Destructive Phase Research Articles

First Data on the Structure and Lithological Composition of the Kola Fjord (Bay) Deposits Section

Studying the materials from drilling of engineering-geological wells and other data the structure of a sedimentary cover of the Kola fjord on its total thickness is for the first time lighted. The characteristics of the structure and lithological composition of a section of deposits, and the main forms of a relief of the underlying crystalline substrate are provided. Situations of the formation of deposits and the graben structure of the gulf are considered. It is noted that the deglaciation has served as the trigger mechanism that has started processes of the differentiated block uplift, development of fracture, and a fault formation which has caused initial “exogenous” phases of neotectonic destruction of crust. The horizontal movements have led to the stretching of the earth’s crust and separation of blocks with a graben formation in Kola Bay according to the authors with the influence of stress fields coming from developing young oceanic spreading basins.

Retrogradation of carbonate platforms on a rifted margin: the late Ediacaran record of the northwestern Yangtze Craton (SW China)

The Late Ediacaran Dengying Formation, located in the Sichuan Basin of the northwestern Yangtze Craton, is of significant interest in oil and gas exploration due to its abundant pores and vugs within microbial mound-shoal complexes. However, there is still uncertainty regarding the spatiotemporal distribution and controlling factors of the platform margin. This study comprehensively analyzes the retrogradation pattern of the Dengying Formation platform margin using seismic data, well logs, field outcrops, and petrological characteristics. Our findings reveal that the Dengying Formation strata surrounding the rift basin at the northwestern of the Yangtze Craton can be divided into three main depositional facies: basin facies, slope facies, and platform margin facies. Additionally, based on the integration of lithological, log, and seismic characteristics, the Dengying Formation is subdivided into four third-order sequences, with five sequence boundaries and three seismic facies identified. Supported by sequence stratigraphy and geophysical data, we have reconstructed the tectono-sedimentary evolution of the multiple platform margins on the eastern side of the Deyang-Anyue rift in the Sichuan Basin during the late Ediacaran. Our findings indicate that the platform underwent two phases of retrogradation. The second-stage platform margin underwent retrogradation towards the interior, spanning a distance between 10 and 80 km, based on the initial configuration established by the first-stage platform margin. The main controls for progradation and retrogradation of carbonate platforms are eustatic sea-level changes and tectonic activity. Eustatic sea-level changes can be divided into constructive and destructive phases. Constructive phases are commonly observed in highstand systems tracts, while destructive phases are often associated with transgressive systems tracts and are related to platform retrogradation processes. However, sea-level changes alone cannot fully control the process of platform retrogradation. The thermal subsidence following mantle plume events likely played a significant role in the retrogradation of the platform in the study area. During this period, tectonic processes controlled the geometry of the platform and the deposition of carbonates in the platform margin-slope-basin environment. Additionally, karst-related mound-shoal complexes developed extensively along the platform margin of the Dengying Formation in the northwestern Yangtze Craton. The Lower Cambrian dark shales represent high-quality hydrocarbon source rocks, while the Dengying Formation exhibits an optimal source-reservoir configuration.

Lithostructural Control in the Development of Potholes in the Rock Bed of the Carnaúba River, Seridó Geopark, NE Brazil

Granitic forms resulting from turbulent flow, with hydraulic vortices, characterize the rocky bed of the lower course of the Carnaúba River, in a geosite of the Seridó Geopark, in the Seridó Oriental microregion, Northeast Brazil. These forms constitute a variety of types of potholes that individually represent various stages of evolution, in addition to reflecting the variation in the erosive potential of river flow throughout the Quaternary. From a bibliographical review, fieldwork (quantification and measurements of the potholes), high-resolution photogrammetry and morphostructural analysis of the generated cartographic products, it was possible to establish a correlation between the preferential orientation of the potholes and the direction of the planes of weakness, as well as the classification of potholes by morphometric parameters. In this work it was demonstrated that the efficiency of hydraulic vortices is associated with discontinuity structures and the mineralogical composition of granite facies, with abrasive erosion being responsible for sculpting potholes, with different dimensions and geometries. In the rocky bed of the Carnaúba River, the small potholes deepen and their diameter evolves into cylindrical shapes as the turbulent vertical flow increases, eventually becoming sigmoidal. The lateral potholes, located on the walls of the river channel, are deeper than they are wide, and represent a destructive phase of evolution.

