Detection Of Pd Research Articles

A C3‐symmetric like structurally twisted molecular architecture: mechano/fluorochromic behavior and selective multiphase detection of Pd (II)

Triaminoguanidinium (TG)‐based C3‐symmetric‐like molecular architectures with diverse donors and acceptors are well established as organic molecular materials for promising stimuli‐responsive and metal sensing‐based applications. However, the mechanofluorochromic (MFC) response was unremarkable upon applying external mechanical stress. Even though some show MFC features, there was no optical shift under ambient light. In this paper, we developed a novel C3‐symmetric molecule, TAC3, containing the TG core linked with conformationally twisted thiophene‐linked anthracenyl terminals. Three conformationally deformed hands in TAC3 respond against external mechanical stimuli with a redshifted absorption and emission, easily detectable through the naked eye. Although MFC features were reported before for such C3‐symmetric molecules, the change in absorbance was not identified. In addition, TAC3 could selectively detect Pd2+ through extreme emission quenching (green to black). The mechanochromism and sensing outcomes are elucidated by the experimental and theoretical support. Compared to the previous reports, the notable 2:3 (metal: ligand) binding due to geometric restriction creating a specific pocket size for Pd+2 is unusual for this system. The onsite application on Pd2+ detection and measurable MFC features are demonstrated to validate the potential of this C3‐symmetric molecule in advanced optoelectronic applications such as security writing and Pd2+ ion detection.

Novel Multi‐Function Chromoionophoric Probe‐Based Nano‐Conjugate Material for Highly Efficient Detection, Removal, and Recovery of Pd(II) and Co(II) Ions from Electronic Wastes and Electroplating Wastewater

AbstractThis study describes the development of a multifunction chromoionophoric probe‐based nano‐conjugate material for the colorimetric determination, recovery, and removal of palladium and cobalt ions (Pd(II) and Co(II)) ions from electronic wastes and electroplating wastewater. The chromoionophoric probe‐based nano‐conjugate material was prepared using a building‐block approach by anchoring the 4‐[(E)‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)diazenyl]‐1‐nitrosonaphthalen‐2‐ol (HDN) organic chromoionophoric probe onto nano‐spherical silica material carrier. The prepared materials were characterized using different techniques, such as TEM, SEM XRD, and BET. The HDN chromoionophoric probe‐based nano‐conjugate material was evaluated for its effectiveness in detecting and removing Pd(II) and Co(II) ions from electronic wastes and electroplating wastewater by testing various parameters such as pH, sensing system temperature, reaction kinetic, nano‐conjugate material amount, stability of the chromoionophoric probe‐based nano‐conjugate material and the existence of other coexisting metal ions. The HDN chromoionophoric probe‐based nano‐conjugate material demonstrated high selectivity and sensitivity for the colorimetric ion‐sensing of Pd(II) and Co(II) ions, with a detection limit of 7.18 and 208 nM, respectively. The method displayed optimal sensing at pH levels of 6.0 and 8.0 for Pd(II) and Co(II) ions, respectively, and the presence of other metal ions did not meaningfully influence the performance of the ion‐detection due to the powerful ability of the chromoionophoric probe‐based nano‐conjugate material. The adsorption capacity of the chromoionophoric probe‐based nano‐conjugate material towards Pd(II) and Co(II) ions was investigated and the outcomes were 163.40 and 128.57 mg/g, respectively. The chromoionophoric probe‐based nano‐conjugate material could be regenerated by eluting the adsorbed Pd(II) and Co(II) ions with 0.15 M HCl solution. In addition, the material could be reused multiple times, with almost no decrease in its initial performance after regeneration. Based on the findings, the chromoionophoric probe‐based nano‐conjugate material shows potential for environmental recovery, removal, and detection of Pd(II) and Co(II) ions from electronic wastes and electroplating wastewater, indicating its potential as a multi‐function solution for environmental concerns and issue and could be even commercialized and used at a larger scale.

