Detergent Industry Research Articles

Rice husk ash based complex sodium di silicate – An alternative detergent builder for sodium tripolyphosphate and Zeolite 4A

Detergent builder is an essential part of any detergent powder, as it softens the hard water which hinders the cleaning action of surfactants. Nowadays, sodium tripolyphosphate and Zeolite 4A are used as detergent builders extensively in detergent formulation. Though STPP has higher capacities to remove hardness from the water but has a detrimental impact on the environment like eutrophication and hence it has been banned for detergent application in various countries. Zeolite 4A is currently leading the detergent industry with moderate hardness removal, but it has certain disadvantages like high pH, insolubility, high solid residue in the wash water and needs additives for its activation in the detergent formulation. In this research paper, the better alternative detergent builder known as Complex sodium dislicate (CSDS) is produced using rice husk ash-based sodium silicate. Further CSDS is analyzed using SEM, XRD, and TGA-DSC to explain its physicochemical properties. The calcium exchange capacity evaluation is carried out and is found to be 420 mg eq. CaCO3/gram of CSDS which is higher than STPP and Zeolite 4A. In this study, detergent formulations made with CSDS as a detergent builder were compared with those of STPP and Zeolite 4A to evaluate detergent performances according to the IS 4955:2020 standard.

Energy efficiency characteristics analysis for process diagnosis under anomaly using self-adaptive-based SHAP guided optimization

Understanding energy efficiency patterns is crucial for developing more effective energy management strategies. However, disruptions from physical characteristics, such as particle accumulation, inhibit the construction of energy efficiency models, pose diagnostic challenges, and require additional fault detection models to isolate this uncertainty. Therefore, this study introduces a self-adaptive, long short-term memory-based energy efficiency model with adaptive moment estimation fine-tuning enhanced by Shapley additive explanation guided optimization. The model adapts its learnable parameters in real-time according to changes in process behavior, which helps in revealing energy inefficiency and particle accumulation through Shapley benchmarking under current operations and energy efficiency characteristics. Validated using a benchmark dataset and applied in a large-scale detergent industry, the model outperforms conventional methods, achieving testing r-squared values of 0.9895 and 0.9859, respectively. Moreover, the proposed model avoided formulating the relationship with faulty variables and demonstrated robust fault detection through energy efficiency patterns without needing fault labels, offering a novel approach to monitoring and optimizing energy efficiency. The adaptive weight analysis emphasized how energy efficiency is influenced by various input variables, leading to an hourly energy saving of 0.0271 GJ/t, equivalent to cost savings of USD 34,408 and a reduction of 115.44 t of carbon emissions.

Production of milk-coagulating protease by fungus Pleurotus djamor through solid state fermentation using wheat bran as the low-cost substrate

Proteases are enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds present in proteins and peptides. They are widely used for various industrial applications, such as in the detergent, food, and dairy industries. Cheese is one of the most important products of the dairy industry, and the coagulation stage is crucial during the cheese-making process. Enzymatic coagulation is the most common technique utilized for this purpose. Microbial enzymes are frequently used for coagulation due to their advantages in terms of availability, sustainability, quality control, product variety, and compliance with dietary and cultural/religious requirements. In the present study, we identified and subsequently characterized milk coagulant activity from the fungus Pleurotus djamor PLO13, obtained during a solid-state fermentation process, using the agro-industrial residue, wheat bran, as the fermentation medium. Maximum enzyme production and caseinolytic activity occurred 120 h after cultivation. When the enzyme activity against various protease-specific synthetic substrates and inhibitors was analyzed, the enzyme was found to be a serine protease, similar to elastase 2. This elastase-2-like serine protease was able to coagulate pasteurized whole and reconstituted skim milk highly efficiently in the presence and absence of calcium, even at room temperature. The coagulation process was influenced by factors such as temperature, time, and calcium concentration. We demonstrate here, for the first time, an elastase-2-like enzyme in a microorganism and its potential application in the food industry for cheese production.