Spinel-stabilized layered LiCoO2 cathode by surface reconstruction strategy

Layered LiCoO2 (LCO) is one of the most successful cathode materials for lithium ion battery due to its high theoretical capacity and high compacted density. Nevertheless, However, several detrimental issues including surface degradation, destructive phase transformation, and inhomogeneous reactions, resulting in rapid capacity fading and short cycle life. Herein, a highly conformal and compatible spinel Li1-xCo2O4 was in situ reconstructed on LCO surface (S-LCO), which can be realized by thermal treating of in situ engineered LiCoO2@ZIF-67 composite experimentally. The intense and stable LiCoO2 and spinel Li1-xCo2O4 can promote rapid Li + transport and relieve the mechanical stress. Protected by the spinel Li1-xCo2O4, the optimized S-LCO harvests an initial reversible capacity of 171.9 mA h g−1 at 0.2 C within 4.5 V and offers 137 mA h g−1 at 1 C after 200 cycles with 77.0 % capacity retention (LCO: 68.5 mA h g−1 with 43.9 % capacity retention). The in situ XRD and ex situ SEM characterizations indicate that the spinel Li1-xCo2O4 can effectively enhance phase transformation reversibility (H1→H2→M1→H3→M2) without serious cell shrinkage and microstructure collapse. The feasible surface reconstruction strategy broadens the perspective for developing high-performance LCO-based cathodes.

Capturing interference variations of atomic motion in vibrational modes by non-resonant Raman images

Non-resonant Raman imaging associated with vibrational modes provides an optical means to structure and function characterisation for a single molecule, where the interference between atomic motions in a vibrational mode plays an important role. Taking the [18]annulene as a proof-of-the-concept molecule, we present here a comprehensive study on the dependence of non-resonant Raman images on interference variations involving the phase and amplitude of atomic displacements in vibrational modes. Calculations demonstrate that constructive and destructive phase interferences contribute to the characteristic merging and repulsion of Raman patterns, respectively, which should be attributed to the same/opposite signs of Raman polarisability. In addition, the imaging characteristic by constructive and destructive interferences become more significant with the increase of plasmonic size. Moreover, Raman images are highly sensitive to the subtle variations of interference induced by molecular symmetry and element substitution, highlighting the importance of amplitude variations of interference in modes for Raman images to monitor molecular structure changes. Our findings propose the capability of Raman images toward capturing interference variations in modes, serving as good references for Raman imaging to characterise various molecules and their corresponding structure changes by analysing interference effects in vibrational modes.

Mobilization of Circulating Tumor Cells after Short- and Long-Term FOLFIRINOX and GEM/nab-PTX Chemotherapy in Xenograft Mouse Models of Human Pancreatic Cancer.

Mobilization of CTCs after various types of therapy, such as radiation therapy, has been reported, but systematic study of CTCs after chemotherapy remained quite limited. In this study, we sequentially examined CTC numbers after single-dose and repetitive-dose chemotherapy, including FORFIRINOX (FFX) and Gemcitabine and nab-Paclitaxel (GnP) using two pancreatic cancer xenograft models. CTC was detected by the immunocytology-based microfluidic platform. We further examined the dynamic change in the histology of primary tumor tissues during chemotherapy. We confirmed a transient increase in CTCs 1-2 weeks after single-dose and repetitive-dose of FFX/GnP chemotherapy. Histological examination of the primary tumors revealed that the peak period of CTC at 1-2 weeks after chemotherapy corresponded to the maximal destructive phase consisting of cell cycle arrest, apoptosis of tumor cells, and blood vessel destruction without secondary reparative tissue reactions and regeneration of tumor cells. These findings indicate that mobilization of CTCs early after chemotherapy is mediated by the shedding of degenerated tumor cells into the disrupted blood vessels driven by the pure destructive histological changes in primary tumor tissues. These results suggest that sequential CTC monitoring during chemotherapy can be a useful liquid biopsy diagnostic tool to predict tumor chemosensitivity and resistance in preclinical and clinical settings.