Silver nanoprism-mediated colourimetric sensing probe for efficient detection of Pd(II) and Pt(II) ions in water and reuse of formed bimetallic nanoprisms

Sensitive and selective methods for detecting Pd(II) and Pt(II) ions in water are crucial for environmental monitoring and remediation. Although traditional methods for detection of Pd(II) and Pt(II) ions are accurate and sensitive, they face substantial challenges due to high costs, reliance on specialised equipment and limited field applicability, thereby presenting notable limitations. In this study, we introduce a novel colourimetric sensing probe designed specifically to identify Pd(II) and Pt(II) ions in aqueous solutions. This probe utilises the enhanced chemical stability of Ag nanoprisms achieved through Pd or Pt deposition on their surfaces. Our approach features exceptionally low limits of detection of 2.6 nM for Pd(II) and 0.3 nM for Pt(II), indicating an impressive detection range. Furthermore, the probe’s ease of use, cost-effectiveness and compatibility with both naked eye and UV–Vis spectrophotometric detection make it a selective, reliable and affordable option for point-of-care analysis. Beyond its impressive sensitivity for ion detection, this methodology offers the additional benefit of enabling the on-demand synthesis of customised bimetallic catalysts. The synthesised Ag/Pd and Ag/Pt bimetallic nanoprisms demonstrate promising catalytic potential for environmental remediation. This advancement paves the way for efficient recycling and reuse of valuable Pd(II) and Pt(II) ions in various catalytic applications.

A dicyanisophorone based fluorescent probe for naked–eye recognition and near–infrared fluorescence detection of palladium

The eco–environmental toxicity of the rare metal palladium (Pd) has received extensive attention, thereby requiring simple and practical methods for detecting Pd. Herein, a new probe (HPD) based on dicyanoisophorone dye was designed and synthesized for the detection of Pd. HPD provides several advantages for tracking Pd, including near–infrared (NIR) emission (λex = 670 nm, λem = 700 nm), naked–eye recognition, and comprehensive detection of 0/2/4 valence Pd with good selectivity and anti–interference. The reaction–sensing mechanism of HPD for Pd was further studied using density functional theory calculations. HPD was demonstrated to be a promising tool for the detection of Pd in real water samples, as well as the imaging of Pd in living cells and animals.

Indium nanocubes based recyclable fluorescent chemosensor for sustainable environmental monitoring: pH-induced fluorescence transition and selective detection of Pd(II) ions

Rapid modern industrialization and urbanization have escalated heavy metal pollution, with palladium (Pd2+) raising significant concerns due to its extensive usage in catalysis, hydrogen storage, and electronics, thereby imposing substantial risks on the environment and human health. In this study, we report a highly fluorescent indium nanocubes based chemosensor (InNCs) functionalized with perylene tetracarboxylic acid (PTCA) and 4-(pyridyl)ethenyl benzene (PEB). The InNCs exhibited emission maximum at 415 nm (λex ∼ 350 nm) with robust chemical and photo-stability, and acted as a fluorogenic probe for selective recognition of Pd2+ in aqueous medium. The fluorescence sensing properties of InNCs were thoroughly assessed via different techniques including steady-state absorption, emission and time-resolved emission spectroscopic methods. Among the various competitive analytes, only Pd2+ could induce a significant fluorescence quenching in the probe. This “turn-off” fluorescence sensing demonstrated a remarkably low LoD of ∼65 nM. Notably, with the addition of EDTA, the probe displayed good recyclability upto 4 cycles. The sensory probe was successfully employed as a reusable platform to estimate Pd(II) in different real water and soil samples with considerable accuracy (∼ 5–10 % error). Moreover, the probe exhibited a pH-induced fluorescence transition, indicating its potential to be applied as a pH sensor. The Pd(II) binding and pH-sensing mechanisms have also been elucidated through density functional theory (DFT) calculations.

