Detailed Review Paper Research Articles

Development of a Lymnaea stagnalis embryo bioassay for chemicals hazard assessment

The validation of high-throughput toxicity tests with invertebrate species is a key priority to improve hazard assessment of new chemicals and increase the available test guidelines with organisms from a representative set of taxa. This work aimed to contribute to the validation of an embryo test with the freshwater gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis, which has been identified by Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) as a potential invertebrate test model, and provide the basis for such an endeavor. Recently, a L. stagnalis reproductive test was standardized by the OECD. However, to encompass the entire life cycle, it is crucial to addresses embryogenic development — a phase highly susceptible to various anthropogenic chemicals, which is covered in the proposed methodology. The approach used in the present study is in line with the OECD guidelines and other published studies, namely the Detailed Review Paper (DRP) on Mollusks life-cycle toxicity testing.Here, the assay quality criteria such as basal mortality and abnormality rates, development, growth and hatching rates, the appropriated testing media, and the optimal assay duration were investigated. Cadmium was chosen as the positive test substance, due to the available data and the verified model sensitivity to this compound, namely in the OECD reproductive test validation process.The obtained data demonstrate that L. stagnalis embryogenesis using the developed methodology is highly sensitive to cadmium. High concentration-response correlation was observed using this reference compound, the EC10 and EC50 for growth are 13.57 and 21.84 μg/L, respectively, after 168 h of exposure. The development EC's 10 and 50 were 15.75 and 38.66 μg/L, respectively, after 240 h. This demonstrates the model sensitivity to this compound when compared with other embryo test models, as well as the model sensitivity during the embryogenesis, if compared with the adult stage. Further, given the determined sensitivity parameters, and incubation times, the test can be performed at 240 h as over 95 % of the control embryos were hatched and no further significant changes in the exposure groups were determined.Overall, the findings of the present study demonstrate that the embryo test with L. stagnalis has potential to high-throughput testing and the model has a high sensitivity to cadmium during this life cycle period. The background data provide by this study will be essential to foster the future standardization of this assay.

A literature review on joint control schemes in statistical process monitoring

AbstractProcess monitoring is regarded as a continuous phenomenon requiring careful consideration to acquire an enhanced output quality. Dispersion and location are significant parameters in the entire process, and timely detection of the changes that occur in a stable process is needed. Today, quality practitioners recommend using a single charting setup offering better capability of detecting joint changes in the parameters of a process. As provided in the literature, a detailed review paper for simultaneous monitoring is conducted in 2013 which many reaserchers were attracted to publish papers in this field. In this paper, a meticulous content analysis (on the basis of 59 reviewed papers in the field of joint monitoring from 2013 to 2021) is exploited to classify the papers that includes joint control charts for statistical process monitoring (SPM), to identify the potential topics and present some suggestions for further studies in simultaneous monitoring.

Ransomware Attacks in History of Cyber World

Abstract: Technology advancement since last few decades creates cyber attack a critical issue. Cyber security has become an important part today. It has also become an important and crucial subject in the field of forensic science. Increased in the growth of internet technology and internet devices have increased the risk of cyber attack. Almost every organization today are depends on the internet and devices. There are many types of cyber attack. This paper is the detailed review about Ransomware attack. This paper is consisted about vast of the information about What is Ransomware Attack, how does it work, how ransomware attack emerged. After reading this paper you will learn about the ransomware attacks in history of cyber world. This will help you to learn and understand about ransomware attack, how to prevent yourself from ransomware attack. As a forensic science student, it is always important to be aware about the attacks that have happened in the history of cyber world. Before writing this paper, I have read and analyze many research paper and internet articles, so that I can write a detailed review paper which can help students and for the forensic awareness. Keywords: Cyberattack, Hacking, Ransomware, cyberworld, cyber security, ransomware, forensic, network security

International trend regarding immunotoxicity evaluation with New Approach Methods (NAMs)

