with Aksu Spring Brook, Gözpınar Creek, Göksun Creek, and Yeşilgöz Spring Brook, which related to a high dissolved oxygen gradient. Different eco-regional diatom indices displayed different scores, representing from bad to high ecological status in the Ceyhan River basin. Among the diatom indices, Trophic Index Turkey (TIT) proved to be the more suitable metric to assess the ecological status of streams. TIT indicated deterioration of water quality in Karasu (S06), Erkenez (S07) streams, and downstream areas of the Ceyhan River and the least distributed sampling stations in the basin. Results suggested that eco-regionally developed diatom indices, like TIT, are required to more accurately assess the ecological status of streams in the Mediterranean region. The study provides a fundamental assessment of the ecological status of streams in the Ceyhan River Basin using an appropriate diatom index before the Pazarcık-centered earthquake on February 6, 2023. Findings allow someone to assess the impact of the earthquake on diatom communities and ecological factors in the region in the future studies.

Methodology to Increase the Efficiency of the Mineral Water Extraction Process

The most important source of human life support is water. During the development of mineral water fields, unsustainable patterns of production and consumption have been observed, which could lead to environmental damage and the deterioration of mineral water quality and sources. In this work, a procedure for determining the modified link’s parameters, replacing the static and dynamic indicators of the hydrodynamic process, is proposed. Recording the parameters at the different filtration coefficients along the spatial coordinates allows the environmental safety of aquifers to be increased and the pressure of the reservoir to be stabilized. The presented approach allows the accuracy of the process used to control the reservoir’s pressure to be increased.

Water physicochemical quality as driver of spatial and temporal patterns of microbial community composition in lake ecosystems

This study aimed at monitoring and management of the surface water and potentially pathogenic microbes of Lake Tonga (Algeria) with respect to. It characterized the main bacterial diversity patterns of Lake Tonga and predicted from water physicochemical parameters and water quality index (WQI) the distribution of bacterial species and the main indicator groups of faecal water contamination. Water samples were taken monthly at three sampling sites of different water depths. Several physicochemical parameters were measured; of which some were included in computing WQI to characterize the water quality of the lake. Counting, isolation and bacterial identification methods were used to characterize the existing aerobic heterotrophic bacteria. The composition of the microbial community of the waterbody of Lake Tonga included an abundant culturable bacterial flora belonging to several bacterial families and whose specific richness varied between water depths of the sites sampled. Species richness of the bacteria identified phenotypically varied between 7 and 11 per sample. The site with shallow water was the richest in bacterial species, compared to moderate and deep waters. The redundancy analysis showed the main physicochemical drivers of the microbial community composition. Our findings showed that high WQI scores indicated the water quality deterioration which triggered the increase in total load of faecal indicator bacterial groups. This study identified in Lake Tonga an important culturable aerobic bacterial flora whose specific richness and distribution varied spatially following the effects of water physicochemical parameters. Lake Tonga needs an integrated management plan to mitigate human disturbances declining water quality.

Effects of a forested state park on stream nutrient concentrations in an agriculturally dominated watershed in the U.S. Midwest

AbstractAgricultural land cover in the U.S. Midwest is a major source of nutrient pollution that has led to impairment of stream water quality. This study examines the impact of a forested state park on nutrient concentrations within an agriculturally dominated watershed. Water samples were collected over a 2‐year study period from eight stream sampling sites along four creeks and processed for total nitrogen (TN), nitrate (), total phosphorus (TP), and orthophosphate (). Hydrology, channel morphology, and remotely sensed land cover and vegetation data were also collected and analyzed within the study area. Results indicate that water quality responses to a forested state park vary between TN, , TP, and , and water quality variables are uniquely influenced by watershed and stream characteristics. The greatest water quality benefits most frequently occurred within the two smallest study streams with the greatest residence times and proportion of watershed areas within the forested state park. Overall, the greatest improvements to water quality occurred during periods of low stream discharge and when riparian vegetation was greenest. The results of this study suggest that conservation of forested areas within agriculturally dominated watersheds can provide water quality improvements in the U.S. Midwest. Targeting watersheds that drain small streams with long residence times for conservation may be most beneficial to improving water quality.

