Deterioration Of Bleachability Index Research Articles

Classification of Crude Palm Oil Quality Using Artificial Neural Networks Based on Chemical Components

Palm oil, known as Crude Palm Oil (CPO), is a flagship product in the palm oil industry, playing a crucial role in the economies of various tropical countries such as Indonesia. This study aims to classify the quality of CPO based on chemical components using the Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) method with a backpropagation algorithm. The research data was obtained from PT. Perkebunan Lembah Bhakti (PLB) 2 from January to October 2023, consisting of 225 entries with five main chemical variables: impurity level, moisture content, free fatty acid (FFA) level, Deterioration of Bleachability Index (DOBI), and carotenoids. The data preprocessing stage involved transforming and normalizing the data using the Z-score method. The ANN model used has a 5-5-2 architecture with ReLU activation functions for the input and hidden layers and a Softmax function for the output layer. Model evaluation was conducted using accuracy metrics, which showed that the ANN model could classify CPO quality with an accuracy of 97.78% on the test data. The research results show that ANN can classify CPO quality with a high level of accuracy. This indicates that this method has great potential for use in the industry to improve CPO quality assessment. The improvement in accuracy and validity of the ANN classification results has significant implications for the industry. With high accuracy, ANN can reduce human errors in quality assessment, speed up the process, and increase the consistency of assessment results. This is crucial because consistent quality assessment can enhance operational efficiency and reduce production costs.

The quality of palm oil on variations in temperature and duration of the separation process

Abstract The separation of palm oil in the processing stage is influenced by various factors including temperature and settling time. This research aims to analyze palm oil obtained from variations in temperature and settling time during the separation of palm oil. The experimental design used a split plot design. The main plot is the settling temperature of the clarification which consists of 3 levels, namely; temperature 55-60°C, temperature 65-70°C, temperature 75-80°C The section plot is the time of the deposition process consisting of 3 levels, namely; 1.5 hour time, 3.0 hour time, 4.5 hour time. Observation of the results included the percentage of separated oil, free fatty acid content (FFA), deterioration of bleachability index (DOBI). The data obtained was analyzed of varians (ANOVA), if there was a significant difference, the DMRT 5% test was continued. Based on research, the higher the temperature and the longer the settling time, the higher the FFA, the percentage of separated oil, but the lower the DOBI value. Based on the best quality parameters from FFA and DOBI content parameters, obtained from the separation process temperature treatment of 55-60°C and separation process time of 1.5 hours.

Chemical assessment of the quality of palm oil produced and sold in major markets in Orlu zone in Imo state, Nigeria

Background: This study assessed the quality of palm oil produced and sold in major markets in the Orlu senatorial zone in Imo state, Nigeria. Methods: Three major markets each from different local governments in Orlu zone were visited and a total of forty-five (45) palm oil samples were procured and homogenized into three samples (Good, Fairly-good, and Bad samples). FFA, DOBI, PV, p-Anisidine, and beta-carotene levels of the oil were analyzed using standard methods. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 for means and standard deviation. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the means while Duncan's New Multiple range test was used to separate the means. Results: The results obtained showed that the peroxide value (PV) of the palm oil sample ranged from 4.80 – 43.20 MeqO2/kg, Free fatty acid from 5.56 – 8.63%, p-Anisidine from 30.00 – 32.00Av, Deterioration of Bleachability Index, 0.12 – 0.18 and beta-carotene value, 2146.67 – 2516.6mg/kg. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) found on the three palm oil samples assessed except in peroxide value which was observed to have a significant difference at P < 0.05. Conclusion: From the result obtained, the ‘Fairly good and Bad sample’ was proved to be of low quality while the ‘Good sample’ was of good quality following the quality index considered in the study.

