Identification Detector Research Articles

Advanced Holiday Detector for Microcrack Identification in Silicate-Enamel-Coated Pipes

Advanced Holiday Detector for Microcrack Identification in Silicate-Enamel-Coated Pipes

Experimental studies of in-medium modification of [formula omitted] meson mass through [formula omitted] decays

ϕ meson is an ideal probe to explore mass modification inside the nucleus due to partial restoration of chiral symmetry with its narrow width. The modification of ϕ mass is related to the strange-quark condensate 〈s̄s〉 in a finite density. J-PARC E88 has been proposed as an experiment to study the modification of ϕ mass inside nuclei in proton–nucleus collisions. Complementary to ϕ→e+e− decay measurements at J-PARC E16, E88 will measure high-statistics ϕ→K+K− decays of about 1 M in p+C, p+Cu, and p+Pb collisions by deploying kaon identification detectors at forward angles in the E16 spectrometer. Utilizing the high-statistics data, the momentum and polarization dependence of mass modification will be studied to evaluate the strange quark condensate in nucleons, and Lorentz-symmetry breaking effects. In this paper, we will discuss physics goals, the experimental design and feasibility, the performance of kaon identification detectors, and the timeline of the E88.

TOP detector for particle identification at Belle II

The Time-Of-Propagation (TOP) counter is a ring-imaging Cherenkov detector designed to identify the charged hadrons in the barrel region of the Belle II detector. The Belle II experiment collected data delivered by the SuperKEKB accelerator from March 2019 to June 2022. After the first run period (Run1), a long shutdown (LS1) was dedicated to implement several accelerator and detector upgrades. The second collision period (Run2) was started in January 2024. The components of the TOP detector and the performance during the Run1 will be reported and the detector upgrade during LS1 and future upgrades will be described.

DeformableFishNet: a high-precision lightweight target detector for underwater fish identification

The application of computer vision in fish identification facilitates researchers and managers to better comprehend and safeguard the aquatic ecological environment. Numerous researchers have harnessed deep learning methodologies for studying fish species identification. Nonetheless, this endeavor still encounters challenges such as high computational costs, a substantial number of parameters, and limited practicality. To address these issues, we propose a lightweight network architecture incorporating deformable convolutions, termed DeformableFishNet. Within DeformableFishNet, an efficient global coordinate attention module (EGCA) is introduced alongside a deformable convolution network (EDCN/EC2f), which is grounded in EGCA, to tackle the deformation of fish bodies induced by swimming motions. Additionally, an EC2f-based feature pyramid network (EDBFPN) and an efficient multi-scale decoupling head (EMSD Head) are proposed to extract multi-scale fish features within a lightweight framework. DeformableFishNet was deployed on our freshwater fish dataset, with experimental outcomes illustrating its efficacy, achieving a mean average precision (mAP) of 96.3%. The model comprises 1.7 million parameters and entails 4.7 billion floating-point operations (FLOPs). Furthermore, we validated DeformableFishNet on three public underwater datasets, yielding respective mAPs of 98%, 99.4%, and 83.6%. The experiments show that DeformableFishNet is suitable for underwater identification of various scenes.

Reconstruction of 400 GeV/c proton interactions with the SHiP-charm project

The SHiP-charm project was proposed to measure the associated charm production induced by 400 GeV/c protons in a thick target, including the contribution from cascade production. An optimisation run was performed in July 2018 at CERN SPS using a hybrid setup. The high resolution of nuclear emulsions acting as vertex detector was complemented by electronic detectors for kinematic measurements and muon identification. Here we present first results on the analysis of nuclear emulsions exposed in the 2018 run, which prove the capability of reconstructing proton interaction vertices in a harsh environment, where the signal is largely dominated by secondary particles produced in hadronic and electromagnetic showers within the lead target.

Studies on a hadronic calorimeter with MPGD technology for a future Muon Collider experiment

