Detector Installation Research Articles

Foresight Study of IoT Technology in Preventing Road Crash: A Case of Car Alcohol Detector

Alcohol detector in car is the application of IoT technology that senses alcohol level consumed by the driver’s breath and prevents them from driving. Road crash that caused by drunk driver recorded the number of deaths increase and it is uncontrollable and continuously happened. The aim of this study is to identify the key drivers and determine the futures implication wheel of road crash prevention by the implementation of alcohol detector installation in car. The STEEPV analysis is used to identify key drivers and for questionnaires development. A total of 223 respondents from Klang Valley participated in the survey with a response rate of 58.07%. Based on impact-uncertainty analysis, the top two drivers are “save human lives” and “safety feature increase car safety.” The implications of saving human lives are reducing the number of deaths, improving market needs, avoiding traffic congestion, and increasing the value of human life. Whereas the implications of safety feature that increasing car safety are that it increases production activity of new car, preventing road crash, increasing car cost as well as business capabilities. Overall, this study is important for future researchers and the automotive industry by contributing a significant idea for future needs technology in car.

The sPHENIX Micromegas Outer Tracker

The sPHENIX Time Projection Chamber Outer Tracker (TPOT) is a Micromegas based detector. It is a part of the sPHENIX experiment that aims to facilitate the calibration of the Time Projection Chamber, in particular the correction of the time-averaged and beam-induced distortions of the electron drift. This paper describes the detector mission, setup, construction, installation, commissioning and performance during the first year of sPHENIX data taking.

Analysis of Failure in The Fire System Alarm on The Ship KL.02 Sultan Hasanuddin

Abstract International Maritime Organization (IMO) has set regulations governing the installation of fire alarm systems on ships. The basic principle of the control system is to control the system output by comparing the actual output with the desired output. This study aims to determine the causes of false alarms on the fire alarm system on ships and to describe recommendations and solutions for failures in the fire alarm system on ships. This type of research uses a mix of methods by utilizing primary and secondary data. The data is processed by quantitative analysis and qualitative research. The results of this study indicate that the cause of the False Alarm on the Fire Alarm System is caused by the MFCA, Smoke Detector, and Cable Installation. The case that occurred in KL. 02 Sultan Hasanuddin there is no correlation between false alarms on the Fire Alarm System. The Smoke Detector correlation data with the False Alarm Fire Alarm System shows that there is a correlation with the Pearson Correlation of 0.857 > 0.4973.

Influence of modelling approach for reinforced concrete underground structures, with application to the CMS cavern at CERN

Representative modelling of reinforced concrete (RC) components in underground structures is essential for accurate assessment of structural performance (deformations and internal forces) within numerical simulations. This paper examines the implications of selecting different structural modelling approaches within the seismic (dynamic) finite element analysis of a buried structure of complex shape, using the CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid) Detector Cavern of the Large Hadron Collider in Geneva, Switzerland, as a case study. Two alternate modelling approaches were employed to model the cavern lining: (i) a composite continuum approach, with the concrete and embedded reinforcement being explicitly modelled; and (ii) the use of a nonlinear elasto-plastic plate element. The pre-earthquake ground initial conditions were determined through simulation of the construction and detector installation operations consistent with field measurements from extensometers and internal survey of floor deformations. The results demonstrate the importance of adopting a non-linear continuum modelling approach in representing the RC lining under strong shaking events to avoid under-prediction of seismic actions at locations of potential seismically induced damage. Such an approach will be essential in 3D problems where multi-axial dynamically varying stresses are applied on the RC section. Finally, it offers a realistic approach in representing structures of complex shape and that contains volume and thick elements.

Multi-Blade detector with VMM3a-ASIC-based readout: installation and commissioning at the reflectometer Amor at PSI

The Multi-Blade (MB) Boron-10-based neutron detector is the chosen technology for three instruments at the European Spallation Source (ESS): the two ESS reflectometers, ESTIA and FREIA, and the Test Beam Line. A fourth MB detector has been built, installed and commissioned for the user operation of the reflectometer Amor at PSI (Switzerland). Amor can be considered a downscaled version of the ESS reflectometer ESTIA. They are based on the same Selene guide concept, optimized for performing focusing reflectometry on small samples. The experience gained at Amor is invaluable for the future deployment of the MB detector at the ESS. This manuscript describes the MB detector construction and installation at Amor along with the readout electronics chain based on the VMM3a ASIC. The readout chain deployed at Amor is equivalent of that of the ESS, including the readout master module (RMM), event-formation-units (EFUs), Kafka, FileWriter and live visualisation tools.