Isatin-Schiff base functionalized graphene oxide as a highly selective turn-on fluorescent probe for the detection of Pd(II) via photoinduced electron transfer pathway

We investigated the use of isatin-Schiff base functionalized graphene oxide (ISBGO) as a selective fluorescent chemosensor for the detection of palladium ions. Selectivity tests indicated that over 23 metal ions tested, ISBGO (λex = 340 nm, λem = 504 nm) showed the highest affinity for Pd(II), displaying a 10.1-fold enhancement. Also, interference tests proved that in the presence of both Pd(II) and other metal ions, there was still high fluorescence intensity and no considerable quenching occurred. According to DFT and TD-DFT calculations, photo-induced electron transfer (PET) is responsible for the turn-on response produced by the chemosensor. Coordination of Pd(II) with ISBGO in fact blocks PET from imine nitrogen of 3-iminoindolin-2-one moiety to the benzene ring, which in turn leads to a turn-on response. In addition, Job’s plot analysis and Benesi-Hildebrand approach suggest that ISBGO preferably forms a 1:1 complex with Pd(II) with an association constant of 1.020 × 105 M−1. Moreover, FT-IR spectroscopy and DFT study showed that amide oxygen and imine nitrogen of 3-iminoindolin-2-one moiety acted as binding sites of ISBGO. High sensitivity, fast response, great degree of sensitivity, short life time, low detection limit of 32 nM combined with high association constant (Kf) of 1.020 × 105 M−1 and increased fluorescence quantum yield (Φf) of roughly 1.5-fold in the presence of Pd (II), highlight the role of ISBGO as an excellent probe for sensing Pd(II) in aqueous solution.

Simple Coumarin-Based Fluorescent Probe for Recognition of Pd(II) and Its Live Cell Imaging.

A simple coumarin hydrazine Schiff base bearing a thioether recognition fragment (compound CBBS) has been rationally designed and easily prepared. CBBS exhibited an excellent selectivity for Pd(II) and a low detection limit of 65 nM (S/N = 3). The fluorescence emission intensities of CBBS at 495 nm were linear to Pd(II) concentrations in a wide range from 0 to 80 μM. Moreover, CBBS has been well used in fluorescence imaging of Pd(II) in living A549 cells. CBBS as a simple coordination-based fluorescent probe will inspire the researchers to develop a polymer for selective detection and adsorption of Pd(II).

Decision Making in Health Care Diagnosis: Evidence From Parkinson's Disease Via Hybrid Machine Learning

Health care is a complex system that demands critical decision making, especially in the diagnosis of various conditions in patients. To minimize possible errors in diagnosis, an emerging technology, machine learning (ML), is being effectively used. ML classifiers can be used to proactively diagnose the medical conditions, which are identified based on the presence or absence of specific characteristics of the diseases. Therefore, in this article, we demonstrate how ML can be used to determine Parkinson's disease (PD) and thereby, provide early diagnosis using nonclinical data of the patients. Novel ensembles are developed in this article to improve the diagnostic capability and the experimental results show that the improved versions of artificial neural network (ANN) could yield 13.4% more accurate results compared with the traditional ANN classifier. PD is considered a challenging medical condition, owing to its global relevance and complexity in diagnosis. Moreover, the early detection of PD is instrumental for patient recovery, and any lapses in diagnosis can lead to an immeasurable loss to patients. Also, the study has developed an effective diagnostic tool for PD and detects the disease at an early stage using the voice data of individuals, and this will aid in making better clinical decisions related to PD, thus rendering better health services.