Laminar Torsional Couette Flow Over a Wavy Disk

Abstract A parametric study of laminar torsional Couette flow between a rotating flat disk and a stationary wavy disk is conducted using computer simulations. The waviness of the stationary disk, characterized by the parameter wave slope (WS), is increased across four cases to evaluate its influence. The resulting flow field is significantly different from torsional Couette flow between flat disks. Shear stress and pressure on the flat and wavy disks are sinusoidal with the same spatial frequency as the undulation. Their averages over one wavelength remain unaffected by the increase in WS. However, this is not the case with their amplitudes. A critical layer is observed approximately at a distance of 70% radius of the disk across which the effect of WS on shear amplitude is inverted. Furthermore, the sinusoidal shear on the flat disk is observed to be in destructive phase with respect to the shear on wavy disk. This is corroborated by the concave/convex distortion of the height-wise tangential velocity profile across the undulation. Alternately, the net radial velocity becomes biased either toward or away from the axis depending on angular location with respect to the undulation. The effect of increasing WS on the tangential velocity is in the form of small increments to the curvature of its height-wise profile, while the axial velocity, though it is orders of magnitude smaller than the tangential velocity, increases substantially with increase in WS.

Magma storage conditions beneath Krakatau, Indonesia: insight from geochemistry and rock magnetism studies

Understanding the evolution of magma storage conditions on volcanoes which have had more than one caldera-forming eruption (CFE) is important to know about past and present conditions, as a key to forecast future potential hazards. Krakatau volcano is characterized by cyclic phases of growth and destruction of the edifice. A volcanostratigraphic study identified three eruptive periods: Old Krakatau, Young Krakatau, and Anak Krakatau. The Old and Young Krakatau periods ended with the first and second CFE respectively. Due to its permanent activity and edifice evolution, Krakatau poses a high risk on the surrounding inhabited islands. In this study, we combined geochemistry, rock magnetic, and petrology to infer the evolution of magma storage conditions from Old to Anak Krakatau periods. This study is the first to report on the chemical and rock magnetic characteristics, as well as storage system conditions of Old Krakatau and its relation to the ongoing evolution of Krakatau. Our data show that: 1) Old and Young Krakatau magma storage regions are shallow (within the upper 3 km), contain more differentiated magmas, from which the Old Krakatau magmas may be less oxidized and had lower temperatures than Young Krakatau; 2) Anak Krakatau magma storage is deeper (up to 26 km), less differentiated, and erupted hotter but more reduced compared to Old and Young Krakatau. The Old and Young Krakatau lavas were the products of pre-CFE and their chemical characteristics are included at maturation phase, whereas the Young Krakatau pumice samples were the product of the second CFE. Lastly, the post-second CFE activity of AK is currently in an incubation phase and represented by mafic products of frequent and small eruptions. Knowing that the volcano has experienced maturation and CFE phases in the past, the current AK may evolve to those phases in the future.

