Detection Of Sulfonamide Residues Research Articles

Studies Regarding the Detection of Sulfonamide Residues and Evaluation of the Level of Contamination in Poultry Meat

The excessive or uncontrolled use of antibiotics in poultry farming can lead to contaminated food products. Subsequently, the human consumption of products contaminated with these substances increases the global phenomenon of antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method suitable for the determination of sulfonamide residues in poultry meat and to check the presence of residues in random samples. The level of antimicrobial resistance was identified in order to evaluate the current stage and to estimate the tendency of this phenomenon. The HPLC method validation was performed in accordance with Commission Regulation (EC) No 657/2002 of 14 August 2002 Samples of fresh meat collected from a poultry slaughterhouse were analysed using the validated method in order to reveal the level of contamination. The data from EFSA was collected and analysed following the antimicrobial resistance for isolates of Salmonella spp., E. coli and Campylobacter spp. The method had good selectivity, linearity (R2 ≥ 0.99), precision (<6%), recoverybetween 97.7-109.6% and low limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) Sulfaquinoxaline residues were present in 2 samples and the level of contamination did not exceed the Maximum Residue Level (31.98 ± 5.18 µg/kg and 23.70 ± 3.84 µg/kg). The analysis of data from EFSA highlighted the general presence of antimicrobial resistance especially for the following antibiotics: ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. The present study brings a contribution to the process of stopping antibiotic resistance through new methods of monitorization of sulfonamide residues. The statistical data shows that there is a direct correlation between the market availability of antibiotics used in poultry farming and the occurrence of antibiotic resistance.

Comparison of Antimicrobials and Hormone-Like Anabolic Agents Residuals in Chicken Meat and Their Offal Under Two Different Country Legislation

Antibiotics and hormone-like anabolic agents use in order to intensify the production of chicken farms. These may reflect on formation the harmful chemical residues in their meat and offal. The purpose of the current study was to analyze some chemical hazards in local and imported chicken meat and their edible offal including: Quantitative assessment of ciprofloxacin and sulfonamide and growth promoters’ 17β-Estradiol. A total of 214 fresh and imported chicken carcasses were purchased from different commercial chicken markets at Ismailia governorate, Egypt and Bahrain. 10 grams of meat sample was blended, centrifuged, homogenized, extracted and analyzed by HPLC to estimate the concentration levels of ciprofloxacin and 17β-Estradiol residues. Spectrophotometer used to detection of sulfonamide residues. The mean concentrations ciprofloxacin values for Egyptian and Bahrainis chicken meat were; 0.339 ± 0.026 and 0.126 ± 0.031 µg/g respectively. While, the mean concentrations ciprofloxacin values for Egyptian and Bahrainis chicken offal were; 0.65 ± 0.075 and 0.545 ± 0.045 µg/g respectively. The mean concentrations Sulfadiazine values were; 0.020 ± 0.003 and 0.006 ± 0.002 µg/g respectively while, in chicken offal were 0.045 ± 0.020 and 0.025 ± 0.015 µg/g respectively. The mean concentrations 17β-Estradiol values for chicken meat were; 1.626 ± 0.076 and 1.593 ± 0.069 µg/g respectively. While, in chicken offal were 2.60 ± 0.089 and 2.95 ± 0.075 µg/g respectively. Results of this study observed that the Egyptian chicken meat under investigation contained several chemical residues than Bahrain samples which may represent a sever public health hazards for consumers if increase their daily intake level of chicken meat. In addition to, such chemical residues were more concentrated in the chicken offal than chicken meat. More attention from the concerned authority must be considered in controlling antibiotics and hormone-like anabolic agents at chicken farms.