The EU Detergent Industry Network ‘DetNet’ – an industry approach for the EU CLP classification of detergent and cleaning products for skin and eye effects

Abstract The implementation of the EU CLP Regulation for mixtures in 2015 led to a reduction of the cut-off levels for mixtures containing severely irritating or corrosive ingredients. As a result, most everyday detergents would be required to carry the same corrosive pictogram on the label as caustic or highly acidic specialty cleaners. However, in most cases, calculation-derived skin and eye hazard classifications do not reflect in-market experience and consumer understanding of the hazardous properties of household detergents. The detergent industry responded to this situation by forming the Detergent Industry Network ‘DetNet’. It is a transparent process that supports mixture classification decisions by sharing data, expertise, and best practices between manufacturers of detergent and cleaning products. At the core of DetNet is its database providing access to compositional information and toxicological data on more than 240 detergents and cleaning products. This paper describes and discusses the main features of DetNet, its organisational structure and database. Based on a case study, the process and functioning of DetNet to support a scientifically sound classification of an untested mixture for skin and eye effects based on data available for similar mixtures is demonstrated.

Cloning, Expression, and Characterization of a Metalloprotease from Thermophilic Bacterium Streptomyces thermovulgaris.

Proteases hydrolyze proteins and reduce them to smaller peptides or amino acids. Besides many biological processes, proteases play a crucial in different industrial applications. A 792 bp protease gene (nprB) from the thermophilic bacterium Streptomyces thermovulgaris was cloned and expressed in E. coli BL21 using pET 50b (+). Optimal recombinant protease expression was observed at 1 mM IPTG, 37 °C for 4 h. The resulting protease was observed in soluble form. The molecular mass estimated by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis of the protease (NprB) fused with His and Nus tag is ~70 KDa. The protease protein was purified by Ammonium sulfate precipitation and immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography. The optimum pH and temperature for protease activity using casein as substrate were 7.2 and 70 °C, respectively. The mature protease was active and retained 80% of its activity in a broad spectrum of pH 6-8 after 4 h of incubation. Also, the half-life of the protease at 70 °C was 4 h. EDTA (5 mM) completely inhibited the enzyme, proving the isolated protease was a metalloprotease. NprB activity was enhanced in the presence of Zn2+, Mn2+, Fe2+ and Ca2+, while Hg2+ and Ni2+ decreased its activity. Exposure to organic solvents did not affect the protease activity. The recombinant protease was stable in the presence of 10% organic solvents and surfactants. Further characterization showed that zinc-metalloprotease is promising for the detergent, laundry, leather, and pharmaceutical industries.

Characterization of raw starch hydrolysing and detergent-compatible amylase from newly isolated Bacillus subtilis from bakery chimney

Amylases are highly needful product in food, beverage, and detergent industry. With the objective of isolating α-amylases producing strains, samples were collected from local bakery chimneys and kitchens, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. The potential α-amylase producers were isolated and screened by Starch-Iodine plate assay method. The optimized parameters such as 1.5% of starch concentration in the media with 7.2-pH at 35 °C for 36 h enhanced the production of α-amylase. The strain showing high potential, identified by 16s rRNA sequencing was found to be Bacillus subtilis. The Bacillus subtilis strain produced extracellular α-amylase with activity of 1330.14 U/mL. Further partial purification by ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by dialysis and column chromatography enhanced the specific activity to 1695.306 U/mg. The molecular weight of enzymes was found to be around 36 kDa. The enzyme stability and activity characterization revealed that the enzyme was thermotolerant which was able to retain more than 70% activity at 70 °C, 80 °C and 90 °C. The purified enzyme was also found to be Ca2+ independent. The hydrolysis of raw starch from rice, wheat and corn flour using the purified α-amylase from Bacillus subtilis showed significant activity of 72.8%, 76.1% and 65.2% with 4 h incubation respectively. The potentiality of the enzyme as an additive with commercial detergent was also determined to be effective. This study favourably attracts the attention towards industrial applications.

