Stages Of Destruction Research Articles

Formation of optical resonances at the initial stage of radiation destruction of disperse medium made of a transparent dielectric by means of a powerful laser

By means of numerical simulation, we study optical resonances that arise when radiation from an ytterbium fiber laser (λ = 1065 ± 3.25 nm), a blue diode laser (λ = 450±8 nm) or a CO2 laser (10.6 μm) is scattered on a single particle of a transparent dielectric (an oxide, a fluoride, ZnSe), as well as in an ensemble of randomly packed particles of various sizes. If the particle diameter is comparable to the radiation wavelength (but is no less than 3λ/4) then, at a certain ratio between the particle diameter, the refractive index of its material and the radiation wavelength, the particle becomes a microresonator. The maximum intensity of scattered radiation inside or outside such particle depends on the combination of the above-said parameters and can exceed the intensity of the incident radiation dozens of times. In case of a powder, the interference pattern is formed by all particles at once and, occurrence of an optical resonance is more likely. Even with a slight change in the radiation wavelength of an ytterbium laser or a blue diode laser (within the lasing line width), some particles in the powder become microresonators, while others cease to be microcavities. Therefore, concentration of scattered radiation of the ytterbium laser in individual particles plays a key role at the initial stage of optical destruction of the powder. As the experiment shows, this allows to overcome the threshold of optical destruction of porous targets made of various transparent substances (CaF2, SiO2, BaF2, YbF3, Fe:MgAl2O4, Al2O3, 1mol.%Nd:Y2O3, YSZ, TiO2, ZnSe) by means of a radiation pulse from an ytterbium laser having low intensity (0.46 MW/cm2). With the refractive index of the material increasing from 1.429 (CaF2) to 2.479 (TiO2), the average delay in the formation of a laser plume decreases from 46 ms to 25 μs, i.e. by three orders of magnitude. This correlates with the fact that in the calculations, the maximum intensity of this laser's radiation scattered in the powder increases with n increasing. In compliance with this are the results of obtaining nanopowders from transparent oxides and ZnSe by means of pulse-periodic radiation of an ytterbium laser. Output of the nanopowder Yb0.05:Y1.95O3:(ZrO2)0.05 with n = 1.901 (for Y2O3) is 15 g/h, and the maximum output (100 g/h) is realized in case of ZnSe (n = 2.482). At the same time, it is not possible to obtain nanopowder from CaF2 (n = 1.429), because the moving target does not evaporate.

Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection

Abstract Composite materials find increasing applications in modern industry and transport. However, they may lose desirable mechanical properties due to external mechanical excitations, ultraviolet radiation, moisture penetration, or other factors. Therefore, an effective way to assess the condition of materials is necessary. In this article, a nondestructive evaluation of glass fiber-reinforced composite subjected to five-stage static bending is presented. For this reason, pulsed excitation terahertz imaging was utilized, and a data processing/exploration scheme was proposed. The proposed, novel approach consists of an efficient data registration algorithm based on surface approximation (for surface roughness and unevenness elimination) and a parametrization scheme applied for the signals gained from the time response of the glass fiber-reinforced polymer layer. Obtained parameters enable the global description of the evaluated material state and prediction of failure effectively, even in the early stages of destruction.

Сравнительная оценка эмиссии биогаза и химического состава фильтрационных вод на свалках/полигонах твердых коммунальных отходов в Арктической зоне и субъектах средней полосы России

The authors present the results of a comparative assessment of biogas emissions and chemical composition of filtration waters at facilities of accumulated environmental harm — dumps/landfills of solid municipal waste located in the Arctic and non-Arctic regions of Russia. The analysis shows that biogas emissions at the Arctic sites are approximately 19—23.5 times lower than at sites in constituent entities of the Russian Federation not part of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. Sites of accumulated harm in terms of chemical composition of filtration waters and biogas emissions, depending on the stage of biochemical destruction of waste, are in the 4th—5th stages of biodegradation and destruction of waste (phases of stable methanogenesis and assimilation). The authors suggest executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as design organizations to use the research results in the development of measures and technical solutions for the elimination of decommissioned dumps/landfills of solid municipal waste.