Simultaneous determination of three sulfonamide residues in modified milk by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

An ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/ MS) method for the residue determination of sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine and sulfamethazine in modified milk was established. The modified milk samples were extracted and their protein precipitated with water (containing 1% (v/v) acetic acid) and methanol. Then they were purified with an HLB solid phase extraction cartridge. The separation was performed on an ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column (100 mm x 2.1 mm, 1.8 µm) with a gradient system of water (containing 0.1% (v/v) formic acid) and acetonitrile as mobile phases at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min, and detected by the MS in ESI+ mode. Standard curves were drawn by using matrix standard addition method, and the external standard method was used for quantitative analysis. The limits of quantification were 1 µg/kg. The calibration curves for the three sulfa drugs were linear in the mass concentration range of 1-100 µg/L with R2 ≥ 0.998. The recoveries at the levels of 1, 2, 10 µg/kg fortified samples ranged from 76.5% to 101.9% with the relative standard deviations of 1.2%-12.4%. The method is simple, rapid, accurate, and its performance can meet the requirements of the domestic and international legislations. It is suitable for the detection of sulfonamide residues in modified milk.

An appropriate and systematized procedure for validating qualitative methods: Its application in the detection of sulfonamide residues in raw milk

The lack of well-established references for the validation of qualitative analyses and the increasing demand for reliable binary responses were the main motivating factors for this study. A detailed procedure for single-laboratory validation of qualitative methods is proposed. The experimental design and the tools for data analysis were based on the theoretical background, as well as the aspects of efficiency, convenience and simplicity. Four experimental steps were defined, as follows: (i) preliminary tests for the determination of the concentration range, (ii) a study of the rates, unreliability region, detection limit, and the accordance and concordance values, (iii) a study of the selectivity in the presence of known interferences, and (iv) a study of robustness. The applicability of the procedure was demonstrated by the validation of a qualitative commercial kit for detecting sulfonamide residues in raw milk using both the visual and instrumental reading techniques. Reliability rates of 100% were obtained for the blank samples. For the samples spiked with sulfamethazine at 10.8 and 108μgL−1 and with sulfadimethoxine or sulfathiazole at 10 and 100μgL−1, the reliability rates ranged from 93.3 to 100%. Selectivity was demonstrated using trimethoprim as a potential interferent. The method was considered robust for the factors of the temperature (54 and 58°C) and time (6 and 10min) for incubating the test strips. The estimated detection limits and unreliability regions confirmed the suitability of the kit for this purpose, based on the legislated residue limits.

A Quantitative Method for the Detection of Sulfonamide Residues in Meat and Milk Samples with a High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatographic Method

Sulfonamides are widely used in veterinary medicine for prophylactic purposes and for the treatment of various infections of food-producing animals. This means that residues of these drugs and their possible metabolites may occur in food of animal origin. In Belgium, a zero tolerance level for sulfonamides in edible animal tissues has been set. In order to check this zero level on a routine basis, a rapid and sensitive method has to be available. For this purpose, a quantitative high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method for the detection of sulfonamide residues in animal tissue and milk samples has been developed. The sample preparation consists of a liquid extraction followed by a solid phase extraction (SPE) on disposable columns for the meat samples and a matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) for the milk samples. A three-multiple development chromatographic system is used for the separation and a derivatization with fluorescamine decreases the minimal detectable quantity per spot from 1.42 to 0.32 ng. The limit of quantification is 4 micrograms/kg for milk and meat samples.

The Suitability of Some Media and Peptones for Sulfonamide Testing

GUDDING, ROAR: The suitability of some media and peptones for sulfonamide testing. Acta vet. scand. 1974, 15, 366–380. — The content of p-aminobenzoic acid and folic acid has been determined in some media and peptones, and the sensitivity of Bacillus megaterium, cultivated on these substrates, towards sulfonamides has been examined. The concentrations of p-aminobenzoic acid and folic acid should be as low as possible in suitable substrates, but other factors are also of importance. The presence of antagonists towards folic acid has been demonstrated in some media, and the consequences of these inhibitors are discussed. Three of the media (Paper Disc Method-Antibiotic Sensitivity Medium, AB Biodisk; Sulphonamide Antagonist Free Medium, Mast Laboratories; and Mueller Hinton, Difco Laboratories) seem to be satisfactory for the determination of the resistance of bacteria towards sulfonamides. The application of Acetobacter medium is suggested for the detection of rest concentrations of sulfonamides in foodstuffs. detection of sulfonamide residues; p-aminobenzoic acid; folic acid.