Zinc-substituted P2-type Na0.67Ni0.23Zn0.1Mn0.67O2 cathode with improved rate capability and cyclic stability for sodium-ion storage at high voltage

P2-type layered transition metal oxides are considered one of the ideal cathode materials for sodium ion batteries because of its high working voltage and excellent theoretical specific capacity. P2-Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.67O2 electrodes deliver a theoretical specific capacity of 173 mAh g-1, which is dependent on Ni2+/Ni3+/Ni4+ charge compensation. High operating voltage leads to higher specific capacity and energy density, which are better adapted to practical development needs, but at the same time it causes the material to undergo a destructive P2-O2 phase transition, which greatly affect cycle stability and Na+ diffusion kinetics. In this study, we propose Zn2+ doping and spherical morphology modification strategy. The spherical morphology not only reduces the distance of Na+ diffusion and improves the rate performance, but also the spherical structure can alleviate the volume change during Na+ intercalation/extraction. Furthermore, the doping of Zn2+ changes the valence distribution of Mn, suppressing the phase transition at high voltage and further improving the cycling stability. At a high cut-off voltage of 4.4 V, the cathode material with Zn2+ doping and spherical shaped possesses an average operating voltage of up to 3.6 V and exhibits 90% capacity retention after 30 cycles (compared to only 56% for the pristine material). Above that, the rate performance is also greatly improved, with the modified material contributing an excellent specific capacity of 95 mAh g-1, even at a high current density of 5 C (1 C = 170 mA g-1).

Identification and Evolutionary Characteristics of Major Fractures in Beishan Granite

Identification of major fractures is a common problem in underground engineering. Research on the identification and evolutionary characteristics of major fractures are mainly based on high-level waste underground repositories. In this paper, a triaxial acoustic emission (AE) experiment was carried out, and methods such as fractal theory and machine learning were utilized to analyze the AE characteristics during rock failure. The evolution of fracture clusters within the rock was studied, and the AE characteristics of different fracture clusters were analyzed. The results show that as the confining pressure increases, fracture categories reduce, the proportions of major and non-major fractures decrease, and the proportion of outlier fractures increases. During the initial phase of AE, the proportion of major fractures significantly fluctuates, while during the active phase of AE, the proportion of major fracture acoustic emissions generally increases. The proportion of major fracture acoustic emissions remains relatively constant during the calm phase, and in the destructive phase, the proportion of major fractures slightly decreases. The variations in the b-value can be divided into three stages: increase, decrease, and secondary increase. A rock major fracture identification model was established based on BP neural network, and the model’s accuracy rate of major fracture identification was 87.22%.

Heritage tourism and peace interdependency: news content analysis on the destruction and the rebuilding drives of Jahanabad Buddha Statue, Swat, Pakistan

PurposeThis paper aims to discern the potential dimensions amid the duality of heritage tourism and peace. Reflecting on the phases of destruction and rebuilding of Seated Buddha of Jahanabad, this study used the content analysis of 40 news sources, to unravel the resultant avenues of heritage tourism and peace.Design/methodology/approachFollowing the qualitative research strategy, the interface of NVivo 12 has been used to transcribe the textual and visual content of media news. The media news aired on the incident of destruction phase in 2007, and rebuilding drive in 2012–2016 were the two sets of collected data. A hierarchy of thematic analysis was adopted to identify nodes, subthemes and themes.FindingsFindings of this study highlighted six themes: peaceful imagery, PI; heritage dissonance, HD, vs interfaith harmony, IH; peace allegory through restoration, PAR; precursor of heritage sustainability, PHS; community heritage consonance, CHC; and heritage touristic valuation, HTV.Research limitations/implicationsThis study lacks statistical data of the quantitative research domain. Aimed at a single heritage site, it analyzed limited number of news sources.Practical implicationsThis study offers implications for industrial, theoretical, managerial and governmental stakeholders in their respective domains. Moreover, it also provides takeouts for common readers.Originality/valueThis study contends a significant research issue and analyzes the destruction and rebuilding of a heritage site in a developing country. Primarily in the sociogeographic context of the research issue, the resultant dimensions are novel and demanding.