Effectiveness of a novel compound microbial agent for water quality and the gut microbiota of Micropterus salmoides

The cultivation of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), a species of significant economic value in aquaculture, has experienced notable growth recently. However, the deterioration of water quality seriously affects the metabolic responses of M. salmoides. While compound microbial agent (CMA) is widely utilized for ecological rehabilitation and water filtration, its application in M. salmoides has not been reported. Here, based on physio-biochemical tests and 16S rRNA sequencing, we investigated the effects of CMA (yeast, Bacillus subtilis, and lactic acid bacteria) on the water quality within the recirculating aquaculture system, along with physiological indices and gut microbiota of M. salmoides. Compared to the control and single microbial agent (yeast), CMA treatment improved the water quality by improving the dissolved oxygen and delaying the increase of pH, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, and nitrite. The 16s rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the water treated with CMA exhibited elevated levels of chao1, Shannon, Pd, and a larger population of dominant bacterial. Besides, higher values of ACE, chao1, Shannon, and OTU level, and lower Simpson index were found in CMA treated M. salmoides samples, suggesting that CMA treatment enhanced the species richness and diversity of gut microbiota of M. salmoides. Furthermore, CMA treatment hindered the generation and proliferation of harmful bacteria, such as the Mycoplasma mobile 163K species and the Erysipelotrichaceae family, which was associated with enhanced antioxidant enzymatic activity and decreased MDA level in both the serum and liver. These findings shed light on the essential roles of CMA in M. salmoides culturing and introduce an innovative approach to enhance the aquatic environment.

Hydrology and oxygen addition drive nutrients, metals, and methylmercury cycling in a hypereutrophic water supply reservoir

Impaired water quality in Mediterranean climate reservoirs is mainly associated with eutrophication and internal nutrient loading. To improve water quality in hypereutrophic Hodges Reservoir, California, United States, a hypolimnetic oxygenation system (HOS), using pure oxygen gas, was implemented in 2020. This study encompasses 3 years of pre-oxygenation data (2017–2019) and 2 years of post-oxygenation data (2020–2021) to understand the cycling of nutrients, metals, and mercury in the reservoir. During the wet year of 2017, mildly reduced conditions lasted until mid-summer in the enlarged reservoir. Nutrients and metals were seen in the hypolimnion including ammonia (~2 mg-N/L), manganese (~0.5 mg/L), phosphate (~0.5 mg-P/L), and sulfide (~10 mg/L). Production of methylmercury (MeHg), an important bioaccumulative toxin, was favored from April to June with a hypolimnetic accumulation rate of around 200 ng/m2·d. In contrast, the dry year of 2018 exhibited higher hypolimnetic concentrations of ammonia (~4 mg-N/L), manganese (~1 mg/L), phosphate (>0.5 mg-P/L), and sulfide (>15 mg/L). The rapid onset of highly reduced conditions in 2018 corresponded with low MeHg hypolimnetic accumulation (~50 ng/m2·d). It seems that mildly reduced conditions were associated with higher MeHg accumulation, while sulfidic, reduced conditions impaired inorganic mercury bioavailability for MeHg production and/or promoted microbial demethylation. Sulfide also appeared to act as a sink for iron via FeS precipitation, and potentially for manganese via MnS precipitation or manganese coprecipitation with FeS. Mass flux estimates for 2017–2019 indicate that much of the nutrients that accumulated in the hypolimnion moved via turbulent diffusion into the epilimnion at loading rates far exceeding thresholds predicting eutrophic conditions. After oxygenation in 2020–2021, the reservoir water column was highly oxidized but showed a lack of thermal stratification, suggesting reservoir operations in combination with HOS implementation inadvertently mixed the water column in this relatively shallow reservoir. Post-oxygenation, concentrations of ammonia, phosphate, manganese, and mercury in bottom waters all decreased, likely in response to oxidized conditions. Oxygenated bottom waters exhibited elevated nitrate, a byproduct of ammonia nitrification, and iron, a byproduct of FeS oxidation, indicating a lake-wide response to oxygenation.

