Detection Of Erythromycin Research Articles

Mobile phone-assisted imprinted nanozyme for bicolor colorimetric visual detection of erythromycin in river water and milk samples

The residues of erythromycin (ERY) may have negative impacts on the ecological environment, health, and food safety. How to detect ERY effectively and visually is a challenging issue. Herein, we synthesized a molecularly imprinted polymer based nanozymes for selective detection of erythromycin (ERY-MIPNs) at neutral pH, and developed a mobile phone-assisted bicolor colorimetric detection system. This system produced a wide range of color changes from blue to pinkish purple as the ERY concentration increased, making it easy to capture the visualization result. Also, the system showed good sensitivity to ERY ranging from 15 to 135 μM, with a detection limit of 1.78 μM. In addition, the system worked well in the detection of ERY in river water and milk, with the recoveries of 95.57% ∼ 103.20%. These data suggests that this strategy is of considerable potential for practical applications and it provides a new idea for visual detection with portable measurement.

All-solid-state chip utilizing molecular imprinted polymer for erythromycin detection in milk samples: Printed circuit board-based potentiometric system

Detection of erythromycin (ERY) residues in commercial milk samples is crucial for the safety assessment. Herein, a printed circuit board was patterned as a feasible miniaturized potentiometric sensor for ERY determination in dairy samples. The proposed chip design fits to a 3.5-mm female audio plug to facilitate the potential measurements of working electrode versus reference one in this all-solid-state system. The sensor utilizes molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) for the selective recognition of the studied drug in such challenging matrix. The electrode stability is achieved through the addition of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nano-dispersion on its surface. The proposed device detects down to 6.6 × 10−8 M ERY with a slope of 51 mV/decade in the 1 × 10−7–1 × 10−3 M range. The results display high accuracy (99.9% ± 2.6) with satisfactory relative standard deviation for repeatability (1.6%) and reproducibility (5.0%). The effect of common antibiotic classes, namely, amphenicols, beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines, can be neglected as evidenced by their calculated binding capacities towards the proposed MIP. The calculated selectivity coefficients also show a good electrode performance in the presence of naturally present inorganic ions allowing its application to different milk samples.Graphical abstract

Mechanistic insights into hormesis induced by erythromycin in the marine alga Thalassiosira weissflogii

Erythromycin (ERY) is a typical macrolide antibiotic with large production and extensive use on a global scale. Detection of ERY in both freshwaters and coaster seawaters, as well as relatively high ecotoxicity of ERY have been documented. Notably, hormesis has been reported on several freshwater algae under ERY stress, where growth was promoted at relatively lower exposures but inhibited at higher treatment levels. On the contrary, there is limited information of ERY toxicity in marine algae, hampering the risk assessment on ERY in the coaster waters. The presence of hormesis may challenge the current concept of dose-response adopted in chemical risk assessment. Whether and how exposure to ERY can induce dose-dependent toxicity in marine algae remain virtually unknown, especially at environmentally relevant concentrations. The present study used a model marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii (T. weissflogii) to reveal its toxicological responses to ERY at different biological levels and decipher the underlying mechanisms. Assessment of multiple apical endpoints shows an evident growth promotion following ERY exposure at an environmentally relevant concentration (1 µg/L), associated with increased contents reactive oxygen species (ROS) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), activated signaling pathways related to ribosome biosynthesis and translation, and production of total soluble protein. By contrast, growth inhibition in the 750 and 2500 µg/L treatments was attributed to reduced viability, increased ROS formation, reduced content of total soluble protein, inhibited photosynthesis, and perturbed signaling pathways involved in xenobiotic metabolism, ribosome, metabolism of amino acid, and nitrogen metabolism. Measurements of multiple apical endpoints coupled with de novo transcriptomics analysis applied in the present study, a systems biology approach, can generate detailed mechanistic information of chemical toxicity including dose-response and species sensitivity difference used in environmental risk assessment.

Fabrication of surface plasmon resonance nanosensor for the selective determination of erythromycin via molecular imprinted nanoparticles

The main objective of this study was to develop a novel surface plasmon resonance (SPR) nanosensor method based on a more rapid and selective determination of erythromycin (ERY) in the aqueous solution. This study is a combination of three techniques, which are miniemulsion polymerization, molecular imprinting and surface plasmon resonance techniques. In the first part, nanoparticles prepared with methacryl groups of functional monomer at surface acted as reactive sites for erythromycin as a template molecule. The molecularly imprinted nanoparticles were characterized by FTIR, SEM and zetasizer. After immobilization of nanoparticles on gold surface of SPR chip, nanosensor was characterized with contact angle measurements. This nanosensor was then used for selective determination of erythromycin. The linearity range and detection limit were obtained as 0.99 (r2) and 0.29ppm, respectively. Association kinetic analysis, Scatchard, Langmuir, Freundlich and Freundlich–Langmuir isotherms were applied data. The selectivity of the SPR nanosensor was determined by using competitor agents (kanamycin sulfate, neomycin sulfate, spiramycin). The non-imprinted nanosensor was also used to evaluate the selectivity of ERY imprinted nanosensor. Finally, the nanosensor was tested for repeatability and it gave satisfactory response. These results demonstrate a method which is of low cost, rapid and provide reliable results in order to be used in detection of erythromycin from aqueous solution.

Detection of Erythromycin and Clindamycin Resistance Genes in Group B Streptococcal Clinical Isolates and Cervicovaginal–Rectal Swabs

A multiplex PCR assay was used to detect the erythromycin (EM) and clindamycin (CM) antibiotic resistance genes, ermB, ermTR, and mefA/E, in Group B Streptococcal (GBS) clinical isolates and in DNA extracted from the corresponding cervicovaginal-rectal (CVR) swabs. We compared these results to the standard EM/CM double disk diffusion assay of 46 isolates. Given that these genes are present in other CVR flora and are found on mobile genetic elements, the PCR assay was unable to predict GBS resistance directly from the swabs. Therefore, PCR can only accurately detect resistance genes and predict the resistance phenotype from purified GBS isolates.

Electrospray Mass Spectrometry for Assay of Erythromycin A Extracted From Fermentation Liquor

Electrospray Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS) can accurately distinguish and quantify erythromycins by their mass:charge ratios. This procedure is suitable for assay in complex fermentation media, and is compared with previous techniques which depend for detection of erythromycin by the low UV absorbance of erythromycin, after separation of the 5 analogues by HPLC, TLC, GLC, and with biological assays which employ erythromycin-sensitive bacterial strains e.g. of Arthrobacter citreus.