The Neuhauses and Proletarian Culture. Intersection Points

The article, based on the materials of the local press, analyzes the directions of cooperation of the Yelysavetgrad family of Neuhaus with the Bolshevik regime in 1920–1922. The forms and types of cultural and educational work, typical for the period of the dominance of Proletarian culture as an organization of self-made creativity in the artistic field are depicted in a panoramic view - the activities of workers' groups, studios at clubs, the introduction of lectures-concerts with the practical participation of workers, peasants and soldiers. The introduction of the ideas of proletarian culture in the conditions of the destructive phase of the replacement of professional categories by populist tendencies is considered, which led to the leveling of professional musical art, the loss of positions of importance of consistent professional musical education in contrast to accessible amateurism.
 The main trends of the musical life of the town of Yelisavetgrad at the beginning of the Soviet regime were analyzed: the introduction of total control for professional musicians, registration of instruments, military service. Found documents regarding the confiscation of keyboard instruments (grand pianos, pianos, harmoniums) with further squandering and complete destruction of valuable piano instruments on the territory of the region are published.
 The performing participation of O.M. and G.W. Neuhaus, representatives of their families and former students in the cycles of historical concerts-lectures «Fires» and «Palace of Science and Art» for the proletarian public is described, the programs and the theme of the events are analyzed. The importance of concertsclavierbands, chamber performances-rehearsals of H.G. Neuhaus in Yelisavetgrad is interpreted against a background of the processes of educating a new proletarian audience. The reasons for the voluntary-compulsory return of the Neuhaus family as veterans of the pedagogical field to active concert activity are determined.

Controls on sulfide accumulation in coastal soils during simulated sea level rise

A likely consequence of sea level rise during the next century will be progressive inundation of seawater through the current unsaturated zone in coastal-margin soils. It is unclear how this will change the biogeochemical cycling of iron, sulfur and carbon over different time scales and soil types. A long-term (540 day) laboratory experiment, slowly inundating intact coastal soil cores with seawater from the ‘bottom up’, was conducted to observe how coupled iron and sulfur dynamics change in different soil types. Pore water was extracted from the 60 cm cores at 10 cm depth intervals every 90 days and analysed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), Fe2+, HS− and dissolved metals (Fe, Mn, As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Co, Zn) as well as stable sulfur (34S/32S) and radiogenic strontium (87Sr/86Sr) isotopes. Destructive solid phase analyses (for reactive Fe, acid volatile and chromium reducible sulfur (AVS and CRS) and total organic carbon (TOC)) were made at the start and end of the experiment. Iron and sulfate reduction was induced in soils with readily available TOC as anoxic conditions established, evidenced by statistically significant increases (P < 0.001) in dissolved Fe2+ and sulfide concentrations in porewaters, as well as simultaneous and progressive increase in the sulfur isotope (34S/32S) ratios. An increase in AVS indicated formation of metastable iron sulfide (FeS) minerals resulting from Fe2+ and sulfide in porewaters post inundation. This was supported by PHREEQC modelling of local mineral saturation states/indices in the system. Overall, the Fe2+ concentration increased to a peak at between 270 and 360 days, and then began decreasing at some depths, indicating slowing iron reduction, presumably because reactive iron (oxyhydro)oxides became progressively consumed by microbially driven reductive processes. However, microbially mediated sulfate reduction continued as abundant sulfate was still available from seawater. In the absence of free Fe2+, sulfide accumulated in the porewater, but only in those soils inundated the longest (>360 days), and with greater than 5% TOC. The combined use of sulfur (34S/32S) and strontium (87Sr/86Sr) isotopes supported the observed results, and represents a new and robust technique to quantify progressive sulfate reduction and seawater mixing phenomena in coastal soils. This study gives new insights into the biogeochemical cycling of sulfur and iron in soils experiencing seawater inundation from sea level rise over longer timescales. It is likely that sulfidisation (due to in-situ sulfate reduction) will begin to affect coastal wetland soils, especially in areas where TOC is high and where reactive iron depletes over time. This has potential consequences for sulfide toxicity in coastal soils and environments globally.