Reusing biofloc-culture water and microbubble aeration for culturing the white-leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

This study investigated the effects of reusing biofloc-culture water for culturing the white-leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Experiments were conducted for two continuous cycles without water exchange for 30 days during the nursery stage. The studies were performed with two different aeration systems, namely microbubbles (MB) and large air bubbles (LB). Water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, pH, salinity, alkalinity, total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrite, nitrate, settleable solids (SS), and total suspended solids (TSS) were recorded throughout the culture days. Also, comparisons were performed on parameters of the shrimp growth, i.e., body weight and length, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and specific growth rates (SGR) for the 30-day culture for Cycles 1 and 2. Cycle 2 showed no deterioration in water quality and no significant difference in growth performance compared to Cycle 1 for either aeration method (MB and LB). However, when comparing between aeration methods, MB aeration significantly improved the DO of the water and accelerated the conversion of TAN to nitrate. Shrimps in the MB aeration system were significantly larger (by 39%) with a lower FCR value (reduced by 30%) than in the LB aeration system. Harmful bacteria from the Vibro group were detected. However, they occurred at a minimum level in both cycles and aeration types. Overall, the biofloc-culture water might be reused for the subsequent cycle, while the MB aeration might promote the growth of biofloc and L. vannamei.

A review of metal pollution in a transformed, urban South African Estuary

Metal pollutants enter coastal water bodies from agricultural, industrial, and domestic wastewater activities amongst other sources. These pollutants are often transported through the food chain to higher trophic levels including organisms such as fish. Ultimately, they may pass to humans that consume contaminated seafoods. As such, it is imperative to understand how metals in estuarine systems are transported across trophic levels. Baseline data on metal concentrations are of crucial importance to evaluate changes over time and amongst areas to inform management and conservation strategies. In this assessment, we compile and discuss a database of metal concentrations recorded in various environmental media in the Swartkops River estuary, as a baseline against which future comparisons can be made. The Swartkops Estuary is subjected to considerable anthropogenic pressure that has led to a deterioration in water quality. We also provide a conceptual model to understand the flow of metals in the estuary. We furthermore identify lines of future research that will address gaps and uncertainties in the existing data and provide recommendations for remediation. Studies on metal concentrations in the water column of the estuary are limited. Studies on metals in sediment suggest that the estuary is not significantly metal contaminated. While studies revealed that plants do accumulate metals and fauna studies show differences in metal concentrations in the tissue of invertebrates and fish. It is difficult to conclude if these fauna are accumulating metals in their tissue compared to historically and if concentrations reflect uptake as a consequence of exposure to metal contaminated water, sediment and food.

Fluorescein@NH2-UiO-66 Probe for Ratiometric Fluorescence Sensing of Trace Phosphate in Water

Phosphate pollution leads to deterioration in water quality, posing a serious threat to human health. Therefore, it is important to develop a highly selective and sensitive fluorescent probe for phosphate detection. Here, we report a novel ratiometric fluorescent probe, Fluorescein@NH2-UiO-66 (denoted as Flu@NH2-UiO-66), for the trace detection of phosphate in water. Specifically, during the in situ solvothermal synthesis of Flu@NH2-UiO-66, fluorescein molecules were encapsulated into the cavities of the metal-organic framework. Furthermore, the encapsulation amount of fluorescein was controlled by adjusting the acidity of the system. The Flu@NH2-UiO-66 (60 H+) sample, prepared with a 60:1 molar ratio of acetic acid to the metal center exhibited distinct dual fluorescence signal peaks. The probe showed a highly selective fluorescence response to phosphate. Within a range of 0–20 μM phosphate concentration, the probe demonstrated excellent linear detection capability with a detection limit of 0.37 μM. Moreover, the mechanism of fluorescence enhancement can be attributed to the addition of phosphate, which greatly increases the UV absorbance of the probe. This study developed a novel ratiometric fluorescent probe capable of rapid, sensitive, and stable detection of trace phosphate, which is of great significance for environmental management.