Characterization of a thermostable protease from Bacillus subtilis BSP strain

This study used conservative one variable-at-a-time study and statistical surface response methods to increase the yields of an extracellular thermostable protease secreted by a newly identified thermophilic Bacillus subtilis BSP strain. Using conventional optimization techniques, physical parameters in submerged fermentation were adjusted at the shake flask level to reach 184 U/mL. These physicochemical parameters were further optimized by statistical surface response methodology using Box Behnken design, and the protease yield increased to 295 U/mL. The protease was purified and characterized biochemically. Both Ca2+ and Fe2+ increased the activity of the 36 kDa protease enzyme. Based on its strong inhibition by ethylenediaminetetracetate (EDTA), the enzyme was confirmed to be a metalloprotease. The protease was also resistant to various organic solvents (benzene, ethanol, methanol), surfactants (Triton X-100), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Tween 20, Tween-80 and oxidants hydrogen per oxide (H2O2). Characteristics, such as tolerance to high SDS and H2O2 concentrations, indicate that this protease has potential applications in the pharmaceutical and detergent industries.

Co-flotation of effluents from detergent and marble processing industries in Denver and dispersed air flotation systems

Suspended solids in the marble processing wastewater (MPWW) have the potential to pollute receiving media. Likewise, detergent production wastewater (DPWW) needs treatment prior to discharge as they include surfactants and others. Flotation and its modifications are common for separation purposes in various engineering solutions. To increase flotation performance by changing the surface tension some collector and frother chemicals, surfactants are utilized. Detergents are among important surfactants and they may act as both frother and collector in flotation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of DPWW in co-flotation with MPWW. Two effluents were mixed at varying ratios and dispersed air (DISP) and Denver (DEN) flotation co-treatment were applied to the mixtures. Volume ratio, time and air flow rate on treatment performance were investigated. Turbidity, solids, COD, phosphate removals were achieved at varying levels when the flotation was applied to the mixture. The highest treatment performance was achieved at 90%MPWW-10%DPWW mixture. 10 min flotation time and 2 L min−1 air flow rate for the DEN system, and 20 min and 6 L min−1 for the DISP system were recommended. Under these conditions turbidity, SS, COD, phosphate and alkalinity residuals (and removal efficiencies) were 2400 NTU(82%), 1720 mg.L−1(89%), 313.6 mg.L−1(10%), 20 mg.L−1(20%) and 600 mg.L−1CaCO3(92%) in the DEN system, respectively. Whereas, in the DISP system, under the same conditions, final values of 1880 NTU(86%), 1540 mg.L−1(91%), 262 mg.L−1(17%), 21 mg.L−1(20%) and 470 mg.L−1(94%) were obtained, respectively. The highest SludgeSS concentration increased up to 19300 mg.L−1 in the 90%–10% mixture. In all samples, dewaterable sludge was obtained. By this study, co-flotation of these two effluents was recommended. Within SDGs, this approach will replace frother chemical usage. The process performance can further be enhanced via flotation modifications and technology can be developed as further study.

Interaction between Enzymatic Detergent and Textile Metals/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

aims: This research examines the interactions between metal (Ag) and metal oxide (TiO2 and ZnO) nanoparticles and amylase, cellulase, protease, and lipase as detergent enzymes and their impacts on enzyme activity. background: Nanoparticles are used in industrial products, such as textiles, to induce novel properties, such as antibacterial, antistatic, UV blocking, self-cleaning properties, wrinkle resistance, and water and oil repellent. On the other hand, using enzymes (protease, lipase, amylase, and cellulase) is widespread in detergent industries for washing conditions. objective: The interactions between metal (Ag) and metal oxide (TiO2 and ZnO) nanoparticles and detergent enzymes method: Using a central composite design, a total of 320 experiments under different conditions were conducted to determine the extent of change in enzyme activity. result: Results indicate that lipase had the lowest activity under interaction with silver nanoparticles, while cellulase and protease were most affected by interactions with AgNPs and a-TiO2. The surface response of the examined parameters showed the most effect from the interaction time and temperature and the enzyme/nanoparticle ratio and temperature parameters. conclusion: Further investigations into the effects of nanomaterials and enzymes on the physiology and chemistry of surfaces are suggested. This research results demonstrate that in nanoparticle and enzyme interface, physical, chemical, and biological difference is made in both. The outcome can be used to improve nanoparticle and detergent enzyme interactions in washing surroundings, aiming to retain nanoparticles and enzyme traits. other: -

A lipase from Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus IDCC 3201 with thermostability and pH resistance for use as a detergent additive