Analisis Sejarah Kepemimpinan setelah Wafatnya Nabi Muhammad SAW

The history of the caliphate after the death of the Prophet Muhammad from time to time has the same pattern starting from the phases of development, formation, coaching, glory, decline and destruction. This study aims to determine the history of the Khulafaur Rashidun dynasty after the death of the Prophet Muhammad SAW. This study used qualitative research methods. The data collection technique was carried out by means of a literature study through exploration of journals and other information relevant to the study. The results of the study show that the leadership after the death of the Prophet Muhammad was continued by the Khulafur Rasyidin Caliphate, the Umayyad Dynasty, the Abbasid Dynasty, the Fatamiyah Dynasty and the Seljuq Dynasty.

Dual‐strategy modification on P2‐Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.67O2 realizes stable high‐voltage cathode and high energy density full cell for sodium‐ion batteries

AbstractP2‐type Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.67O2 is considered as a potential cathode material for sodium‐ion batteries due to the merits of high voltage, low cost, and air stability. However, the unsatisfied cycling stability and rate performance caused by the destructive phase transition and side reactions hinder its practical application. Herein, we present a feasible dual strategy of Mg2+ doping integrated with ZrO2 surface modification for P2‐Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.67O2, which can well address the issues of phase transition and side reactions benefitting from the enhanced structural and interfacial stabilities. Specifically, it exhibits a decent cycling stability with a capacity retention of 81.5% at 1 C and promising rate performance with a discharge capacity of 76.6 mA h g−1 at 5 C. The in situ X‐ray diffraction measurement confirms that the damaged P2–O2 phase transition is suppressed with better reversibility in high‐voltage region, whereas the side reactions are inhibited due to the protective ZrO2 surface modification. Commendably, the full cell achieves an outstanding operating voltage of 3.57 V and a fabulous energy density of 238.91 W h kg−1 at 36.73 W kg−1, demonstrating great practicability. This work is expected to provide a new insight for designing stable high‐voltage cathode materials and high energy density full cells for sodium ion batteries.

Grădiştea de Munte – Sarmizegetusa Regia Fortress. Eastern Gate Area – Part.I.

Many hypotheses have been proposed over the last decades regarding the evolution, planimetry and chronological modelling of the various phases of construction, destruction and restoration of the fortress at Grădiştea de Munte – Sarmizegetusa Regia. The archaeological data certifying the existence of a fortified site dating before the Roman conquest of the capital of the Dacian Kingdom, while not negligible, are so dissimilar that recomposing its plan becomes a significant challenge. The present article focuses on recent archaeological discoveries in the Eastern Gate area, an important reference point for re-discussing the particularities of the initial Dacian fortress.

Direct numerical simulation of a transitional, cryogenic cavitating mixing layer of liquefied natural gas behind a flat splitter plate using a homogenous equilibrium mixture cavitation model

A major challenge in the design of liquefied natural gas (LNG) pumps is concerned with the accurate prediction of flow behaviour at off-design conditions where destructive phase change from liquid to vapor - named cavitation - at cryogenic conditions may emerge undesirably and downgrade the machine performance. As a first step of our research towards addressing this challenge, the present study employs a homogenous equilibrium mixture (HEM) –based cryogenic cavitation solver to run direct numerical simulation (DNS) of a fundamental case study of transitional cavitating mixing layer of LNG behind a 3D planar flat plate, which resembles actual conditions of flow behind the vanes of industrial LNG sub-merged pumps. Assessment of the preliminary findings shows that the mixing layer is mainly driven by different modes of the well-known Kelvin-Helmholtz (K–H) instabilities, which develop coherent vortex structures that tend to shed off periodically across the mixing layer. The cavity structures are formed via transient interactions of the shedding vortices, and in the meantime of their pairing processes. The shedding of cavities, which mostly appear as “horse-shoe” and “croissant”-shaped vapor structures, maintains by the unsteady sheet cavity formed on the splitter upper wall and the latent heat exchange mechanisms, beside the dominant K–H instabilities. The presence of three-dimensionality is found to enhance instability of the mixing layer by increasing the frequency of phase change successions.