NUMERICAL METHOD FOR CALCULATING THE LOCATIONS OF SAFETY SYSTEM REPEATERS ON TERRAIN WITH OBSTACLES

When deploying temporary technical security systems in the interests of ensuring public safety during mass events, quick-deployable sensors for detecting dangerous events are widely used: to monitor traffic flows and visitors, to detect fires, fights, aggressive behavior, dangerous abandoned objects and unmanned aerial vehicles. A number of important limitations, including geometric dimensions of the detector and repeater installation areas, the capacity of data transmission channels, the presence of restricted areas and the high speed of data transmission from modern sensors of dangerous events, show the need for rational location of repeaters. An iterative algorithm used to estimate placement locations provides an opportunity to find repeater installation points in order to ensure the transmission of high-speed monitoring information flows.

A gas detector planning method that considers the area and zone based on the range of influence of chemicals with high vapor pressure

AbstractIn some countries with high population densities including Korea, chemical plants are densely distributed, and strict regulations are imposed. According to the Chemical Control Act, one gas detector must be installed every 10 m indoors and 20 m outdoors around a facility. However, the diffusion of chemicals should be evaluated based on area rather than perimeter. In the US and EU, gas detector locations are selected through chemical accident modeling. Here, we evaluated the feasibility of gas detector installation standards in the Chemicals Control Act by comparing highly volatile and toxic chemicals with sulfuric acid (relatively low volatility). Consequently, we suggested an appropriate installation location and number of gas detectors for initial countermeasures. For nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and hydrofluoric acid, there was a difference in the number of detectors recommended via modeling and the number of detectors legally required. For the mezzanine design, four gas detectors should be installed on each floor in a 5‐story building; however, the modeling results showed that installing one was sufficient. For sulfuric acid with low vapor pressure, it is equitable to install a leak detector rather than a gas detector. Overall, regulations should be continuously evaluated for the response and prevention of chemical accidents.

Quality assurance for the LHCb RICH upgrade Photon-Detection chain

During the Long Shutdown 2 of the LHC, the LHCb RICH system has undergone an upgrade to implement the LHCb trigger strategy which increased the read-out rate from 1 MHz to 40 MHz. The new challenging operating conditions of the upgraded experiment required the replacement of the Hybrid Photon Detectors with Multi-Anode Photomultiplier tubes (MaPMT) and the introduction of new customised front-end electronics. The new RICH detectors have a modular design to facilitate maintenance and assembly. The fundamental core element is the Elementary Cell (EC), which is composed of one or four MaPMTs, depending on the type of the MaPMT, and the associated front-end electronics. An overview of the protocols and testing facilities which have been designed and put in place to perform the quality assurance programme is presented. This process lasted more than six years and included the testing and characterisation of the new front-end electronics, the MaPMTs, the ECs, and the photon detector assembly (columns), commissioning, and installation of the columns in the LHCb cavern.

Hydrogen gas diffusion behavior under fault conditions and detector installation optimization of electric vehicles

The thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries presents a significant threat to electric vehicles by elevating the risk of fires or explosions. Safety warnings based on special gases such as H2 and CO are crucial to avoid thermal runaway. However, few studies or applications regarding gas warnings in electric vehicles have been reported. In this study, H2 detection experiments were performed in a real electric vehicle battery pack, and the H2 diffusion behavior was studied. The results showed that H2 can effectively warn about battery faults. In damaged batteries, H2 may be released from the micro-cracks in the battery or the vent. While H2 was detected and the power supply was cut off, the cell surface temperature tended to decrease and thermal runaway did not occur. The installation of the detector affects the detection time. Thus, H2 diffusion simulations starting from different locations were performed, and the installation location was optimized. The results indicated that setting two detectors was optimal, and the optimized detection time (from release to detection of H2) was 60 s shorter than that before optimization. The experimental and simulation results provide an effective msethod for the early warning of thermal runaway and the installation of gas detectors in electric vehicles.