Relationship between the deterioration of bleachability index (DOBI) value and hydrogenation performance for the hydrogenation of split‐crude palm oil (s‐CPO) in the oleochemical industry

AbstractA major cause of premature catalyst deactivation in the catalytic hydrogenation of fatty acids is the presence of impurities in the feedstock. With more oleochemical plants shifting to opportunistic crude palm oil (CPO) as their feedstock, the feedstock quality becomes an important factor in their procurement process. For CPO, the impurities level can be coarsely estimated by the deterioration of bleaching index (DOBI). A high DOBI value (e.g. DOBI > 2.99) indicates good quality CPO and ease in processing, while low DOBI value implies low level of carotene and/or high level of oxidised sludge oil, both of which could be detrimental to the processing of CPO. In our work, unsplit CPO feedstocks with varying DOBI value were directly hydrogenated in a laboratory‐scale pressure reactor with the presence of commercial nickel catalysts. Experimental results showed that catalyst deactivation was linked to DOBI value, where decreasing DOBI led to faster catalyst deactivation. For example, iodine value (IV) < 1.0 can be achieved for CPO with high DOBI value (2.97) after 150 min, and IV of 5–7 and IV > 20 were achieved for medium DOBI value (2.57–2.68) and low DOBI value (2.24), respectively. For CPO with low DOBI value (2.24), doubling the catalyst dosage ensured that the hydrogenated product met the low IV specification. This work showed that identifying the CPO with DOBI value presents an indicator to the manufacturer to find the right CPO tailored to the existing processes to maximise profitability.

Improvement of residual oil recovery from oil palm biomass using high pressure water steam system for biodiesel production

Various applications of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) would be hindered by the presence of residual oil. This study aimed to remove and recover the residual oil from OPEFB using an integrated system, high pressure water spray system (HPWSS). The performance of the HPWSS was evaluated at different temperatures and water pressures, and the residual oil collected was recovered through water shaking method and tested for biodiesel application. A maximum of 84.9% of residual oil was removed by HPWSS at 60 °C and 8960 kPa and the highest residual oil recovery of 58.8% was observed at 95 °C, using power shaking 5 and 90% of dilution. The following ranges of deterioration of bleachability index (DOBI), free fatty acid (FFA), and peroxide value (PV) for the residual oil were 1.21 to 2.67, 7.11 to 10.4%, and 4.85 to 7.56, respectively. Biodiesel with different blends of recovered residual oil (5%, 10%, and 15%) showed lower values (9.87, 9.57, and 9.56 Nm) of brake torque as compared with diesel (10.89 Nm). Overall, this study showed the potential of HPWSS to obtain an acceptable quality of residual oil from OPEFB to be used in any value-added product generation.

Comparison of microwave assisted extraction and ultrasound assisted extraction on recovery of residual palm oil from spent bleaching earth

Recovery of oil contained in spent bleaching earth (SBE) will have a good impact on the environment and economy. The process can be carried out using Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE). This study aimed to determine best operation parameters for residual palm oil recovery using MAE and compare it to Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE). The oil extraction was carried out using hexane as solvent at variable microwave power (100, 180, and 300 W), SBE to solvent ratio (1:4, 1:5, 1:6), and extraction time (50,70 and 80 min). The highest oil yield was achieved at microwave power of 300 W, SBE to solvent ratio of 1:5 and extraction time of 80 min at 20.97%. The main components of the oil produced were C16 (56.65 %wt) and C18.1 (28.35 %wt). The free fatty acid content, moisture, iodine value, deterioration of bleachability index (DOBI) and peroxide value of the resulting oil were 10.91%, 1.52%, 56.71 g I2/100 g, 1.372 and 7.419 meq/kg respectively.

Antioxidant Potential of Ethanol Extract from Mango Parasite (Dendrophthoe petandra) to Maintain Crude Palm Oil (CPO) Quality

The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of adding natural antioxidants from ethanolic extract of mango parasite (Dendrophthoe petandra) to oxidation stability of crude palm oil (CPO) during storage. The parameters tested were levels of free fatty acid (FFA), acid values, and deterioration of bleachability index (DOBI). The antioxidant activity of D. petandra extract obtained was IC50 of 6.369 ppm. Concentrations of D. petandra extract range from 200 to 1000 ppm. Based on the results, the ethanolic extract of D. petandra was able to reduce the FFA and acid value and increase the DOBI compared to the negative control. The lowest FFA levels and acid numbers were obtained from samples with addition of 1000 ppm natural antioxidants with FFA of 4.2% and acid value of 7.4 mg KOH/g, while the DOBI value increased to 1.300.