Characteristics of deformation and damage of surrounding rock along the top roadway in the working face of an isolated island and its evolution law

This study investigates the deformation and damage characteristics of the surrounding rock along the top return mining roadway of an isolated island working face at different stages and reveals its damage mechanism and evolution law. Utilizing a mine in Yangquan City, Shanxi Province, China, as the engineering background, this research employs FLAC 3D numerical simulation and on-site measurements. The findings suggest that the evolution of the plastic zone along the top roadway of the 15,106 island face is largely similar during both the excavation and mining periods. The plastic zones on either side of the roadway are expanding asymmetrically and gradually merging into the plastic zone of the coal pillar. In the destructive stage, the sub-gangs of the roadway are penetrated, indicating the progression into the plastic zone. The investigation points to extensive damage on the larger side of the roadway, the development of fissures, and the significant depth of damage as primary causes of roadway deformation. Moreover, the extent of the plastic zones on both sides of the roadway correlates positively with their relative distance. Continuous monitoring reveals an ongoing increase in roadway displacement, consistent with general observations in coal mining. The results provide valuable insights for optimizing support structures in similar mining environments.

Investigation of the bedding effect on coal rock under Brazilian splitting tests

This contribution focuses on understanding the bedding effect of coal rocks under the Brazilian splitting test. First, multiple Brazilian splitting tests were performed on coal rocks with various bedding angles to systematically investigate the influence of stratification. Subsequently, numerical models with stratified structures were constructed, and a continuous–discontinuous numerical analysis method based on the cohesive zone model (CZM) was employed to conduct the corresponding numerical investigations. Results indicate that the load–displacement curves of coal rock specimens with different bedding angles can be classified into four stages: initial compaction stage, elastic deformation stage, crack rapid coalescence stage, and final destruction stage. With increase in the bedding angle, the failure patterns of coal rock specimens can be categorized into three groups: 1) stretching damage along bedding planes; 2) mixed tension and shear failure along the bedding planes and the coal matrix; and 3) stretching failure passing through the coal matrix. Furthermore, the tensile strength and cumulative acoustic emission (AE) energy–displacement relations are significantly influenced by the bedding angle. The numerical model can effectively predict the mechanical responses and fracture behavior of coal rock specimens, providing empirical parameters for the simulation of similar rock engineering.

Negosiasi Antara PSK (Pekerja Seks Komersial) Dengan Pelanggan (Tamu) Di Kota Bengkulu

Commercial Sex Workers) in Bengkulu City and customers (guests) in maintaining relationships. This research method is descriptive qualitative. The technique for determining informants in this research used random sampling techniques. Data collection techniques used observation, interviews and documentation. Data analysis techniques use data reduction, data display (data presentation) and conclusion drawing/verification. Based on the research results, it was concluded that interpersonal communication patterns can be broken down into several stages, including the contact stage, involvement stage, familiarity stage, destruction stage and termination stage. These stages can describe the communication pattern between prostitutes in Bengkulu City. Interpersonal communication in prostitution transactions is considered effective because of several characteristics of interpersonal communication. The first thing that stands out is the openness between prostitutes and guests. Openness in online prostitution transactions is defined as clarity in providing information from both parties, where both parties agree to continue the negotiation process. Secondly, empathy is the ability to know what other people feel. This includes when prostitutes and customers understand each other. Third, positive feelings (positiveness), a positive attitude in interpersonal communication means that prostitutes and customers view themselves positively and respect other people, using polite language when communicating. Fourth, equality, in this case the desires between prostitutes and customers. which has one goal.