In the context of the European strategy for particle physics, the Multi-TeV Muon Collider has emerged as a compelling alternative for advancing our understanding of the Standard Model, after the full exploitation of the High-Luminosity LHC. The physics programme at the Muon Collider includes precise measurements in the Higgs boson sector and the search for new physics at the TeV scale. Achieving these goals relies on accurate full event reconstruction, including the identification and precise four-momentum estimation of various particles. The Particle Flow (PF) algorithm is one of the most suitable approach for this task, exploiting information from tracking, calorimeter, and muon detectors for particle identification and measurements of their momenta/energies. Tracking detectors measure charged particle momenta, while calorimeters provide energy measurements for photons and neutral hadrons. Therefore, a combination of an exceptional tracking system and high-granularity calorimeters is necessary. However, one of the biggest challenges for a future experiment at the Muon Collider is to discriminate the product of the μμ collisions from the intense beam-induced-background (BIB), due to the unstable nature of muons, whose decay products interact with the detector material. To address this, an innovative hadronic calorimeter (HCAL) based on Micro Pattern Gas Detectors (MPGDs) is proposed. MPGDs offer robust technology for high radiation environments and a high granularity for precise spatial measurements. Dedicated studies are needed to assess and optimize the performance of an MPGD-based HCAL, including the development of medium-scale prototypes for performance measurements. The response of HCAL to incoming particles is examined through Monte Carlo simulations using Geant4, comparing the performance of digital and semi-digital readouts, with energy resolution as the figure of merit. The simulated geometry will be integrated into the Muon Collider software to study its impact on jet reconstruction within the full apparatus and in the presence of BIB. The simulation will be also validated through the test of a small-size calorimeter cell equipped with advanced resistive MPGD technologies, namely resistive MicroMegas, resistive μRWELL and RP-WELL.

A new hydrogen-filled Cherenkov detector for Kaon tagging at the NA62 experiment at CERN

The precision measurement of K + → π + νν̅ at the NA62 experiment requires a kaon identification detector to have a time resolution better than 100 ps, at least 95 % kaon identification efficiency, and a pion misidentification probability of less than 10-4. Since the start of NA62 data taking in 2016, kaon identification has been performed by a differential Cherenkov with achromatic ring focus (CEDAR) detector with a nitrogen gas radiator. A new CEDAR using hydrogen (CEDAR-H) as a radiator gas has been developed to reduce the material in the beamline, reducing the beam particle scattering within the detector.CEDAR-H was validated during a two-week test beam at CERN in 2022 and was approved by the NA62 collaboration for use in data taking from 2023. The test beam results, installation and commissioning in the NA62 beamline are reported.

Signal shapes in multiwire proportional chamber-based TPCs

A large-volume Time Projection Chamber (TPC) is the main tracking and particle identification (PID) detector of the ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC. PID in the TPC is performed via specific energy-loss measurements (dE/dx), which are derived from the average pulse-height distribution of ionization generated by charged-particle tracks traversing the TPC volume. During Runs 1 and 2, until 2018, the gas amplification stage was based on multiwire proportional chambers (MWPC). Signals from the MWPC show characteristic long negative tails after an initial positive peak due to the long ion drift times in the MWPC amplification region. This so-called ion tail can lead to a significant amplitude loss in subsequently measured signals, especially in the high-multiplicity environment of high-energy Pb-Pb collisions, which results in a degradation of the dE/dx resolution. A detailed study of the signal shapes measured with the ALICE TPC with the Ne-CO2 (90-10) and Ar-CO2 (90-10) gas mixtures is presented, and the results are compared with three-dimensional Garfield simulations. The impact of the ion tail on the PID performance is studied employing the ALICE simulation framework and the feasibility of an offline correction procedure to account for the ion tail is demonstrated.

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Black hole algorithm along edge detector and circular hough transform based iris projection with biometric identification systems

The circular parameters between the pupil and the iris are found using current iris identification techniques but the accuracy creates an issue for the detection process during image processing. The procedure of extracting the iris region from an eye image using circular parameters can be improved via approximately too many approaches in literature but remain some portions under slightly unconstrained circumstances. In this study, we presented a Black Hole Algorithm (BHA) along the Canny edge detector and circular Hough transform-based optimization technique for circular parameter identification of iris segmentation. The iris boundary is discovered using the suggested segmentation approach and a computational model of the pixel value. The BHA looks for the central radius of the iris and pupil. The system uses MATLAB to test the CASIA-V3 database. The segmented images exhibit 98.71% accuracy. For all future access control applications, the segmentation-based BHA is effective at identifying the iris. The integration of the BHA with the Hough transforms and Canny edge detector is the main method by which the iris segmentation is accomplished. This novel technique improves the accuracy and effectiveness of iris segmentation, with potential uses in image analysis and biometric identification.