Optimization of Crude Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Oil Bleaching using Zeolite-Fe by Response Surface Methodology

A carcinogenic 3-monochloropropane 1, 2 diol ester (3-MCPD ester) can be formed during processing crude palm oil (CPO). Chlorine is one of the precursors for the formation of 3-MCPD esters. This study aimed to optimize the bleaching conditions using zeolite-Fe for reducing chlorine concentration by the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and further evaluate the characteristics of the bleached CPO. Factors such as bleaching time, zeolite-Fe concentration, and bleaching temperature were evaluated and further optimized. The results showed that Fe in the modified zeolite-Fe increased about 71.89% compared to natural zeolite. Zeolite-Fe concentration, bleaching time, and bleaching temperature had a significant effect on chlorine adsorption. The optimum bleaching process was obtained at a zeolite-Fe concentration of 5% (w/w) and bleaching temperature of 80 °C for 30 minutes. Bleached CPO had a chlorine concentration of 25 ± 1 ppb, carotenoid of 467.70 ± 13.71 ppm, and a DOBI (Deterioration Of Bleachability Index) value of 2.17 ± 0.01 R.

Aqueous extraction to high yield and quality of macauba (Acrocomia aculeata) pulp oil

Aqueous extraction of oil from fresh pulp of macauba (Acrocomia aculeata) assisted with the commercial enzyme pool Cellic® CTec3 was evaluated at the laboratory and larger reactor scale. Effects of temperature and time of malaxation on the efficiency of extraction were studied by response surface methodology. Oil characteristics were determined by measurements of acidity, molar absorptivities K232 and K270, carotene content and Deterioration of Bleachability Index. The aqueous extraction proved to be efficient for obtaining high quality oil. The best oil recovery efficiency was reached with the assistance of the buffered enzyme at mild conditions. Mass balance indicates an oil yield around three times higher than currently found in the traditional industry based on expelling of the dried pulp.

Minimizing water consumption in oil palm sterilization using direct steaming: Effects of sterilization pressure and time

In a palm oil mill, Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) must undergo sterilization before oil extraction. In a conventional industrial sterilization system, a boiler and a sterilizer performing the steaming are separated but connected with piping. This process consumes a very large amount of water. The specific water consumption of a conventional sterilizer is 0.256 kg-water/kg-FFB. In order to minimize water consumption by eliminating piping and continuous heating to maintain specific sterilization conditions, in an integrated design, the boiler and the sterilizer would be combined into one unit. Therefore, this work studies combining the boiler and the sterilizer into one unit. FFB were sterilized in a mini sterilizer by direct steaming at 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, or 3.5 bars for 30, 45, 60, or 75 min. The results show that the sterilization time, especially in the range of 30–45 min, affects fruit-bunch separation more than the choice of pressure. The optimal conditions for good fruit-bunch separation with acceptable free fatty acid (FFA) and Deterioration of Bleachability Index (DOBI) of crude palm oil (CPO) standard, as well as low water consumption, was 2.5 bars and 60 min. At this operating point, the specific water consumption was 0.0587 kg-water/kg-FFB, which is about 4.34 times less than the conventional consumption. An empirical correlation of specific water consumption is reported for these operating conditions. • Novel method of FFB sterilization by direct steaming was reported. • Water consumption of direct steaming was 4 times less than that of a conventional sterilizer. • An empirical correlation of specific water consumption was constructed.

QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF CRUDE PALM OIL FROM SMALLHOLDERS IN ALEPEDEPARTMENT, SOUTHEAST COTE D IVOIRE

Chemical quality of crude palm oil (CPO) processed by smallholders and small-scale, artisanal producersin Alepe, Southeast department of Cote dIvoire is investigated. A total of 90 palm oil samples were collected in6 localities from five producerswomen each. Parameters measured included: moisture content (MC), impurity content (IC), free fatty acid (FFA), iodine value (IV), saponification value (SV), peroxide value (PV), para-anisidine value (p-AV), total oxidation (Totox), deterioration of bleachability index (DOBI) and total carotenoids (TC). Results revealed that all samples produced in Alepedepartment exhibited higher levels in MC(0.29-0.35%), IC (0.54-0.67%), FFA (10.70-17.27 %) and lower level DOBI (0.83-1.61) in comparison torecommended standards. IV, SV and PV levels recorded were within the stipulated standards except for MontezoPV (17.65 ± 1.38 mEq/kg) level above the above the acceptable limit. Whilep-AV, Totox and TC ranged from 2.61-15.86, 11.38-41.39 and 318 to 616 mg/kg levels, respectively.The high values of FFA and moisture recorded wereabove recommended limits due the chosen processing methods.