The Effect of Holding Time on Dissimilar Transient Liquid-Phase-Bonded Properties of Super-Ferritic Stainless Steel 446 to Martensitic Stainless Steel 410 Using a Nickel-Based Interlayer.

The dissimilar joining of martensitic and ferritic stainless steels have been developed that needs corrosion resistance and enhanced mechanical properties. In this study, the transient liquid-phase bonding of martensitic stainless steel 410 and super-ferritic stainless steel 446 was conducted with a nickel-based amorphous interlayer (BNi-2) at constant temperature (1050 °C) and increasing times of 1, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min. For characterization of the TLP-bonded samples, optical microscopy and scanning emission microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used. To investigate the mechanical properties of TLP-bonded samples, the shear strength test method was used. Finally, the X-ray diffraction method was used for microstructural investigation and phase identification. The microstructural study showed that the microstructure of base metals changed: the martensitic structure transited to tempered martensite, including ferrite + cementite colonies, and the delta phase in super-ferritic stainless steel dissolved in the matrix. During the transient liquid-phase bonding, the aggregation of boron due to its diffusion to base metals resulted in the precipitation of a secondary phase, including iron-chromium-rich borides with blocky and needle-like morphologies at the interface of the molten interlayer and base metals. On the other hand, the segregation of boron in the bonding zone resulted from a low solubility limit, and the distribution coefficient has induced some destructive and brittle phases, such as nickel-rich (Ni3B) and chromium-rich boride (CrB/Cr2B). By increasing the time, significant amounts of boron have been diffused to a base metal, and diffusion-induced isothermal solidification has happened, such that the isothermal solidification of the assembly has been completed under the 1050 °C/60 min condition. The distribution of the hardness profile is relatively uniform at the bonding zone after completing isothermal solidification, except the diffusion-affected zone, which has a higher hardness. The shear strength test showed that increasing the holding time was effective in achieving the strength near the base metals such that the maximum shear strength of about 472 MPa was achieved.

Features of interleukin status in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus

A hundred years have passed since the first use of insulin as the main means of therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus. During this time, significant progress has been made in the development of insulin therapy, including the development of new insulin formulations and methods of its delivery. At the same time, over the years, expanding knowledge about the immunopathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus, doctors are trying to reach a completely new level of possibilities in the treatment of this disease. At this level, methods of immunotherapeutic effects on those links of autoimmune chains will become available, which today limit both the therapy of patients with type 1 diabetes and the development of the idea of stem-cells transplantation due to the lack of a holistic understanding of ways to overcome post-transplant immune aggression against -cells. The review summarizes the current understanding of known interleukins involved as the most important intermediaries in the phases of initiation and immuno-mediated destruction of pancreatic -cells. The achievements in the study of the role of key interleukins in the pathophysiology of autoimmune diabetes for marking potential application points of immunomodulatory targeted therapy are considered.

The Origin of High‐Voltage Stability in Single‐Crystal Layered Ni‐Rich Cathode Materials

Compared with the polycrystal (PC) Ni-rich cathode materials, the single-crystal (SC) counterpart displayed excellent structural stability, high reversible capacity and limited voltage decay during cycling, which received great attention from academics and industry. However, the origin of fascinating high-voltage stability within SC is poorly understood yet. Herein, we tracked the evolution of phase transitions, in which the destructive volume change and H3 phase formation presented in PC, are effectively suppressed in SC when cycling at a high cut-off voltage of 4.6 V, further clarifying the origin of high-voltage stability in SC cathode. Moreover, SC electrode displayed crack-free morphology, and excellent electrochemical stability during long-term cycling, whereas PC suffered severe capacity and voltage fade because of the spinel-like phase, decoding the failure mechanisms of PC and SC during cycling at high cut-off voltages. This finding provides universal insights into high-voltage stability and failure mechanisms of layered Ni-rich cathode materials.