Hydrogen gas diffusion behavior and detector installation optimization of lithium ion battery energy-storage cabin

H2 and CO are regarded as effective early safety-warning gases for preventing battery thermal runaway accidents. However, heat dissipation systems and dense accumulation of batteries in energy-storage systems lead to complex diffusion behaviors of characteristic gases. The detector installation position significantly affects the gas detection time. We conducted a gas diffusion behavior study and proposed a detection position optimization method through experiments and simulations. The gas warning effectiveness and accuracy of the simulations were experimentally verified. The results showed that an H2 detector at the top of the cabin could warn 145 s before thermal runaway. To shorten the detection time, nearly one hundred gas diffusion simulations were performed. The detector installation strategy was explored using integer programming; the results showed that installing 3–5 detectors in the cabin was optimal. The detection time with three detectors was 116.43 s shorter than with one detector. The experimental and simulation results indicate an effective gas detector installation method for early safety warnings in energy-storage cabins.

Development of LSTM-MLR hybrid model for radar detector missing and outlier traffic volume correction

ABSTRACT Traffic volume data collected by radar detector contain inherent types of errors that are hard to observe. Therefore, the identification of missing data and outliers based on reliable verification volume data is essential, and the development of a methodology for correcting detector traffic data while considering various specificities at the detector installation sites is required. This study proposed a deep-learning-based long short-term memory–multiple linear regression (LSTM–MLR) hybrid model. First, the corrected detector traffic volume was calculated via the MLR model after the preprocessing of the missing and outlier detector traffic volumes. Second, the corrected radar detector traffic volume was learned via the LSTM model to predict the detector traffic volume for the target time periods. The results confirmed a correction effect in terms of radar detector traffic volume data at most of the 30 target sites. The results of this study provide three contributions. First, the missing and outlier traffic volume correction algorithm is easy to apply and can be applied to traffic volume data collected from various detectors. Second, the MLR model developed in this study derived a causal relationship between the traffic volume of the detector and the complex factors that could not reveal the obvious cause, such as the undetected small car driving next to a large vehicle and the radio transmission/reception problem. Third, complex neural networks and dropout techniques to avoid overfitting do not necessarily improve prediction accuracy.

현장 적용성 강화를 위한 누액감지기 설치 기준 적정성 검토 및 위치 선정 로직트리에 관한 연구

In workplaces handling hazardous chemicals, detection facilities are installed in accordance with attached Table 5 of the Arrangement, Installation, and Management Standards for Handling Facilities, Article 21 of the Enforcement Rules of the Chemical Substances Control Act, but there is no separate installation standards for leakage detectors. Accordingly, this study aims to review the adequacy of the standards set in the notice and lay the foundation for scientific detection facility installation standards. In the research process, the concept of detection was defined, and the problem of installing detection facilities through the analysis of civil complaints from the National Institute of Chemical Safety and the number of accidents by appeareance was confirmed through the analysis of accident cases. Afterwards, the adequacy of the leakage detector installation standards was reviewed through empirical experiments, calculation formulas, and modeling, and the detection facility installation standards were proposed through logic tree and leakage detector installation location selection standards. As a result of the study, it was confirmed that the number of accidents for liquid substances was about twice as high as for gas substances. As a result of comparing experiments, calculations, and modeling, all three methods showed similar result values, and showed differences according to the slope. After that, the installation location was differentiated according to the place and the presence or absence of the dike by preparing detection facility installation standards using modeling, and the installation standards were proposed by writing it as a Logic tree. If the standards are revised using the results of this study, it is expected to help selecting detection facilities with high field applicability and locations appropriate for the phase, process condition, and environment of hazardous chemicals used in the workplaces.

Conceptual design of a Robotic Arm for the maintenance of the Read-Out Units of the Mu2e electromagnetic calorimeter

The Calorimeter of the Mu2e experiment is a complicated detector made of crystal scintillators with dedicated read-out electronics per crystals. The compactness of the Front-End Units matrix, the complexity of the necessary services, and the limited space available after detector installation in the experimental hall make access, manipulation and maintenance of the Front-End Units very hard. This paper reports on the conceptual mechanical design of a robotic arm composed of a gantry structure for xyz positioning on the desired Front-End Unit and equipped with custom-designed grippers to perform the necessary maintenance operations. This includes the optimization of the Front-End Units cables routing.