Methanol extract from kesambi (Schleichera oleosa (L.) oken) stem bark as a natural antioxidant to increase crude palm oil (CPO) quality

The content of active compounds in methanol extract of kesambi stem bark (Scheleicera oleosa) is known to have good antioxidant activity. Methanol extract of kesambi stem bark contain flavonoid and fenolic compounds. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the methanol extract of kesambi in inhibiting the oxidation of crude palm oil (CPO). In this study, the extraction of kesambi stem bark was carried out with methanol solvent. Antioxidant activity test of methanol extract of kesambi using the DPPH method. The parameters observed were free fatty acids (FFA) values, acids value, and DOBI (Deterioration of Bleachability Index). The used concentration of natural antioxidant were 200; 400; 600; 800 and 1000 ppm. Based on the results of this study, the natural antioxidant of methanol extract of Kesambi stem bark (Schleichera oleosa) can reduce levels of free fatty acid numbers, acid value, and DOBI value. Actioxidant activity methanol extract of kesambi stem bark shown IC50 42.092 ppm. The lowest FFA levels and acid numbers were obtained from samples with addition of 1000 ppm natural antioxidants with free fatty acid (4.1%), acid value (7.7 mg KOH/g) while the DOBI value increased to 1.331. Furthermore, FFA value meets the CPO quality standard, according to SNI-01-2901-2006.

Effect of Microwave Power and Extraction Time on Crude Palm Oil Quality Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction Process

The aim of this study is to evaluate microwave-assisted extraction at several microwave power and extraction time in extracting oil palm products, such as crude palm oil (CPO) and palm fatty acid (PFA) composition. The exposure time was shortened and overheating was avoided when sterilized mesocarp exposed to microwave prior to Soxhlet extraction in order to obtain good quality oil. The effects of CPO extraction and PFA composition on the distillate produced were investigated. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for the determination and quantification of PFA composition in the distilled products. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals that the microwave-assisted extraction technique had efficiently assisted in the release of oil by breaking down the mesocarp cell structure. To fill the research gap of microwave-assisted sterilization in the previous research, microwave-assisted extraction was introduced, in which two processes (i.e., extraction and drying) were conducted in one equipment. Oil yield and color, free fatty acids (FFA), Deterioration of Bleachability Index (DOBI), and carotene contents of the CPO were quantified. At 100 W, the extraction of CPO demonstrated 64% yield produced, with chemical properties of 0.301% FFA, 3.53 DOBI and 1132 ppm carotene with final temperature of 76.2°C during microwave-assisted extraction. The optimum condition for extracting PFA distillate was 300 W for 30 min of exposure time. Additionally, distillate obtained at the optimum condition using microwave-assisted extraction consisted of high palmitic acid (C16:0), caramel-like aroma, and possessed a sweet fragrance.

ANALISIS ASAM LEMAK BEBAS DAN NILAI DOBI PADA MINYAK SAWIT MENTAH (CPO) SETELAH PROSES APLIKASI KOMBINASI BENTONIT DAN MAGNESIUM OKSIDA (MgO)