Parkinson’s Disease Detection Using Hybrid LSTM-GRU Deep Learning Model

Parkinson’s disease is the second-most common cause of death and disability as well as the most prevalent neurological disorder. In the last 15 years, the number of cases of PD has doubled. The accurate detection of PD in the early stages is one of the most challenging tasks to ensure individuals can continue to live with as little interference as possible. Yet there are not enough trained neurologists around the world to detect Parkinson’s disease in its early stages. Machine learning methods based on Artificial intelligence have acquired a lot of popularity over the past few decades in medical disease detection. However, these methods do not provide an accurate and timely diagnosis. The overall detection accuracy of machine learning-related models is inadequate. This study collected data from 31 male and female patients, including 195 voices. Approximately six recordings were created per patient, with the length of each recording extending from 1 to 36 s. These voices were recorded in a soundproof studio using an Industrial Acoustics Company (IAC) AKG-C420 head-mounted microphone. The data set was collected to investigate the diagnostic significance of speech and voice abnormalities caused by Parkinson’s disease. An imbalanced dataset is the main contributor of model overfitting and generalization errors, and hence one class has the majority of samples and the other class has minority samples. This problem is addressed in this study by utilizing the three sampling techniques. After balancing the datasets, each class has the same number of samples, which has proven valuable in improving the model’s performance and reducing the overfitting problem. Four performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall and f1 score are used to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid model. Experiments demonstrated that the proposed model achieved 100% accuracy, recall and f1 score using the balanced dataset with the random oversampling technique and 100% precision, 97% recall, 99% AUC score and 91% f1 score with the SMOTE technique.

A highly sensitive and selective fluorescent probe for rapid detection and intracellular imaging of Pd(II)

A novel near-infrared fluorescent probe (SWJT-13) for detecting Pd2+ ions was designed and synthesized using 3-bromopropargyne group as a recognition site. SWJT-13 can detect Pd2+ ions specifically, which can be quickly recognized by naked eye under natural light. SWJT-13 has a large Stokes shift (155 nm) with LOD of 10.5 nM. The mechanism was verified by 1H NMR, MS, and Gaussian calculations. In addition, the detection of Pd2+ ions by the probe was studied in HeLa cells.

Lighting up trace carbon monoxide and residual palladium species by a low cytotoxic mitochondria targetable red fluorescent probe: Its large scaled applications.

High levels of residual palladium can lead to serious negative health effects. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a significant gasotransmitter in transporting intermolecular and intramolecular signals to balance several physiological processes. Therefore, there is a need for rapid detection of CO and palladium residue. To address these issues, we have designed a novel light-up fluorescent probe for the detection of Pd and CO. It can not only detect Pd and CO selectively with a remarkable chromogenic and red fluorescent response over other metal ions allowing detection with naked eyes but also discriminate Pd0 and Pd2+/Pd4+ species. The detection reaction is confirmed by HPLC analysis. The probe demonstrates biocompatibility and mitochondrial target ability for potential biological applications. The practical applications based on drug residue and soil analysis, and smartphone have been successfully performed. Bioimaging of the concentration change of Pd and CO in HeLa cells using the probe is successfully applied. Therefore, the present approach can provide early diagnosis of Pd and CO with low detection limit, low cytotoxicity, high selectivity, and sensitivity.

An automatic defect detection method for TO56 semiconductor laser using deep convolutional neural network

Accurate and reliable automatic defect detection of semiconductor laser plays an important role in the application and development of optical communication technology, but the traditional methods cannot meet the increasing requirements of defect detection of semiconductor lasers. In this study, an automatic three-stage defect detection method is proposed for the most widely used semiconductor laser TO56. The key defect detection tasks of TO56 include the sintering status detection of LD and PD and the connection reliability detection of four gold wires. In the stage I of the proposed method, the captured TO56 image is judged whether the chips and wires have been sintered by the object detection algorithm, and the wire images are extracted. Then in the stage II, the extracted wire images are segmented by the image segmentation algorithm. Finally, in the stage III, the category pattern recognition is performed based on the segmentation results. Moreover, to further improve the effectiveness of the proposed method, the object detection algorithm adopted in the stage I and the image segmentation algorithm adopted in the stage II are optimized. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can accurately and automatically detect the defects of TO56, and the accuracy reaches 98.85 %.