Lipases are important biocatalysts and ubiquitous in plants, animals, and microorganisms. The high growth rates of microorganisms with low production costs have enabled the wide application of microbial lipases in detergent, food, and cosmetic industries. Herein, a novel lipase from Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus IDCC 3201 (Lac-Rh) was isolated and its activity analyzed under a range of reaction conditions to evaluate its potential industrial application. The isolated Lac-Rh showed a molecular weight of 24 kDa and a maximum activity of 3438.5 ± 1.8 U/mg protein at 60 °C and pH 8. Additionally, Lac-Rh retained activity in alkaline conditions and in 10% v/v concentrations of organic solvents, including glycerol and acetone. Interestingly, after pre-incubation in the presence of multiple commercial detergents, Lac-Rh maintained over 80% of its activity and the stains from cotton were successfully removed under a simulated laundry setting. Overall, the purified lipase from L. rhamnosus IDCC 3201 has potential for use as a detergent in industrial applications.Key points• A novel lipase (Lac-Rh) was isolated from Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus IDCC 3201• Purified Lac-Rh exhibited its highest activity at a temperature of 60 °C and a pH of 8, respectively• Lac-Rh remains stable in commercial laundry detergent and enhances washing performance

Metagenomic exploration of cold-active enzymes for detergent applications: Characterization of a novel, cold-active and alkali-stable GH8 endoglucanase from ikaite columns in SW Greenland.

Microbial communities from extreme environments are largely understudied, but are essential as producers of metabolites, including enzymes, for industrial processes. As cultivation of most microorganisms remains a challenge, culture-independent approaches for enzyme discovery in the form of metagenomics to analyse the genetic potential of a community are rapidly becoming the way forward. This study focused on analysing a metagenome from the cold and alkaline ikaite columns in Greenland, identifying 282 open reading frames (ORFs) that encoded putative carbohydrate-modifying enzymes with potential applications in, for example detergents and other processes where activity at low temperature and high pH is desired. Seventeen selected ORFs, representing eight enzyme families were synthesized and expressed in two host organisms, Escherichia coli and Aliivibrio wodanis. Aliivibrio wodanis demonstrated expression of a more diverse range of enzyme classes compared to E. coli, emphasizing the importance of alternative expression systems for enzymes from extremophilic microorganisms. To demonstrate the validity of the screening strategy, we chose a recombinantly expressed cellulolytic enzyme from the metagenome for further characterization. The enzyme, Cel240, exhibited close to 40% of its relative activity at low temperatures (4°C) and demonstrated endoglucanase characteristics, with a preference for cellulose substrates. Despite low sequence similarity with known enzymes, computational analysis and structural modelling confirmed its cellulase-family affiliation. Cel240 displayed activity at low temperatures and good stability at 25°C, activity at alkaline pH and increased activity in the presence of CaCl2, making it a promising candidate for detergent and washing industry applications.

Enzymatic Activity of Fungi for Hydrolysis of Wheat Bran and Cultivation of Oleaginous Yeasts

Sustainable alternatives to petrochemical raw materials in oleochemical, laundry detergent and personal care industry need to be implemented. Presently, palm oil is the predominant cost-efficient option. While it is a renewable source, it has negative environmental and socioeconomic implications. Therefore, the request for ecologically certified and palm oil-free cleaning agents and household care products is rapidly growing, supported by concepts of waste-free biorefinery. Oleaginous yeasts are currently the most promising source for microbial lipid production. Additionally, wheat bran is a cereal milling by-product, which is available in high quantities and provides an excellent feedstock. Enzymatically generated wheat bran hydrolysate provides an excellent microbial cultivation medium for the sustainable production of high value biological additives. Indeed, wheat bran consists predominantly of lignocellulose, and therefore of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, which can be hydrolyzed by established enzyme systems. Currently, such enzymatic systems are mainly obtained for the market from genetically modified organisms (GMO). This represents a problem because GMO products or process components cannot be included in eco-certified household care formulations. Therefore, innovative GMO-free biotechnological processes need to be implemented, as well as the isolation of novel GMO-free hydrolase enzyme systems. Fungal strains are an interesting source for the efficient screening and isolation GMO-free hydrolases (see figure).This contribution is part of a project, which aims to use a holistic biotechnological approach to convert mill residues into customized specialty ingredients of eco-certified detergents. The project focuses on three main tasks:investigation of a microbial group of eight Ascomycete fungi,production of enzymes for hydrolysis of wheat bran, anduse of the resulting biomass hydrolysate to cultivate oleaginous yeasts.Hydrolase producing fungal strains were cultivated on different substrates to investigate their ability to generate specific enzyme systems capable of hydrolyzing wheat bran. The activity of the enzymes was qualitatively and quantitatively characterized to determine the optimal strains for the degradation of wheat bran and suited to implement a large-scale process. Supernatants of different fungal strains cultivations were tested in the hydrolysis step to compare the hydrolysis performances of differently active enzyme mixes. The biomass hydrolysate was used to cultivate lipid generating yeasts to investigate their ability to grow on the microbial cultivation medium.