Bentonite and Magnesium Oxide (MgO) are adsorbents that can be combined in Crude Palm Oil (CPO). The quality standard of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) in SNI 01-2901-2006 is the content of free fatty acids (FFA), water and impurities, respectively, a maximum of 5%, 0.25% and 0.25%. Another parameter that can determine the quality of CPO is the deterioration of bleachability index (DOBI). The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of the combination of bentonite and magnesium oxide (MgO) to reduce levels of free fatty acids and increase the value of the Deterioration of Bleachability Index (DOBI). The stages of this research are: 1). Natural bentonite preparation and activation 2). The variations in the combination of Bentonite and Magnesium Oxide (MgO) are Bentonite: MgO (1: 1), Bentonite: MgO (3: 1), and Bentonite: MgO (1: 3) 3). Application of combination of Bentonite and Magnesium Oxide (MgO) on CPO and 4). Analysis of free fatty acid levels and the value of DOBI in CPO. The results showed that the best free fatty acid average value in the combination of Bentonite: Mg O (3: 1) was 2.95% (according to SNI 01-2901-2006) while the highest DOBI value was shown in the Bentonite: MgO treatment (3: 1) namely 2.79 (according to SNI 01-2901-2006). The combination of Bentonite: MgO can reduce the value of free fatty acids where the initial value of FFA = 5.2 after treatment, the value of FFA is 2.95% and increase the value of DOBI in CPO where the initial DOBI value is 1.65 and after treatment becomes 2.79.

Thermal Treatments on the Oil Palm Fruits: Response Surface Optimization and Microstructure Study

Sterilization is the most important steps in the palm oil milling process prior to oil extraction. Experiments involving dry heating sterilization (SD) couple with solvent extraction of palm fruits were done to determine the relationship of palm oil yield and deterioration of bleachability index (DOBI). As a comparison, the conventional method of wet heating was used (SW). The optimum sterilization treatment parameters were determined by using response surface methodology (RSM). Central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was used to study the effects of sterilization temperature, X1 (°C) and treatment time, X2 (min) to oil yield (%), and DOBI. The sterilization temperature and time were conducted between 70 and 90 °C and 20 to 90 min, respectively. Preliminary results proved increasing temperature and time of sterilization process increased oil yield for both SD and SW. Furthermore, the DOBI showed a similar trend as the oil yield. Optimization study using SD gave the optimal response through a combination of parameters, SD: X1 = 90 °C and X2 = 68 min, where the oil yield obtained was 43.21% and DOBI 4.05. However, sterilization treatment using SW showed insignificant results (p>0.05) between temperature and time since R2 value was 0.4368 and the low degree of agreement between adjusted R2 (0.03) and predicted R2 (-2.43). It was also found SD treatment produced high DOBI value though the oil yield was lower than SW.

Production of refined red palm-pressed fibre oil from physical refining pilot plant

Palm-pressed fiber oil (PPFO) is unique as it contains higher amount of carotenoids, vitamin E (tocotrienols & tocopherols) and other phytonutrients (squalene and sterols) as compared to crude palm oil (CPO). However, crude PPFO has high phosphorus content and free fatty acid (FFA) and at the same time low in deterioration of bleachability index (DOBI) that requires specific refining steps for achieving a good quality oil properties. The physical refining pilot plant scale was developed, involved a combination of step including wet and acid degumming and bleaching followed by high vacuum deacidification. The optimum refining conditions comprises wet degumming using 5.0 ​wt/wt% of distilled water at 90 ​°C for 20 ​min, acid degumming using 0.5 ​wt% of phosphoric acid at 90 ​°C for 10 ​min, bleaching using 1.0 ​wt% of natural bleaching earth at 105 ​°C for 20 ​min, and deacidification at 160 ​°C and 0.001 ​mmHg. A significant reduction of phosphorus content of 97% (from 633 ​± ​83 ​ppm to 11 ​± ​2 ​ppm) and FFA of 91% (from 5.30 ​± ​0.19% to 0.35 ​± ​0.09%) were achieved in the pilot scale study. The DOBI value of refined red PPFO improved from 2.02 ​± ​0.18 to 2.68 ​± ​0.04. Besides, the carotenoids (986 ​± ​55 ​ppm) and vitamin E (1075 ​± ​64 ​ppm) in refined red PPFO were preserved by applying the mild temperature of deacidification. The pilot scale results establish a significant contribution to the feasibility of the refined red palm-pressed oil.