Advanced strategies for conversing and fixing sulfur during waste resins oxidation through Ca/Zn oxides enhanced Na2CO3-K2CO3 system

The effective reduction of sulfur pollutant emissions during the treatment of waste resins has always posed a challenge. This study put forward a solution to using the metallic oxide enhanced Na2CO3-K2CO3 system for the treatment of waste resins (CERs). Na2CO3-K2CO3 was used as a medium for heat transfer and desulfurization, while CaO or ZnO functioned as catalysts in the sulfur conversion process. The thermodynamic analysis substantiated the reliability of enhanced sulfur fixation by CaO and ZnO. H2S, SO2 and COS primarily generated during the destruction stage of -SO3H (280–500°C) and residues (∼700°C), which were largely absorbed through a vapor-liquid-solid reaction to generate CaCO3, ZnS and K2SO4. CaO improved the conversion of sulfur to sulfate and effectively mitigated the excessive emissions of CO2. SO2 generated by the oxidation of ZnS at about 800 °C could be further absorbed by molten Na2CO3-K2CO3 to form K2SO4. The proposed method exhibited in-situ desulfurization capability and effectively inhibited the sulfur migration to gaseous products. At 800°C, the sulfur retention rate, the formation rate of SO42- and the oxidation efficiency of CERs reached 91.39 %, 80.61 % and 99.99 %, respectively. The existence of CaO and ZnO facilitated the inorganic transformation of organic sulfur, and the efficient conversion of organic sulfur into inorganic compounds was achieved. This approach provides a new opportunity to improve the treatment efficiency of radioactive solid waste containing organic sulfur.

An effective multi-restart iterated greedy algorithm for multi-AGVs dispatching problem in the matrix manufacturing workshop

An excellent automated guided vehicle (AGV) scheduling scheme can effectively improve the productivity of automated manufacturing factories and reduce costs, so the AGV dispatching problem (AGVDP) has become a research hotspot. This paper studies AGVDP with AGV capacity and the latest delivery time to reduce the cost of the total objective consisting of AGV cost, travel cost, and penalty cost. To this end, a mixed-integer linear programming model and a multi-restart iterated greedy (MRIG) algorithm are proposed. According to the characteristics of the problem, an improved nearest neighbor-based heuristic algorithm (INNH) is proposed to generate an initial solution. INNH includes a balanced two-factor selection strategy and a multiple-try insertion strategy. In the MRIG, the destruction stage has been improved to have an adaptive parameter. To enhance the quality of the initial solution and the depth of the evolution, two improved reference local searches are proposed. Furthermore, a multi-restart strategy with a checking mechanism and five restart methods is designed to avoid MRIG falling into the local optimum. The results of sufficient statistical experiments show that the MRIG is obviously superior to the existing algorithms when solving AGVDP.

Thermal Analysis of Combustible Components of Municipal Solid Waste

The use of municipal solid waste as a raw material for alternative fuel is a promising direction for waste recycling and substitution of solid fossil fuels. Therefore, selecting of fuel composition and studying of its properties is an urgent task. The aim of this work is thermal characteristics analysis of the combustible components of municipal solid waste, which are the most common in Ukraine, for further selection of a fuel composition that will satisfy the consumer's requirements. The goal is achieved by studying the thermal destruction of samples by thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis when materials are heated to 1000 ºС in the presence of air oxygen. Paper, cardboard, plastic, biodegradable film, textiles, leather, wood were investigated in this work. The most important results are the received data on the characteristic temperatures of destruction stages, content of water, organic and mineral substances, ash, as well as the calculated values of rate and conditional thermal effect of decomposition of organic substances. Strong formation of gaseous substances was registered for samples of polyethylene and biodegradable film, polyethylene terephthalate and cotton fabric. These features should be considered in the technologies of production and combustion of fuel. The significance of the results also lies in the fact that it is recommended to use data on the thermal stability of materials in order to prevent their ignition during drying when developing fuel production technology. In addition, the calculated values of the conditional thermal effect made it possible to evaluate the thermal characteristics of the studied materials as components of solid alternative fuels.