Constructing S-scheme Au/g-C3N4/BiVO4 heterojunction with peroxymonosulfate-enhanced photocatalytic activity and mechanism insight

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in black-odorous water can cause excessive growth of plants and algae, leading to deterioration of water quality. Herein, an S-scheme Au/g-C3N4/BiVO4 heterojunction was constructed using a three-step method for DOM degradation in real black-odorous water in the presence of peroxymonosulfate (PMS). 4Au/g-C3N4/BiVO4/PMS exhibited highly efficient photocatalytic performance, and the DOM removal rate could reach 92.9%, which was 19.1 and 9.9 times higher than that of g-C3N4/PMS and BiVO4/PMS, respectively. The changes of fluorescence components in DOM were detected using synchronous fluorescence spectra and two-dimensional correlated spectroscopy analysis, and the toxicity of catalytically treated black-odorous water was evaluated by growth inhibition of Escherichia coli. A reasonable S-scheme mechanism was suggested by theoretical calculations and photoelectrochemical tests. The S-scheme mechanism and the synergistic effect of photocatalysis and hybrid advanced oxidation process (HAOP) increased the catalytic activity of Au/g-C3N4/BiVO4/PMS.

Spatial heterogeneity of the effects of river network patterns on water quality in highly urbanized city

River water quality deterioration is a serious problem in urban water environments. River network patterns affect water quality by influencing the flow, mixing, and other processes of water bodies. However, the effects of urban river network patterns on water quality remain poorly understood, thereby hindering the urban planning and management decision-making process. In this study, the geographically weighted regression (GWR) model was used to explore the spatial heterogeneity of the relationship between river network pattern and water quality. The results showed that the river network has a complex structure, high connectivity, and relatively even distribution and morphology. Important river structure indicators affecting water quality included the water surface ratio (Wp) and multifractal features (∆α, ∆f) while important river connectivity indicators included circuitry (α) and network connectivity (γ). River structure has a more complex effect on water quality than connectivity. This study recommends that the Wp should be increased in agricultural areas and appropriately reduced in urban built-up areas, and the number of river segments and nodes should be controlled within a rational configuration. Our study provides key insights for evaluating and optimizing the river network patterns to improve water quality of urban rivers. In the future, the land use intensity, hydrological processes, and human activities should be coupled with the river network pattern to deepen our understanding of urban river environment.

Application of GIS to monitor the impact of urbanization on surface water quality in Kim Dong district, Hung Yen province, Vietnam

Rapid urbanization profoundly affects surface water quality in lower-income countries, often extending pressure on resources beyond urban areas. This study assesses the impact of urbanization on surface water quality in Kim Dong district, highlighting its broader implications for the Red River Delta. The demands of urban systems significantly strain natural resources, notably water, impacting both human consumption and environmental sustainability. With a focus on less developed regions where water infrastructure may be limited, ensuring sufficient water supply as these areas grow presents a complex challenge. The economic and population growth in Kim Dong district has heightened water demand in recent years. Despite ample water sources, Kim Dong district is facing surface water pollution, leading to shortages for domestic, agricultural, and industrial use. This study aims to evaluate surface water quality using the Water Quality Index (WQI) and examine urbanization’s impact, employing GIS to map pollution loads across communes. Results of the study reveal significant water quality deterioration, notably in areas with high population density and industrial concentration, causing severe pollutant loads in rivers. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Discriminant Analysis (DA) was utilized to classify communes into three distinct clusters based on pollutant loads, emphasizing Luong Bang town and adjacent communes as high-load areas. The study demonstrates a strong positive correlation between population density and pollutant loads, indicating the profound impact of urbanization on water quality. Our research calls for strict monitoring of discharge sources, especially from industries and residential areas, emphasizing compliance with environmental regulations. It recommends regular drainage system maintenance, comprehensive environmental assessments for future development plans, and consistent efforts to mitigate urbanization’s adverse effects on surface water in Kim Dong district. These measures aim to sustainably manage water resources and safeguard environmental integrity amidst rapid urbanization.