Metal–Organic-Framework-Based Chemosensor for Ultrafast and Ultrasensitive Detection of Pd2+ Ions in Water, Real Specimens, and Test Strips

A new ultrasensitive and ultrafast Al(III) metal-organic-framework (MOF)-based probe (1) was constructed to detect Pd2+ ions. Extremely selective recognition of Pd2+ ion was demonstrated by the guest-free compound 1 (called 1') using a fluorescence signal. The quenching in the fluorescence signal was observed due to the weak interaction between the linker alkyne-π bond and Pd2+. The mechanism of isophthalic alkyne-π and Pd2+ interaction was systematically examined with the help of isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and UV-vis spectroscopy. The response time of the MOF for sensing of Pd2+ was 30 s, which is the lowest response time for MOF-based Pd2+ sensing to date, with an ultralow detection limit (102 nM) and Stern-Volmer constant (4.39 × 103 M-1), evidencing the outstanding ability to sense Pd2+ ion by this probe. The Pd2+ detection limit falls among the lowest values. Activated MOF (1') also showed considerable recyclability up to five steps with a constant sensing ability. In different water resources (Milli-Q water, lake water, river water, and tap water), the probe also showed excellent sensing ability. A paper-strip device was developed for the applicability of our material for the real field sensing application of Pd2+. The relevance of 1' is not only up to Pd2+, but it could also sense palladium in other possible oxidation states.

New nano materials-based optical sensor for application in rapid detection of Fe(II) and Pd(II) ions

For the analytical determination of Fe(II) and Pd(II) concentrations, a novel optical sensor based on spectrophotometric technique was used. The optical sensor was prepared by direct immobilization of a novel synthesized chromophore, 5-amino-phenanthrolin-3 formyl salicylic acid, onto nanocellulose. Human vision can identify the color associated with Fe II ions, and spectrophotometric methods can measure it with detection and quantification limits of 0.239 and 0.796 ppb, respectively. Pd(II) detection and quantification limits were 0.318 ppb and 1.06 ppb, respectively. The effects of various parameters on the detection of Fe(II) or Pd(II) ion content were investigated and optimized. The optical phenanthroline-nanocellulose (5-Phen) sensor could be reproduced multiple times and used with a higher capacity each time. The results demonstrated that the 5-Phen sensor could measure Fe(II) in human blood serum accurately and successfully even without any pre-concentration.

Selective and sensitive fluorescence detection of Pd (II) in 100% water and imaging application in living cells

• A novel quinoline-benzimidazole conjugate was designed and synthesized. • Pd 2+ -selective detection in pure water was achieved based on a quinoline-based fluorescent platform. • The present senor was successfully used for Pd 2+ detection in real water samples and fluorescence imaging in living cells. A novel quinoline-based fluorescent chemosensor ( QB-3 ) for Pd 2+ was designed and achieved a good sensing performance in 100% pure water. The QB-3 showed a selective and fast fluorescence quenching response in the presence of Pd 2+ without significant competition interferences from others metal ions. The fluorescence intensity at 411nm showed a linear decrease with the addition of the Pd 2+ concentration in the range of 0–5 μM. It was found that the detection of limit was 0.089 μM (S/N = 3), lower than the threshold limit WHO recommended. Job's plot investigation revealed a 2:1 stoichiometry between the QB-3 and Pd 2+ , and the complex was confirmed by mass spectral analysis. The DFT calculation predicted that an electron transfer process toward Pd 2+ in the complex may be responsible for the fluorescence quenching of QB-3 . The practical application in real water samples and fluorescence imaging in living cells was also achieved. A quinoline-based fluorescent chemosensor for Pd 2+ -selective detection in 100% pure water was developed, and successfully applied in practical water samples analysis and fluorescence imaging in living cells.