Macro-microscopic study on the crack resistance of polyester fiber asphalt mixture under dry-wet cycling and neural network prediction

Asphalt mixture is a composite material with a complex multiphase dispersed system, and its macroscopic mechanical behavior is inherently related to the microstructure characteristics. To investigate the low-temperature crack resistance degradation law of polyester fiber asphalt mixture under different dry-wet cycling conditions, six polyester fiber contents (0%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, and 0.5%) were dry-blended into SMA-13 asphalt mixture to prepare fiber-reinforced SCB specimens with pre-notches. Semi-circular bending tests were conducted to test the crack resistance performance of the fiber asphalt mixture after 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 dry-wet cycles. The experimental results show that the crack resistance performance of specimens with different fiber contents decreases with the increase of dry-wet cycling times, and the influence of salt-dry-wet coupling is greater than that of water-dry-wet coupling. Under the same conditions, the crack resistance index (CRI) increases first and then decreases with the increase of polyester fiber content, reaching its maximum at a polyester fiber content of 0.4%. When the fiber is added at 0.5%, the agglomeration of polyester fibers restricts the low-temperature performance of the specimen. In addition, the DIC technology is used to analyze the trend of horizontal strain variation of specimens after different dry-wet cycles. The results indicate that with the increase of the cycle period, the strain concentration area becomes more apparent, and in the destruction stage, the full-field horizontal strain Exx in the crack concentration zone gradually increases, while the crack resistance decreases. Finally, addressing the limitations of traditional BP neural networks in solving nonlinear problems, a particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed to optimize the BP neural network, and a PSO-BP neural network model is constructed. Through the analysis of evaluation indicators, it is found that the PSO-BP neural network has improved generalization ability compared to the traditional BP neural network model, and overfitting is reduced, making it an effective tool for predicting the low-temperature performance of polyester fiber asphalt mixtures.

Influence of saturation level on the acoustic emission characteristics of gas hydrate-bearing coal

To study the effects of gas hydrates on the prevention and control of coal and gas protrusions, this paper reports the results of acoustic emission experiments on coal bodies containing gas hydrates with different saturation levels. The results showed that few acoustic emission events were generated in the elasticity stages of coal bodies containing gas hydrates, and the first sudden increase in the number of ringing counts generally occurred before and after the yielding point. Additionally, the acoustic emission events in the yielding stage were more active, and the cumulative number of ringing counts increased faster. The peak ringing counts appeared around the damage point, and a small number of acoustic emission events were still generated after destruction of the coal samples. The cumulative ringing counts decreased linearly with increasing saturation. The effect of saturation on the cumulative ringing counts in the elasticity stage of the gas hydrate-containing coal samples was small, but the difference between the cumulative ringing counts in the yielding stage and those in the destruction stage was larger. The total cumulative ringing counts and the cumulative ringing counts during each stage for the gas hydrate-containing coal samples decreased with increasing enclosure pressure. The energy and amplitude of the loading process were consistent with the trend for the ringing counts. The acoustic emission ringing counts of gas-containing coals were greater than those of gas hydrate-containing coals in the yielding and destructing stages.

Analysis of Dynamic Mechanical Properties and Energy Consumption of Fractured Sandstone under Dynamic–Static Combination Conditions