Development and construction status of the Mu2e electromagnetic calorimeter mechanical structures

The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab will search for the CLFV neutrino-less coherent conversion of a muon into an electron in the field of an aluminum nucleus. The observation of this process would be the evidence of physics beyond the Standard Model. Mu2e comprises a straw-tracker, an electromagnetic calorimeter and an external veto for cosmic rays. The calorimeter provides electron identification, a fast trigger and aids track reconstruction. It is a state-of-the-art crystal calorimeter and employs 1340 pure CsI crystals readout by UV-extended SiPM and fast electronics. The design consists of two identical annular disks positioned at the relative distance of 70 cm downstream the target.The hostile Mu2e conditions (total ionizing dose of 12 krad and a neutron fluence of 5 × 1010 n/cm2 @ 1 MeVeq (Si)/y, 1 T magnetic field and vacuum level of 10−4 Torr) posed tight constraints on the mechanical structures and materials choice. The support structure of the two crystal matrices employs two aluminum hollow rings and parts made of open-cell vacuum-compatible carbon fiber. SiPMs and front-end electronics for each crystal are assembled in one mechanical unit inserted in a machined copper holder. The units are supported by a plate made of vacuum-compatible material. The plate integrates the cooling system made of a network of copper lines flowing a low temperature fluid and placed in thermal contact with the copper holders. The DAQ is hosted in aluminum crates positioned on the lateral surface of the disks. The crates also integrate the DAQ electronics cooling system. We review the constraints on the calorimeter structures design, the development of all the structural components, including the simulations that have determined the materials and technological choices and the specifications of the cooling station, components production and quality assurance tests, the procedures for detector assembly, transportation and installation in the experimental area.

50 litres TPC with sCMOS-based optical readout for the CYGNO project

The CYGNO project aims at realizing a one cubic meter gaseous Time Projection Chamber (TPC) equipped with Scientific CMOS (sCMOS) commercial cameras to optically readout Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) to be operated at the underground of Gran Sasso National Laboratory (LNGS).The purpose of the project is to study the technology needed for a large size gaseous TPC (30–100 m3) operated at atmospheric pressure for the directional search of low mass O(GeV) dark matter and low energy (eg solar) neutrinos astronomy. The roadmap of the project foresees the underground operation of a 50 litres TPC prototype, called LIME, the largest TPC realized with this technology, fully equipped with copper and water shielding. LIME is equivalent to about a 1/20 of the CYGNO demonstrator and aims to validate: The construction materials, the Monte Carlo simulations, the data reconstruction and the particle identification performances at low energy threshold. LIME is under installation at the LNGS and it is supposed to start data taking at the beginning of 2022. The detector description and installation will be presented, as well as the overground performance and limitations that require underground characterization.

First STAX detector installation at the National Institute for Radioelements (IRE)

The Source Term Analysis of Xenon (STAX) project has been installing stack detectors at medical isotope production facilities to measure radioxenon emissions to investigate the effect of radioxenon releases on nuclear explosion monitoring. This paper outlines the installation of the first STAX detection system at the National Institute for Radioelements (IRE) in Fleurus, Belgium which has been operating for over three years and transferring collected data to the STAX repository. Information about the equipment installed, the data flow established, and calculations for determination of radioxenon releases from the facility are presented. Data quality was investigated to confirm values reported by STAX automated data processing and in a comparison of collected STAX data with data collected by IRE for regulatory reporting.

Multicomponent leakage and diffusion simulation of natural gas/hydrogen mixtures in compressor plants

Mixing hydrogen into the natural gas pipeline network is the most effective and economical way to transport a large amount of hydrogen while resulting in more danger when gas mixtures leak in the confined compressor plant space. Existing studies on the diffusion behavior of CH4/H2/air mixtures ignore the physical property difference between the natural gas and hydrogen, resulting in a bias in evaluating the explosions regions in compressor plants. In this paper, an improved Fick diffusion matrix for CH4/H2/air mixtures is proposed which considers the interaction between CH4 and H2 components. After that, a 2D gas mixture diffusion model is built to research the effect of the gas pressures, leakage hole diameters, and ambient wind speeds on the diffusion range of the CH4/H2 mixtures in air. The method is subsequently extended to a 3D confined compressor plant space with different leak positions, leakage lasting time, and H2 volume concentrations. Results demonstrate that the leakage hole diameter is the main factor influencing the diffusion behavior of CH4/H2/air mixtures in the compressor plant among three factors (the H2 mole fraction, leakage hole diameter, and leakage point). The CH4/H2/air mixtures easily accumulate both on the roof and at the corner of the confined plant. Particularly, the hydrogen concentration may fall within its explosion limit scope and induces an explosion at the position close to the leakage hole, where the natural gas does not easily cause the explosion because the natural gas concentration often exceeds its explosion up-limit. Finally, some suggestions for gas detector installation in compressor plants are proposed according to simulation results, which can give guidance for the safety management of compressor plants.