Ion-imprinted CDs-Pc nanohybrid sensor for ratiometric fluorescence and electrochemical detection of Pd(II)

We report here for the first time a novel dual-fluorescence emission and electrometric sensor based on palladium ion-imprinted organosiloxane nanoparticles (Pd-imp@CDs-Pc) grafted with both carbon dots (CDs) and phthalocyanine (Pc) dye for the determination of palladium ion, Pd(II) as a target. Nanoparticles showed two emission peaks at the double excitation wavelengths of 367 and 620 nm. These peaks were assigned to emissions induced by CDs (456 nm) and Pc (698 nm). The fluorescence of Pc embedded in nanoparticles is slightly quenched, whereas the emission from CDs is distinctly quenched by Pd(II). On the other hand, Glassy Carbon Electrode (GCE), which was modified by using Pd-imp@CDs-Pc nanoparticles, displayed a sensitive electrochemical signal upon interaction with Pd(II). The reduction in emission intensity and peak current increase are both more pronounced for Pd-imp@CDs-Pc than for N-imp@CDs-Pc, which was synthesized in the absence of Pd(II), revealing a selective recognition ability of the Pd-imp@CDs-Pc. The emission ratio of fluorescence obtained at two wavelengths (F456/F698) diminished and peak current increased with the increase in Pd(II) concentration in the range of 2.7–90.4 µM and 5.6–390 nM, respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) for determining Pd(II) based on ratiometric fluorescence and electrochemical measurements were found to be 0.19 µM and 2.76 nM, respectively. The nanohybrid sensor exhibited also good selectivity to Pd(II) over other interfering metal ions. Fluorescence and electrochemical experimental results confirmed that the sensor based on Pd-imp@CDs-Pc nanoparticles was distinctively responsive and selective for determining Pd(II) in tap water and artificial seawater samples.

A novel strategy for preparing metal-organic framework as a smart material for selective detection and efficient extraction of Pd(II) and Au(III) ions from E-wastes

The authors describe the synthesis of a novel nanocollector for detecting and extracting very low concentrations of Pd(II) and Au(III) ions with remarkable specificity and capability. A new strategy was used to prepare the nanocollector (azo-HNTA-MIL-101(Al) sensor). It depends on preparing the azo dye first, then using this azo dye as a linker for preparing the (Al) metal–organic framework (MOF). The new strategy guaranteed the functionalization of all the amino groups of the 2-aminoterephthalic acid. Successful preparation of the azo-HNTA-MIL-101(Al) sensor was corroborated by nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, TEM, SEM, XRD, FT-IR, and XPS spectral analysis. In particular, the novel azo-HNTA-MIL-101(Al) sensor had a reasonable fluorescence due to the linker emission and outstanding sensing capability in detecting Pd(II) and Au(III) ions. With linear correlation values of 0.999 and 0.997, Beer's law was observed throughout a wide range of Pd(II) and Au(III) ions concentrations, respectively. A possible mechanism for fluorescence quenching was investigated. High sensitivity for extremely low concentrations up to 1.50 × 10−8 molL−1 (1.59 ppb for Pd(II)) was demonstrated by the innovative nanosensor. In addition, it works as an excellent sensor for the efficient detection and extraction of Pd(II) and Au(III) ions from aqueous media. The capacities of adsorption were 84.7 and 77.4 mg of Pd(II) and Au(III) per gram of the azo-HNTA-MIL-101(Al) sensor, respectively. The approach was employed with effectiveness in extracting and determining the Pd(II) and Au(III) ions in cell phone scrap motherboards.