Under dynamic loads, such as blasting, excavation, or quarrying, rocks with fissures are the first to sustain damage, leading to instability in the engineering rock mass. To investigate the kinetic properties of fractured rocks, fractured coal mine sandstone specimens underwent impact compression tests using a dynamic–static combination SHPB (split Hopkinson pressure bar) test device at different loading rates under combined dynamic and static conditions. The damage characteristics of the specimens were analyzed from an energy point of view. The results show that under the dynamic and static combined condition, when five impact loading air pressures are used for loading at different impact rates, the trends of the dynamic stress–strain curves of prefabricated fissured rock samples under various impact pressures were discovered to be similar and were mainly categorized into three main stages of elasticity, yield, and destruction; the specimen’s dynamic compressive strength increases according to a power function relationship; as the average strain rate increases, the dynamic strain increases linearly and the dynamic modulus of elasticity increases in a quadratic relationship, all of which show a significant strain rate effect. The incident energy is a power function of the loading rate. The reflected, transmitted, and absorbed energies by the sample increase with the incident energy. The degree of the sandstone specimen fragmentation gradually grows with increasing impact loading rate and incident energy, as evidenced by a decrease in the scale of the fragments. The absorbed energy in the sample is mainly used for the deformation damage of the rock, and the more intense the fragmentation of the specimen, the more absorbed energy is required.

Вплив паління на цитогенетичний статус слизової оболонки ротової порожнини в осіб підліткового та юнацького віку

Cytogenetic monitoring provides information on both the health status of the population under study and the impact of genotoxic factors, i.e., the cytogenetic status of a person can serve as a biomarker of the level of exposure to genotoxicants, including various types of smoking. Purpose - to investigate the effect of different types of smoking on the cytogenetic status, namely, to analyse the cariological parameters of buccal epithelial cells of the oral mucosa in teenagers and young adults. Materials and methods. The cytogenetic status was studied by analysing the karyological parameters of buccal epithelial cells of the oral mucosa in 114 adolescents aged 15 to 24 years, who were divided into groups: the Group I included 26 people who smoke traditional cigarettes; the Group II - 22 people who smoke electronic cigarettes (vapes); the Group III - 23 people who smoke tobacco heating devices (IQOS); the Group IV - 43 people without smoking habits. Results. A significant increase in epithelial cells of buccal epithelium with nuclear disorders was found in smokers compared to the group of people without smoking habits. In addition, in individuals without smoking habits, no nuclear disorders such as protrusions, proliferation rates, early stage of nucleus destruction and completion of nucleus destruction were detected. Conclusions. The sensitivity of buccal epithelial cells to the effects of different types of smoking was established, which affects changes in cariological parameters. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the participating institution. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interests was declared by the author.

Research on the Strength Damage and Permeability Characteristics of Cemented Paste Backfill under Chlorine Salt Erosion and Dry–Wet Cycles

Cement paste backfill (CPB) suffers serious damage and deterioration under the dual erosion conditions of the dry–wet cycle caused by the high chloride salt concentration in mine water and the fluctuation of mine water level. In order to discuss the mechanical properties and permeability characteristics of CPB under erosion, this study designs an immersion experiment for CPB under chloride salt and dry–wet cycle conditions. Through a uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) test, the change law for the mechanical parameters of the CPB was investigated, the strength constitutive equation of the CPB was constructed and the deterioration process of the CPB was analyzed. The penetration test was used to investigate the diffusion characteristics of the packing under chloride salt and dry–wet cycle conditions. The results showed that the strength and Young’s modulus of the CPB initially increased and then rapidly decreased, with maximum decrease rates of 32.2% and 38.2%, respectively. The CPB structure exhibits an initial undamaged stage, an initial damaged stage, a damaged development stage, a damaged destruction stage and a residual damaged stage. The chloride ion penetration depth gradually increased with the number of dry–wet cycles, with a maximum diffusion depth of 20.5 mm. The maximum apparent diffusion coefficient of chloride ion was 18.99 × 10−10 m2/s, and the maximum concentration was 0.303 mol/L. Under the double erosion conditions of chloride salt and dry–wet cycle, the CPB structure was severely damaged.