Amylase and Cellulase Production from Newly Isolated Bacillus subtilis Using Acid Treated Potato Peel Waste.

Species belonging to the genus Bacillus produce many advantageous extracellular enzymes that have tremendous applications on a commercial scale for the textile, detergent, feed, food, and beverage industries. This study aimed to isolate potent thermo-tolerant amylolytic and cellulolytic bacterium from the local environment. Using the Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology, we further optimized the amylase and cellulase activity. The isolate was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Bacillus subtilis QY4. This study utilized potato peel waste (PPW) as the biomaterial, which is excessively being dumped in an open environment. Nutritional status of the dried PPW was determined by proximate analysis. All experimental runs were carried out in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing acid treated PPW as a substrate by the thermos-tolerant Bacillus subtilis QY4 incubated at 37 °C for 72 h of submerged fermentation. Results revealed that the dilute H2SO4 assisted autoclaved treatment favored more amylase production (0.601 IU/mL/min) compared to the acid treatment whereas high cellulase production (1.269 IU/mL/min) was observed in the dilute acid treatment and was found to be very effective compared to the acid assisted autoclaved treatment. The p-value, F-value, and coefficient of determination proved the significance of the model. These results suggest that PPW could be sustainably used to produce enzymes, which offer tremendous applications in various industrial arrays, particularly in biofuel production.

Investigating the relationship between body structure status, work activity type, and the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among detergent industry workers.

The physical condition of workers' body structure and assigned duties, can contribute to the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between body structure status, type of work activity, and the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among workers in the detergent industry. This cross-sectional study involved 148 industrial workers selected based on inclusion criteria and their medical checkup records. Data collection for the study included a demographic information questionnaire, a body map questionnaire, and an assessment of the workers' musculoskeletal system conducted by three physiotherapists simultaneously. 54.1% of the participants had a total body structure score classified as poor or fair. The neck region showed the highest prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (51.4%), followed by the lower back region (35.1%). Significant associations were found between abnormalities in the upper and middle limbs of the body and the prevalence of pain in the right shoulder region (Fisher/F = 9.29, P≤0.05) as well as the intermediate back region (F = 10.28, P≤0.01). Office workers experienced a higher prevalence of neck pain than workers in the product line and technical roles, with a statistically significant Odds Ratio (OR) ranging between 2.7 and 6.6 times. Conversely, industrial workers who operate powered machinery showed a higher prevalence of pain in the left shoulder (OR = 3.93) and left foot (OR = 4.07). Meanwhile, workers involved in loading and unloading tasks had a higher prevalence of pain in the middle back (OR = 3.61) and right foot (OR = 4.5) compared to office workers. The prevalence of pain in the right shoulder and middle back may be due to abnormalities in the upper and intermediate body structure. Production line workers reported a higher prevalence of pain in the left shoulder, middle back, and foot compared to office workers.