Real scenario analysis of buried natural gas pipeline leakage based on soil-atmosphere coupling

Buried pipeline is the most common mode of natural gas transportation. The analysis of methane diffusion characteristics in leakage accident is of great significance for accident detection and secondary explosion accident prevention. The existing numerical simulation and experimental studies focused on the diffusion of methane in the soil from the leakage of buried natural gas pipeline, and the coupling process of methane passing through the soil and entering the atmosphere was rarely mentioned. However, the surface atmosphere is the main area of human activities, which increases the possibility of fire and other risk factors. In this paper, the coupling process of methane leakage passing through soil and entering the atmosphere was studied by numerical simulation, and the effects of various factors on the methane concentration in the first danger zone (FDZ) and the second danger zone (SDZ) were analyzed. Based on the least square method and multiple regression theory, combined with MATLAB mathematical calculation software, a methane concentration prediction model on the high-risk side of the FDZ was established. The results showed that after methane entered the atmosphere, the diffusion velocity increased significantly. The downstream building surface of the FDZ was the high-risk side of methane distribution, and the upstream building surface of the SDZ was the high-risk side. The average calculation error of the methane concentration prediction equation on the high-risk side of the FDZ was 9.97%, which can effectively evaluate the methane concentration under any leakage working condition. When the buildings floors were different, the high building surface between high building and low building was the high-risk side of methane distribution. This study provides guidance for the design of buried natural gas pipelines in residential buildings, and supplies basis for improving detector installation and gas leakage maintenance specifications.

A Deep Learning Model for Off-Ramp Hourly Traffic Volume Estimation

This paper addresses estimation of traffic volume of freeway off-ramps. Freeways are the transportation network’s main corridors, serving a large portion of the traffic volume. This traffic passes into the lower-level roads through off-ramps. Therefore, the traffic condition of the off-ramps is an essential factor affecting the operation of the transportation network. The continuous collection of volume data is impractical, and transportation authorities install vehicle detectors permanently on only a few off-ramps and temporarily (e.g., a week) on some others. Thus, traffic volume is the most challenging to estimate among various traffic measures. Moreover, the existing literature on volume estimation is mainly concerned with evaluating traffic on the main road segments. However, the distinct characteristics of the connection links, such as off-ramps, demands specified modeling. This study estimates the hourly traffic volume of off-ramps using a deep learning model. It evaluates the advantages of inputting the connected lower-level road features to the model, and explores various detector installation strategies on the model training process. The primary data sources are volume counts, probe speeds, and road segment infrastructure characteristics. The model results indicate that the incorporation of traffic flow characteristics and infrastructure attributes of the lower-level road connected to the freeway significantly improves the accuracy of estimation off-ramp traffic volume. Further, analysis illustrated that the model trained with data from temporarily installed detectors on all interchanges outperformed models trained with permanently installed detectors on 90% of the interchanges, indicating the model’s ability in extracting temporal correlations significantly more than spatial correlations.

Ceiling jet velocity during the whole process of fire development in a tunnel

When a tunnel fire occurs, the response speed of the ceiling-mounted smoke or thermal detector is of great significance for controlling the fire. The information on the ceiling jet flow is important for detector installation and design. In this paper, a series of numerical simulations and experiments are conducted to investigate the jet flow velocity in tunnel fire during different stages. The ceiling jet flows velocities in the development stage and the stable stage are presented. When the growth rate of the fire source is very fast, the ceiling jet flow velocity in these two stages can be supposed as the same. A simple correlation of the velocity is developed and the predicted results are in good agreement with numerical values and experimental values. The gas flow driven by the thermal expansion at the beginning of the tunnel fire is also discussed. A prediction model of the gas expansion velocity is proposed.