Performance of modular ring imaging Cherenkov detector for particle identification

A compact modular ring imaging Cherenkov (mRICH) detector has been developed to provide K/π separation over a momentum coverage of 2 to 10 GeV/c, and an e/π separation of up to 2.5 GeV/c within the Electron-Ion Collider Generic R&D Consortium (i.e., eRD14 Collaboration). The mRICH detector consists of an aerogel block, a Fresnel lens, a flat-mirror set, and a photosensor plane. In September 2021, an mRICH beam-test was carried out at Jefferson Laboratory (JLab). In this paper, results from JLab beam test will be presented together with future plans for mRICH R&D activities.

RAFBSD: An Efficient Detector for Accurate Identification of Defects in Photovoltaic Cells

RAFBSD: An Efficient Detector for Accurate Identification of Defects in Photovoltaic Cells

Helicity dependent cross sections for the photoproduction of π0π± pairs from quasi-free nucleons

Photoproduction of π0π±-pairs from quasifree nucleons bound in the deuteron has been investigated to study the helicity dependence of this reaction. Measurements with a liquid deuterium target were used to extract the unpolarized cross sections for reactions on protons and neutrons. A deuterated, longitudinally polarized solid-butanol target, together with a circularly polarized photon beam, determined the double polarization observable E. From these results the spin-dependent cross sections σ1/2 and σ3/2, corresponding to the anti-parallel and parallel spin configurations of the beam photon and target nucleon, have been derived. The measurements were performed at the Mainz MAMI accelerator with tagged, circularly-polarized photon beams produced via bremsstrahlung from longitudinally polarized electron beams. The reaction products were detected with an almost 4π solid-angle covering calorimeter composed of the Crystal Ball and TAPS detectors, supplemented by plastic scintillation detectors for charged particle identification. The results are sensitive to sequential decays of nucleon resonances via intermediate states and also to the decay of nucleon resonances by emission of charged ρ mesons, and are compared to recent model results.

MCP-PMT quantum efficiency monitoring and operation status of the TOP counter at the Belle II experiment

The Belle II experiment is a high luminosity electron and positron collider experiment at SuperKEKB in Japan. The Time-Of-Propagation counter is a detector for particle identification in the barrel region. Micro-channel-plate photomultipliers are used as photodetectors and measure photon timing with a resolution of 30 ps; this leads to excellent particle identification performance. One of the issues is the photocathode lifetime of the photomultiplier tubes. Monitoring tools have been developed to measure the tube gain, accumulated output charge density and quantum efficiency during physics data taking. The gain was seen to decrease by about 10%. Although the accumulated output charge density is small compared to the tube expected lifetime, a quantum efficiency degradation was found larger than expected for 5% of the tubes after threshold efficiency calibration. Several causes for this degradation are being investigated. They can possibly be related to tube production and noise from the read-out system.

Electron-beam calibration of aerogel tiles for the HELIX RICH detector

The HELIX cosmic-ray detector is a balloon-borne instrument designed to measure the flux of light isotopes in the energy range from 0.2 GeV/n to beyond 3 GeV/n. It will rely on a ring-imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detector for particle identification at energies greater than 1 GeV/n and will use aerogel tiles with refractive index near 1.15 as the radiator. To achieve the performance goals of the experiment it is necessary to know the refractive index and its position dependence over the lateral extent of the tiles to a precision of O(10−4). In this paper we describe the apparatus and methods developed to calibrate the HELIX tiles in an electron beam, in order to meet this requirement.

Commissioning of a hadron blind detector for dielectron measurement in pA reactions at J-PARC

The J-PARC E16 experiment measures mass spectra of low-mass vector mesons, ρ, ω, and ϕ, in nuclei via e + e - decays. Vector mesons are produced in pA reactions. A spectrometer with a large acceptance and a high-intensity beam up to 1 × 1010 protons per ∼2-sec duration pulse are utilized to collect a sufficient number of vector mesons. We have developed a spectrometer, which has two types of electron identification detectors: a hadron blind detector (HBD) and a lead-glass calorimeter. Commissioning runs have been performed at the J-PARC high-momentum beam line. The HBD successfully observed on average 11 ± 1 photoelectrons for an incident electron. We achieved the pion rejection of 0.9 ± 0.2% with the electron detection efficiency of 61 ± 4% for the HBD, which was consistent of the expected performance.

Recent progress in the construction of KoBRA for low-energy nuclear physics experiments

A multi-purpose experimental instrument, called as KoBRA (Korea Broad acceptance Recoil spectrometer and Apparatus), has been constructed for low-energy nuclear physics experiments at RAON (Rare Isotope Accelerator complex for ON-line experiments), and is being prepared in order to produce rare isotope beams at an energy of about 20 MeV/nucleon during the first beam commissioning phase. A test was performed to measure the positions of 4He ions at the dispersive and achromatic foci of KoBRA using an 241Am α-source placed at the production target position, so as to examine the momentum dispersion and ion beam transport. We report on the results of the test and the detailed design of KoBRA including ion optics, together with the status of detectors for particle identification of rare isotopes.