DETERIORATION OF BLEACHABILITY INDEX DAN STABILITAS MINYAK SAWIT MENTAH YANG BERASAL DARI TINGKAT KEMATANGAN YANG BERBEDA

Deterioration of bleachability index (DOBI) reflects the paleness index of crude palm oil which has the aim of removing the color (bleaching) that is less favored in oil, so DOBI is quite important to assist processing in refining palm oil. This study aims to determine the DOBI value contained in crude palm oil derived from different levels of fruit maturity namely unriped fruit, riped and over ripe on oil palm at 850 meters above sea level, as well as its stability on heating for 0 and 24 hours. The results showed that ripe fruit has a DOBI value of 1.75 and has better stability compared to raw fruit and through ripe.

DETERIORATION OF BLEACHABILITY INDEX DAN STABILITAS MINYAK SAWIT MENTAH YANG BERASAL DARI TINGKAT KEMATANGAN YANG BERBEDA

Deterioration of bleachability index (DOBI) reflects the paleness index of crude palm oil which has the aim ofremoving the color (bleaching) that is less favored in oil, so DOBI is quite important to assist processing inrefining palm oil. This study aims to determine the DOBI value contained in crude palm oil derived fromdifferent levels of fruit maturity namely unripped fruit, riped and overripe on oil palm at 850 meters above sealevel, as well as its stability on heating for 0 and 24 hours. The results showed that ripe fruit has a DOBIvalue of 1.75 and has better stability compared to raw fruit and through ripe.

Centrifugal separation‐assisted and extraction of crude palm oil from separated mesocarp fiber: Central composite design optimization

AbstractIn the current research, a centrifugal separator was developed for oil palm fruitlets to separate the mesocarp fibers from the nuts prior to oil extraction, which usually involves grinding the whole palm fruitlets to get the oil. This new technique can increase the yield of crude palm oil derived from the mesocarp without the presence of kernel oil from the nuts. This work focused on the effect of rotational speed and separation time on the mesocarp/nut recovery, oil yield, and broken nut percentage. It was found that the increase of rotational speed and milling time increased the mesocarp recovery without damaging the kernels. The oil extracted from the mesocarp was analyzed, and the results show that the oil properties such as free fatty acid, deterioration of bleachability index, and carotene were better than the properties of the palm oil extracted using the conventional method. From the optimization study, the maximum mesocarp recovery (60.84%) and palm oil extracted (46.02%) were obtained at 943 rpm of rotational speed and 20 s of milling time. The centrifugal technique allowed the separation of mesocarp from the nuts for a better palm oil extraction.Practical applicationsCentrifugal separation is viable technique for mesocarp fiber and nuts separation process. This proposed technique has been proven in obtaining high oil yield with lower broken kernel. The crude palm oil extracted through the separation process also meets the standard industrial requirements.

Effects of Ripening Level and Processing Delay on the Characteristics of Oil Palm Fruit Bunches

Palm fresh fruit bunches (FFBs) are raw materials used in CPO mills and produced by palm oil plants. The nature and quality of these raw materials considerably affect the characteristics of the crude palm oil (CPO). The characteristic of crude palm oil (CPO) can be affected by freshness level, ripening of palm fruit bunches, growing sites, poor transportation and harvest and postharvest systems. Amongst the aforementioned factors, the major problems that occur frequently are the ripening level and processing delay of palm fresh fruit bunches (FFBs) and also brondolan (loose fruits from bunches). Harvested FFBs must be optimally ripened to achieve high oil content and must be immediately taken to the factory for processing. Accordingly, the present study aims to evaluate the characteristics of palm oil produced at different ripening levels and processing delay times of palm fruit bunches from oil palm plantations in Ungaran, Central Java, Indonesia. The objects of this research are ripening level (underripe, ripe, overripe and brondolan) and processing delay time (12, 36 and 60 h). Results show that the ripening level and length of processing delay of palm fruit bunches can affect the deterioration of bleachability index (DOBI) value, free fatty acid (FFA) content, oil content, peroxide value (α = 0.05) and profile of fatty acid composition. A long processing delay increases FFA content and peroxide value, but decreases DOBI value and oil content. From the observed parameters, the best results are found on ripe FFBs with a processing delay time of 12 h. The results are still good at 36 h but deteriorated after 60 h.