Synthesis of Sugar Esters Using Maize Seed Lipase as a Biocatalyst

This work is devoted to the extraction of a lipase from maize seeds obtained at low cost without extensive purification technology and used as a biocatalyst in the synthesis of various sugar esters as potential biosurfactants in the detergent industry. Indeed, several reactions have been carried out between different sugars - namely glucose, galactose, saccharose, lyxose, fructose and sorbitol - and stearic acid in a ratio of 2.5:1 in hexane at 50 °C. Kinetic monitoring of the target reactions was carried out by volumetric analysis in order to determine the conversions (C). The best results obtained were C = 76, 71 and 67% in the presence of glucose, lyxose and galactose, respectively. In addition, HPLC and TLC analyses revealed that for every sugar used two types of esters formed.

Detergenschemie beeinflusst die Überschreitung planetarer Grenzen einschließlich antimikrobieller Resistenz und Arzneimittelentwicklung

AbstractDie Chemie der Detergenzien ermöglicht alltägliche Anwendungen. Gleichzeitig gefährdet sie sichere Handlungsräume, welche die Menschheit für ihren Fortbestand braucht. Ziel dieses Übersichtsartikels ist es, die Entwicklung eines ganzheitlichen Denkansatzes im chemischen Design von Detergenzien zu unterstützen. Mit Hilfe vom Konzept der planetaren Grenzen identifizieren wir Fortschritte und Wissenslücken im Zusammenhang mit der Chemie der Detergenzien und fünf planetaren Grenzen, welche derzeit überschritten werden, einschließlich Klima, Süßwasser, Landsystem, neue chemische Entitäten und Integrität der Biosphäre. Unsere Studie offenbart den Status von drei kritischen Herausforderungen, die in den kommenden Jahren angegangen werden müssen, darunter (i) die Umsetzung einer ganzheitlichen, klimafreundlichen Detergensindustrie; (ii) die Angleichung von materialistischen und sozialen Aspekten bei der Schaffung technischer Lösungen mittels nachhaltiger Chemie; (iii) die Entwicklung von Detergenzien, die einer Anwendung dienen, aber die Biosphäre in ihrer Rolle als neue chemische Entitäten nicht schaden. Medizinrelevante Fallstudien zeigen, dass selbst das raffinierteste Detergensdesign eine Medikamentenentwicklung nicht ausreichend beschleunigen kann, um zeitgleich die Antibiotikaresistenzentwicklung, welche Detergenzien in ihrer Rolle als neue chemische Entitäten fördern, zu überwinden. Sichere Handlungsräume, welche die Menschheit für ihren Fortbestehen braucht, können gesichert werden, sofern zukünftige Bemühungen über die Etablierung von nachhaltiger Chemie, Ressourceneffizienz und Netto‐Null‐Emissionsziele hinaus gehen.

Detergent Chemistry Modulates the Transgression of Planetary Boundaries including Antimicrobial Resistance and Drug Discovery.

Detergent chemistry enables applications in the world today while harming safe operating spaces that humanity needs for survival. Aim of this review is to support a holistic thought process in the design of detergent chemistry. We harness the planetary boundary concept as a framework for literature survey to identify progresses and knowledge gaps in context with detergent chemistry and five planetary boundaries that are currently transgressed, i.e., climate, freshwater, land system, novel entities, biosphere integrity. Our survey unveils the status of three critical challenges to be addressed in the years to come, including (i) the implementation of a holistically, climate-friendly detergent industry; (ii) the alignment of materialistic and social aspects in creating technical solutions by means of sustainable chemistry; (iii) the development of detergents that serve the purpose of applications but do not harm the biosphere in their role as novel entities. Specifically, medically relevant case reports revealed that even the most sophisticated detergent design cannot sufficiently accelerate drug discovery to outperform the antibiotic resistance development that detergents simultaneously promote as novel entities. Safe operating spaces that humanity needs for its survival may be secured by directing future efforts beyond sustainable chemistry, resource efficiency, and net zero emission targets.

Gluconic Acid Production by Using Recombinant Escherichia coli Waksman pqq+ Cells with a Novel Approach from Biomass Sources.