Current status of In-flight fragment separator for RAON

The in-flight fragment (IF) separator of RAON, the main device for producing rare isotope (RI) beams for nuclear science research and applications, is under development. The IF separator consists of a target, beam dump, magnets, and detector systems. The high-power target and beam dump for the 80 kW primary beam were fabricated using graphite. The IF magnet system consists of a total of 8 dipole magnets, 15 sets of quadrupole magnet triplet, 2 sextupole magnets, and power supply systems. In the high radiation region near the target and beam dump, warm iron high temperature superconducting (HTS) magnets and radiation-resistive dipole magnet are used. In the other region, cold iron low temperature superconducting (LTS) quadrupole magnet triplets and normal conducting (NC) dipole and sextupole magnets are used. Fabrication of all IF magnets have been completed and on-site installation is in progress. Also, detectors for particle identification (PID) and data acquisition (DAQ) systems are currently being installed at the focal planes of the IF separator. The current status of IF separator is briefly introduced.

Study of hybrid micropattern gaseous detector with CsI photocathode for Super Tau-Charm facility RICH

Super τ-Charm facility (STCF) is a future electron-positron collider operating in the τ-Charm energy region with the aim of studying hadron structure and spectroscopy. The baseline design of the STCF barrel particle identification (PID) detector, which covers momentum up to 2 GeV/c, is provided by a Ring Imaging Cherenkov Counter (RICH). The RICH features an approximately focusing design with liquid perfluorohexane sealed in a quartz container as the radiator and a hybrid combination of CsI-coated THGEMs and Micromegas as the photo-electron detector. A 16×16 cm2 prototype with a quartz radiator has been built and tested at DESY and stably operated with an effective gain of 105. In this paper, the design, performance, and reconstruction algorithm of RICH detectors are discussed.

Chemical Characterization and Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Antiacetylcholinesterase and Antiproliferation Properties of Salvia fruticosa Miller Extracts

The Salvia fruticosa (Mill.) is the most medicinal plant used in Lebanon. The aim of this study is to investigate the phytochemical composition and the biological activities (in vitro) of its extracts. The plant was extracted by cold maceration with four solvents presenting an increasing polarity: cyclohexane (CHX), dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and methanol (MeOH). The extracts were screened for their chemical composition by a HPLC-DAD detector for phenolic compounds identification and quantification and by GC-MS for volatile compounds detection. The antioxidant capacity (DPPH inhibition) was tested. Biological activities, mainly anti-Alzheimer activity (acetylcholinesterase inhibition), the antiproliferation of two human colon cancer cell lines (HCT-116 and Caco-2 cells) and antibacterial activity, were evaluated. Ten aromatic compounds were quantified by HPLC-DAD analysis. A total of 123 compounds were detected by GC-MS analysis. The MeOH extract showed a very interesting antioxidant activity with an inhibition percentage (IP) of 76.1% and an IC50 of 19.4 μg/mL. The EtOAc extract exhibited the strongest inhibition against the acetylcholinesterase activity (IP = 60.6%) at 50 μg/mL. It also strongly inhibited the proliferation of the HCT-116 cells (IP = 87.5%), whereas the DCM extract gave the best result with the Caco-2 cells (IP = 72.3%). The best antibacterial activity was obtained with the MeOH extract against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 1.2 μg/mL) and with the EtOAc extract against Escherichia coli (MIC = 2.4 μg/mL). This study highlights the chemical composition and therapeutic potential of S. fruticosa. It is important to mention that the following chemical compounds were identified for the first time in plant extracts: 2,6,11,15-tetramethyl-hexadeca-2,6,8,10,14-pentaene; 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroxy-1,8,8,9-tetramethyl-8,9-dihydrophenaleno [1,2-b]furan-3-one; podocarpa-1,8,11,13-tetraen-3-one,14-isopropyl-1,13-dimethoxy; podocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3-one,12-hydroxy-13-isopropyl-,acetate; 3',8,8'-trimethoxy-3-piperidin-1-yl-2,2'-binaphthyl-1,1',4,4'-tetrone; and 2,3-dehydroferruginol, thus underlining the originality of this study.