Performance of Pulsating Heat Pipe with a stimulus of auxiliary heat load for Battery Thermal Management System

Stimulus strategy is proposed to enhance the heat dissipation performance of Pulsating Heat Pipe (PHP) at low heat load for local hot spot regression in Battery Thermal Management (BTM). An auxiliary heat load is applied to stimulate the start-up of PHP. The performances of PHP with and without stimulus are compared and the properties of PHP after stimulus are discussed. It is concluded that the application of auxiliary heat load is able to stimulate the start-up of PHP in experiments. The strategy is mainly based on the phase-change mechanism as well as the hysteresis of working medium. Thermal resistance and the evaporator temperature are significantly reduced, if PHP starts operation after stimulus. Long period of stimulus and strong auxiliary heat load are favored for the reduction of thermal resistance and the shortening of period for start-up. The thermal resistance may be reduced by 29.1 ∼ 69.6 % and the temperature may be regressed by around 8 °C. However, PHP may suffer from temperature uplift and overshot to the maximum evaporator temperature. Therefore, high interference temperature coupled with weak auxiliary heat load and long period of stimulus are suggested as the optimal strategy. The verified strategy offers a new method for local hot spot regression and a possible way to mitigate the risk of thermal runaway, since the heat dissipation is enhanced at the initial stage of damage or destruction.

Hepatocyte growth factor is protective in early stage but bone-destructive in late stage of experimental periodontitis.

Clinical studies found high levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) expression in patients with periodontitis. Studies suggest that HGF plays an important role in periodontitis, is involved in inflammation, and modulates alveolar bone integrity in periodontitis. This study aims to investigate the effects and mechanisms of HGF in the progression of experimental periodontitis. We used silk thread ligation to induce periodontitis in HGF-overexpressing transgenic (HGF-Tg) and wild-type C57BL/6J mice. The effects of HGF overexpression on alveolar bone destruction were assessed by microcomputed tomography imaging at baseline and on days 7, 14, 21, and 28. We analyzed the cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) and lymphocytes in periodontitis tissues by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry. The effects of HGF on alveolar bone destruction were further tested by quantifying the systemic bone metabolism markers CTXI and PINP and by RNA sequencing for the signaling pathways involved in bone destruction. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed to further elucidate the involved signaling pathways. We found that experimental periodontitis increased HGF production in periodontitis tissues; however, the effects of HGF overexpression were inconsistent with disease progression. In the early stage of periodontitis, periodontal inflammation and alveolar bone destruction were significantly lower in HGF-Tg mice than in wild-type mice. In the late stage, HGF-Tg mice showed higher inflammatory responses and progressively aggravated bone destruction with continued stimulation of inflammation. We identified the IL-17/RANKL/TRAF6 pathway as a signaling pathway involved in the HGF effects on the progression of periodontitis. HGF plays divergent effects in the progression of experimental periodontitis and accelerates osteoclastic activity and bone destruction in the late stage of inflammation.

Assessment of the strength of elements in a freight car automatic coupling device

The article examines the influence of car dynamics on the safety of rolling stock. When moving, loads are transferred to the components and parts of the car, which change during the movement and depend on many factors, including the operating mode of the rolling stock. Quasi-static forces of tension and compression that work when transmitting locomotive traction to the train as a whole, determine the main dynamic parameters during operation. To determine loads during movement, a specialized software device is required that allows to retrieve data while moving. To calculate loads on components and parts, it is necessary to carry out discrete analysis, which can determine stress-strain states when assessing strength. Simulation using the Femap software package can identify the initial stages of node destruction, as well as simulate the interaction of several nodes with each other. To determine the dynamic impact of an automatic coupler on a car or two cars coupled to each other, it is necessary to first consider the loads acting on the individual components and parts of which it consists, as well as conduct a study of stress concentration on the surfaces of selected components, in this case on the inner surface of the absorber mechanism’s neck.