Gluconic acid (GA) is widely used in the pharmaceutical, food, detergent, textile, leather, and concrete industries. However, cost-effective and high-yield production of GA remains a challenge. Due to currently high raw material inputs of GA, various alternative carbohydrate sources are being investigated. Sucrose is one of the cost-effective biomass sources that can be used as feedstock. The most common industrial production of GA is based on wild-type bacteria and fungi, but there are many problems with this production. This study aimed to optimize the production of GA from glucose produced by hydrolysis of sucrose using recombinant E. coli Waksman (W) pqq+ strain. After sucrose was enzymatically hydrolyzed, significant medium components for GA production were determined as glucose, calcium carbonate (CaCO3), peptone, and ammonium phosphate ((NH4)3PO4) using Placket-Burman Design (PBD). Detailed optimization of the medium components that are significant in GA production was carried out using central composite design (CCD), and optimum values of the independent variables examined in maximum GA production (93.5 ± 2.95g/L) were determined as glucose 95, CaCO3 25, peptone 2, and (NH4)3PO4 1.13 (g/L). Using results obtained in the Erlenmeyer experiments, GA production in the bioreactor was investigated by CCD. The maximum GA efficiency (3.20 ± 0.15g/L. h) was obtained under conditions where the air supply rate was 10.82 L/min, stirring speed was 656.87rpm, and CaCO3 concentration was 16.90g/L. In conclusion, it has been shown that GA can be produced with a high yield with this novel approach using a recombinant strain for GA production from sucrose.

Formaldehyde vapor-induced chronic tracheitis in relation to the expression of S-100 proteins

Background and objective: Formaldehyde is the most widely used chemical in daily life; thus, chronic exposure to formaldehyde has been shown to have adverse effects on different organs in humans and animals. Different of industries use formaldehyde including the medical, detergent, cosmetic, food, rubber, metal, wood, leather, petroleum, and agricultural industries and as a hydrogen sulfide scavenger in oil operations. This research was designed to investigate variable tracheal changes arising from chronic formaldehyde exposure by measuring different histomorphometric parameters in accordance with S-100 protein expression. Methods: In this experiment, twenty Wister rats were used, divided into the control group (n=10) and the experimental group (n=10). Animals in the experimental group had approximately 21 days of formaldehyde vapor 40ppm. At the end of the study tracheal samples were collected and used for histopathologic assessments and IHC staining. Results: In comparison to the control group, the experimental group revealed various histological lesions in tracheal structures from lining epithelium till adventitia including highest degrees and scores of; Epithelial necrosis, goblet cell hyperplasia, fibrosis in the submucosa, squamous metaplasia, chronic tracheitis and glandular changes. Results of IHC showed that the S-100 expression in the experimental group displayed higher percentages in different cells (epithelial cells, chondrocytes, and inflammatory cells) which were reported as strong intensity (3+), then moderate intensity (2+), and accompanied by weak intensity (1+), which revealed minimum percentages compared to the control-negative group in which the weak intensity (1+) recorded the highest percentages. Conclusion: Chronic exposure to formaldehyde causes significant histological changes that may lead to cancer induction. S-100 may appear as pro-inflammatory and proliferative marker, also S-100 expression associated with chondrocyte hypertrophy.

Identification and Characterization of a Novel Thermostable GDSL Lipase LipGt6 from Geobacillus thermoleovorans H9

Lipases are versatile biocatalysts for various biological reactions. In the detergent industry, lipases must exhibit high activity in environments with high temperature, high pH values, metal ions, and organic solvents. Therefore, researchers are intensively searching for more stable and efficient lipases. A new thermophilic lipase, LipGt6, was identified in Geobacillus thermoleovorans H9, a new thermophilic strain isolated from ultrahigh-temperature compost. A structural model of LipGt6 was constructed using an esterase from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans as a template, and site-directed mutagenesis confirmed the predicted active site residues. LipGt6 exhibited the highest activity towards medium- and long-chain fatty acids (C8–C14), and the optimum temperature and pH were 50 °C and 9.0, respectively. LipGt6 was found to be thermostable up to 70 °C. In the presence of 1% H2O2 and sodium deoxycholate, LipGt6 retained 70 to 75% relative activity. These findings reveal that LipGt6 is potentially useful for the industrial production of detergent. Based on comparison of the amino acid sequences, the enzyme belongs to a new subfamily called lipolytic enzyme family II. The catalytic residues Ser and His were more critical than Asp, and the Asp221 catalytic residue is not likely critical for the lipolytic reaction of LipGt6.