Borehole Water Supply in Enugu Metropolis: Water Quality Comparative Study of Sources from 9th Mile and Emene, Enugu State, Nigeria

Abstract: Water quality study presents status of water for domestic, irrigation, industrial and other uses. Indiscriminate and wasteful water consumption, improper waste disposal practices, and underground contamination have led to deterioration and pollution of water quality. This study was aimed at determining water quality status using parameters in borehole water. Samples from two different towns; Ngwo and Enene, Enugu East. Sampling locations 1(6o 28’24.7”N 7o 34’49.2”E) and 2(6o 27’36”N 7 o 36’46”E) are situated within Nike East Local Government (precisely Emene) while sample 3(6o 25’52.8”N 7o 25’10.6”E), 4(6o 25’55.3”N 7o 24’22.8”E) and 5(6o 25’50.4”N 7o 26’08.5”E) are within Enugu Ngwo (9thMile Corner). The parameters analyzed include; Electrical conductivity, Turbidity, pH, TDS, TSS, SS, Calcium, Magnesium, and Total Hardness, using laboratory standard methods of analysis. The data provided by this investigation shows that the water samples from Enugu Ngwo only is more acidic outside the recommended level. Other qualities of all the parameters are all measurable for both locations. Based on these findings, recommendations were presented for the purpose of improving water quality and sustainable assess in Enugu Metropolis and beyond.

Assessment of Ambient Water Quality Deterioration in Proximity to Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsites in Urban Areas of Chattogram, Bangladesh

This study aims to assess the impact of waste dumping on groundwater quality within the Chattogram City Corporation area. Monitoring eight groundwater sampling points over four years, various physical and chemical parameters were analyzed, utilizing the APHA method. Parameters assessed include pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), Turbidity, Total Hardness, Ca-Hardness, Alkalinity, TSS, Chloride, Phosphate, Sulphate, Nitrite, Nitrate, Fluoride, Iron, Arsenic, Zinc, Copper, and Chromium. The findings were compared to the Department of Environment's (DoE) recommended values, as well as the Bangladesh standard and World Health Organization (WHO) values. During sample collection, deep tube wells near the dumping site points were prioritized. According to the investigation CNB, Ananda Bazar Halishahar and Arefin Nagar, deep pump water carries too many irons in their groundwater. Iron levels exceed both WHO and Bangladesh standards across all samples. Specifically, Arefin Nagar and Ananda Bazar Halishahar area sampling points S6, S7, and S8 surpass standards in TDS, Total Hardness, Turbidity, TSS, Chloride, and Iron. Water Quality Index (WQI) calculations suggest unsuitability for drinking purposes in all sampled water, with S5 and S8 demonstrating particularly high values, indicating their unsuitability for human consumption. Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) calculations reveal a decrease at CNB sampling points S1 and S2, where waste dumping ceased in 2017. However, HPI values at other points show an increasing trend, indicating the leaching of heavy metals from solid waste into groundwater. S5 and S8 exhibit notably high HPI values (Average 464.99 and 319.59), suggesting an accumulation of heavy metals in the groundwater. Carcinogenic Risk Analysis of Arsenic highlights the failure of most sampled water to meet Carcinogenic Risk (CR) standards, signalling a potential cancer risk with prolonged use of this water.