We have ongoing projects that are developing New Approach Methods (NAMs) for systematic toxicology. One NAM is to develop the immunotoxicity evaluation with non-animal test methods for the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)Test Guideline (TG). The development of this evaluation includes the following steps: 1) adverse outcome pathway (AOP), 2) detailed review paper, 3) test methods based on AOP, 4) validation study of test methods for developing TGs, and 5) integrated approaches to testing and assessment (IATA). I believe that the NAMs developed on these steps may enable risk assessment of a chemical with non-animal test methods in near future.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Human activity recognition with deep learning: overview, challenges and possibilities

Human activity recognition (HAR) has become a vibrant research field over the last decade, especially because of the spread of electronic devices like mobile phones, smart cell phones and video cameras in our daily lives. In addition, the progress of deep learning and other algorithms has made it possible for researchers to use HAR in many fields including sports, health and well being. HAR is, for example, one of the most promising resources for helping older people with the support of their cognitive and physical function through day-to-day activities. This study focuses on the key role machine learning plays in the development of HAR applications. While numerous HAR surveys and review articles have previously been carried out, the main/overall HAR issue was not taken into account, and these studies concentrate only on specific HAR topics. A detailed review paper covering major HAR topics is therefore essential. This study analyses the most up-to-date studies on HAR in recent years and provides a classification of HAR methodology and demonstrates advantages and disadvantages for each group of methods. This paper finally addresses many problems in the current HAR subject and provides recommendations for potential study.

Retinoid signaling in skeletal development: Scoping the system for predictive toxicology

All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), the biologically active form of vitamin A, is instrumental in regulating the patterning and specification of the vertebrate embryo. Various animal models demonstrate adverse developmental phenotypes following experimental retinoid depletion or excess during pregnancy. Windows of vulnerability for altered skeletal patterning coincide with early specification of the body plan (gastrulation) and regional specification of precursor cell populations forming the facial skeleton (cranial neural crest), vertebral column (somites), and limbs (lateral plate mesoderm) during organogenesis. A common theme in physiological roles of ATRA signaling is mutual antagonism with FGF signaling. Consequences of genetic errors or environmental disruption of retinoid signaling include stage- and region-specific homeotic transformations to severe deficiencies for various skeletal elements. This review derives from an annex in Detailed Review Paper (DRP) of the OECD Test Guidelines Programme (Project 4.97) to support recommendations regarding assay development for the retinoid system and the use of resulting data in a regulatory context for developmental and reproductive toxicity (DART) testing.

Pig-a gene mutation database.

Mutations in the X-linked phosphatidylinositol glycan, class A gene (Pig-a) lead to loss of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors and GPI-anchored proteins from the surface of erythrocytes and other mammalian cells. The Pig-a gene mutation assay quantifies in vivo gene mutation by immunofluorescent labeling and flow cytometry to detect the loss of GPI-anchored proteins on peripheral blood erythrocytes. As part of the regulatory acceptance of the assay, a public database has been created that provides detailed information on Pig-a gene mutation assays conducted in rats and mice. A searchable version of the database is available through a website designed and hosted by the University of Maryland School of Pharmacy. Currently, the database contains only mouse and rat data, but it is anticipated that it will expand to include data from other species, including humans. A major purpose in developing the database was to aid in the preparation of a Retrospective Performance Analysis and Detailed Review Paper required for Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Test Guideline acceptance. We anticipate, however, that it also will be useful for accessing and comparing Pig-a data to data from other assays and for conducting quantitative assessments of Pig-a gene mutation responses. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 60:759-762, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

An overview on recent profile monitoring papers (2008–2018) based on conceptual classification scheme

Abstract Sometimes the quality of a process is best expressed by a relationship between response variables and explanatory variables. Checking over the time the stability of such functional relationships using statistical methods is called “profile monitoring”. Since 2007, when a detailed review paper in the field of profile monitoring was presented, an increasing number of papers have been published in this area. In this paper, we present a conceptual classification scheme and classify the papers in this area since 2008 up to 2018. The relevant papers are categorized and analyzed under different metrics and directions for future studies are recommended.