Effect of Silica Nanofiller on Thermal-Oxidative Degradation of Epoxy Composites Synthesized by the Sol-Gel Method

Using the sol-gel method, amine-curing polymer silica composites based on cycloaliphatic epoxy resin were obtained. The content of SiO2 filler in the composites was 0.5–10 wt %. The formed mass fractal of silica nanoparticles during the synthesis of composites has a reinforcing effect on the epoxy polymer matrix. The patterns of non-isothermal destruction of polymers and composites in the presence of atmospheric oxygen have been established. At 5 wt % SiO2, the effective activation energy of the main stage of destruction of composites increases from 165 to 254 kJ mol–1. As a result, the rate of weight loss of the samples decreases (the temperature corresponding to 50% weight loss shifts towards higher values by 30°C). The mechanism of high-temperature oxidation of pure polymer and composite with oxygen has been studied. It has been established that the introduction of SiO2 into the composition of composites increases the activation energy of isothermal oxidation of the substrate.

KEPRIBADIAN EKSTROVERT DAN INTROVERT DALAM HUBUNGAN PERSAHABATAN MELALUI PENDEKATAN KOMUNIKASI

The formulation of the problem in this study is "How is interpersonal communication on introvert and extrovert personalities in establishing friendly relations". This study uses a qualitative method. The key informant in this study was a counseling teacher who had an educational background in psychology, and a supporting informant from the Alumni Association of SMK Negeri 3 Bogor who had extroverted and introverted personality types. The results show that each personality type (extrovert and introvert) has its own way of establishing friendly relations through interpersonal communication approaches. Aspects of interpersonal communication include equality which refers to equalizing the circumstances and degrees of communication. Furthermore, the aspect of openness which in this process can make people who are in a relationship get to know each other and begin to grow trust and emotional feelings. There is also an aspect of a positive attitude, which means always thinking well and making the atmosphere of the relationship always peaceful and harmonious. Then there is the aspect of empathy that is much needed, caring actions are accompanied by verbally shown actions. The last is mutual support which is the most important aspect so that a friendly relationship avoids problems that can lead to destruction. The friendly relationship that is forged by each extrovert and introvert personality has stages. The first stage starts with contact (getting acquainted with each other), the involvement stage (getting each other's first impressions), the familiarity stage (getting to know more deeply), the destruction stage (when a crisis occurs, there are problems in friendly relations), the termination stage (disconnection can occur). relationship if the problem at hand cannot be resolved). All aspects of interpersonal communication and these stages occur in the process of establishing friendly relations in each extrovert and introvert personality type.

Экспериментально-аналитические исследования токсичности продуктов горения, обнаружения и тушения пожаров в гермобарокамерах в средах, обогащенных кислородом и при повышенном давлении

Experimental and analytical studies were carried out related to the detection and extinguishing of fires, the toxicity of products in equipment with oxygen-enriched media and at elevated pressure. Toxicity of combustion products in the pressurized pressure chambers is due to the release of aerosol particles and gaseous products of thermal-oxidative destruction of materials, for which empirical dependences are presented over a wide temperature range allowing calculations to determine the integral relative yields of reaction products. Analysis of the experimental results shows that the increase in the mass yield of aerosol particles occurs more intensely than that of toxic gases, and a noticeable release of gases begins at a temperature of about 523 K, while the release of dispersed particles occurs already at a temperature of approximately 473 K. At the early stage of thermal destruction in the temperature range 473–623 K, the yield of aerosols is 5 times higher than the yield of gases by mass. When the temperature rises close to the ignition temperature, the combustion source can be detected using gaseous products, in particular CO and CO2. Justification for the methodology for assessing the main parameters of fire extinguishing in the pressurized chambers is given. The most important elements of the main components, elements and installation as a whole are: inertia, intensity of supply of fire extinguishing agent. Dependence obtained analytically, which was confirmed in experiments, between the extinguishing time and the intensity of the supply of fire extinguishing agent is presented, which considers the characteristics of the environmental parameters in the chamber and the thermophysical properties of the flame. Dependences were obtained related to the extinguishing time on the intensity of the supply of sprayed water, on the size of the sample, and on the oxygen content in the chamber atmosphere. Results of the experimental studies indicate that changes in oxygen concentration in the atmosphere have a more noticeable effect on extinguishing parameters than changes in gas pressure.