Designing of Interdigitated Coordination Polymer for Fluorogenic Sensing of Pd(II) in Water with Reversible Nonphase Mechanochromism

AbstractIn the present study, a novel interdigitated coordination polymer (CP) [Zn(cit)(4‐nvp)]n (1) is synthesized using citraconic acid (H2cit) and 4‐(1‐naphthylvinyl)pyridine (4‐nvp) mixed ligands. The efficient dipolar interactions between CP and polar solvents cause the observed redshift in emission spectra and rationalize the positive solvatochromism effect with increased Stokes shift (Δδ) from 5643 to 8547 cm−1 on going from less‐polar to more‐polar solvents. Supramolecular assembly of CP acts as a selective optical sensor toward Pd(II) even in the presence of other relevant contending metal ions in water. Inspired from the solution‐phase sensor activity, the CP is further employed for an on‐site and ecologically green contact mode detection of Pd(II) from water upon readily fabricating cost‐effective and portable thin film via simply drop‐casting aqueous suspension of material (1 mm) on filter paper. Interestingly, the compound exhibits the rare mechanochromic behavior upon external pressure. Hence, the synthesized CP reveals sensing activity in diverse way; in one hand, it demonstrates solvatochromism and, in other hand, it unveils mechanochromism accompanied by the detection of Pd(II) in aqueous medium.

Perinatal depression screening and prevention: Descriptive findings from a multicentric program in the South of Italy.

IntroductionPerinatal depression (PD) is a cluster of clinical depressive symptoms occurring globally during pregnancy or after childbirth, with a prevalence of 11.9%. Risk factors for PD among pregnant women may include personality traits of neuroticism, low personal resilience, higher anxiety, avoidance in close relationships, as well as dysfunctional coping strategies.MethodsWe report on descriptive findings of a screening/prevention program aimed to detect depressive symptoms and associated risk factors in a large sample of women (N = 1,664) accessing the gynecological departments of the Regione Puglia (South of Italy) from July to November 2020. Pregnant women were assessed in their third trimester of pregnancy (T0), after childbirth (T1), and those at risk for PD within 1 year from delivery (T2–T4); The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) has been employed for the screening of PD over time as well as other standardized measures for neuroticism, resilience, coping strategies, and quality of life.ResultsOf 1,664, n = 1,541 were tested at T1, and 131 scored ≥ 12 at EPDS (14.6 ± 2.95), showing a higher risk for PD. They were followed over time at 1, 6, and 12 months after childbirth (T2–T4), and 15 of them scored ≥ 12 (EPDS) at T4. Women with a higher risk of PD also reported higher levels of neuroticism, lower levels of personal resilience, more anxiety and avoidance in close relationships, higher employment of dysfunctional coping strategies (e.g., denial, self-blame, etc.), and lower quality of life (0.0008 < all p < 0.0001).ConclusionThis study confirmed the benefit of screening programs for the early detection of PD among pregnant women. We may suggest a set of risk factors to be considered in the clinical assessment of PD risk as well as the promotion of similar programs to improve depressive outcomes and pathways to care for PD on the basis of a more accurate assessment and referral.

High-throughput detection of metal contamination in HTS outputs.

Large compound libraries utilised for HTS often include metal contaminated compounds which can interfere with assay signal or target biology, and therefore appear as hits. Pursuit of these compounds can divert considerable time and resource away from more propitious hits, yet there is currently no established method of detecting metal impurities in a rapid and effective manner. Here we describe the development and application of a high-throughput method to identify metal contaminants using acoustic mist ionisation mass spectrometry (AMI-MS). Although metals species by themselves are not detectable by AMI-MS, we have identified two compounds that chelate metal ions and enable their detection. 6-(diethylamino)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dithione (DMT) and 1-(3-{[4-(4-cyanophenyl)-1-piperidinyl]carbonyl}-4-methylphenyl)-3-ethylthiourea (TU) can form complexes with a range of metal ions. Using a collection of metal catalysts, we have developed two metal chelator assays that collectively allow for the detection of Ag, Au, Co, Cu, Fe, Pd, Pt and Zn. We employed these assays to profile the hit outputs of a Zn liable target, and a Pd liable target, and identified significant quantities of metal contaminated compounds in the HTS outputs. This work provides a method of rapidly identifying metal impurities in hit compounds and has become part of an established workflow in triaging HTS outputs at AstraZeneca, facilitating faster identification of robust lead series.