OECD Detailed Review Paper (DRP) number 31 on “Cell Transformation Assays for Detection of Chemical Carcinogens”: main results and conclusions

The Detailed Review Paper (DRP) number 31 of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) analyses the performance of the three models used in Cell Transformation Assays (CTAs) to screen the carcinogenic potential of chemicals: the Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells, and the mouse cell lines BALB/c 3T3 and C3H10T1/2. The CTA results have been compared to results from recent genotoxicity tests using mammalian and non-mammalian cell systems. The performance of the CTAs in predicting carcinogenic potential has been established on several hundreds of chemicals, comprising organic and inorganic substances. The results have been analysed and the chemicals classified as rodent and/or human carcinogens. Based on this comparison and on their performance – concordance, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive capacity, and evidence for intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility – OECD recommended that the CTAs using the SHE cells (carried out at physiological or acidic pH) and the BALB/c 3T3 cell line should be developed into OECD test guidelines. The CTA using the C3H10T1/2 cell line was considered to be useful to elucidate molecular mechanisms of cell transformation at the genomic and transcriptomic level. However, due to the limited data available on reproducibility, a test guideline was not recommended at that time.

The Use of Metabolising Systems for In Vitro Testing of Endocrine Disruptors

Legislation and prospective legislative proposals in for instance the USA, Europe, and Japan require, or may require that chemicals are tested for their ability to disrupt the hormonal systems of mammals. Chemicals found to test positive are considered to be endocrine active substances (EAS) and may be putative endocrine disruptors (EDs). To date, there is still little or no experience with incorporating metabolic and toxicokinetic aspects into in vitro tests for EAS. This is a situation in sharp contrast to genotoxicity testing, where in vitro tests are routinely conducted with and without metabolic capacity. Originally prepared for the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), this detailed review paper reviews why in vitro assays for EAS should incorporate mammalian systems of metabolism and metabolic enzyme systems, and indicates how this could be done. The background to ED testing, the available test methods, and the role of mammalian metabolism in the activation and the inactivation of both endogenous and exogenous steroids are described. The available types of systems are compared, and the potential problems in incorporating systems in in vitro tests for EAS, and how these might be overcome, are discussed. Lastly, some recommendations for future activities are made.

History and Genesis of the Detailed Review of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Assays

This issue presents the detailed review paper (DRP) on thyroid hormone disruption assays that was prepared for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and that exists as an OECD monograph. However, this document is now available here in one issue of Critical Reviews in Toxicology as a series of published articles. The original document has been modified in several ways. First, an overview (now article 2) was added to discuss how new data and new directions for thyroid research will play an important role in shaping thyroid assays as they evolve. Second, each of the original chapters of the thyroid DRP have been separated into individual papers. The appendices of the original DRP were removed and will be merged and published separately.

Statistical physics of the glass phase

This paper, prepared for the proceedings of the ‘Statphys 21’ conference (Cancun, July 2001) gives an introduction to the statistical physics problems which appear in the study of structural glasses. It is a shortened and updated version of a more detailed review paper which has appeared in Mézard, (Ong, Bhatt (Eds.), More is different, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2001).

Diagnostic usefulness of transcranial magnetic stimulation in central and peripheral cortical-facial motor pathway lesions

The Detailed Review Paper (DRP) number 31 of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) analyses the performance of the three models used in Cell Transformation Assays (CTAs) to screen the carcinogenic potential of chemicals: the Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells, and the mouse cell lines BALB/c 3T3 and C3H10T1/2. The CTA results have been compared to results from recent genotoxicity tests using mammalian and non-mammalian cell systems. The performance of the CTAs in predicting carcinogenic potential has been established on several hundreds of chemicals, comprising organic and inorganic substances. The results have been analysed and the chemicals classified as rodent and/or human carcinogens. Based on this comparison and on their performance – concordance, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive capacity, and evidence for intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility – OECD recommended that the CTAs using the SHE cells (carried out at physiological or acidic pH) and the BALB/c 3T3 cell line should be developed into OECD test guidelines. The CTA using the C3H10T1/2 cell line was considered to be useful to elucidate molecular mechanisms of cell transformation at the genomic and transcriptomic level. However, due to the limited data available on reproducibility, a test guideline was not recommended at that time.