Destruction Of World Trade Center Research Articles

OVERVIEW STRUGGLE FOR ISLAMIC EMIRATE OF AFGHANISTAN

Afghan history evident mostly, war and battles, ranging from civil wars to international forces, Taliban came in power after the withdrawal of soviet forces. Destruction of world trade center proved way for US lead international forces to root Taliban, who were seated in Afghanistan and pushed them out of power, in 2001 this defeat could not be proved to be ultimate. Taliban insurgency caused a number of national and international concern for--- of the Taliban must ruined the women education and participation in all the sphere of life A number of international organization and NGOs examined the pathetic situation of female education in the country, this study emphasis and accessed the efforts of changing scenarios of powers and government and the center and context of Taliban and warriors groups .on the basis of the available result of interviews taken by the different international bodies found its roots in al-Qaeda. On different occasion and different instances were adopted by the Taliban about the implementation and interpretation of Islamic law previously, girls schooling. The facts found different view pointed many Taliban commander was not only their because of their religious extremes approaches but the tribal condition and restriction, contributed to intensified the situation despite on the effort of USA and allies, Taliban adopted the strategy to participate to government physical presence in the state. Wherever they got power. They prolonged the agitation by adopted the gorilla war.it completed the international forces to lose the patience China had it’s over strategy aiming at constitutional its boarder in the wakhan, ultimately the Taliban announce the Islamic emirate of Afghanistan after leaving number of US forces. A large number of Afghanis seeking refuge in different countries. Taliban could not so far achieving the confidence of their people which will rise new challenge for establishment of a strong state and sound government, while the long duration of wars destroyed the infrastructure completely

Breast Cancer Characteristics in the Population of Survivors Participating in the World Trade Center Environmental Health Center Program 2002-2019.

The destruction of World Trade Center on 11 September 2001 exposed local community members to a complex mixture of known carcinogens and potentially carcinogenic substances. To date, breast cancer has not been characterized in detail in the WTC-exposed civilian populations. The cancer characteristics of breast cancer patients were derived from the newly developed Pan-Cancer Database at the WTC Environmental Health Center (WTC EHC). We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program breast cancer data as a reference source. Between May 2002 and 31 December 2019, 2840 persons were diagnosed with any type of cancer at the WTC EHC, including 601 patients with a primary breast cancer diagnosis (592 women and 9 men). There was a higher proportion of grade 3 (poorly differentiated) tumors (34%) among the WTC EHC female breast cancers compared to that of the SEER-18 data (25%). Compared to that of the SEER data, female breast cancers in the WTC EHC had a lower proportion of luminal A (88% and 65%, respectively), higher proportion of luminal B (13% and 15%, respectively), and HER-2-enriched (5.5% and 7%, respectively) subtypes. These findings suggest considerable differences in the breast cancer characteristics and distribution of breast cancer intrinsic subtypes in the WTC-exposed civilian population compared to that of the general population. This is important because of the known effect of molecular subtypes on breast cancer prognosis.

Evaluation of the concentration of the toxic 2,3,6,7-tetrachlorobiphenylene in air after an electrical material fire

It is known that when fires or explosions involve electrical systems, along with PCDDs and PCDFs, polychlorinated biphenylenes (PCBPs) are also produced. These chlorinated tricyclic aromatic pollutants were noticed in fire rubbles and after the World Trade Center destruction. However, the analytical difficulties in developing an efficient method have limited the knowledge of their environmental distribution. In light of the equipotency of 2,3,6,7-TeCBP and 2,3,7,8-TeCDD, PCBPs call for more accurate investigations. In this paper, for the first time, the level and persistence of 2,3,6,7-TeCBP have been investigated in air samples (both indoor and outdoor) after a fire broke out in an industrial building. GC–MS/MS analysis revealed that 2,3,6,7-TeCBP concentrations after the fire (3046 fg/m3 at the “epicentre”) were remarkably higher than that of the 2,3,7,8-TeCDD. Moreover, the monitoring for over two years has demonstrated the persistent nature of this compound. 2,3,6,7-TeCBP was also analyzed in two different ambient air scenario: industrial and periurban areas and in both cases its concentrations were no matter of concern, confirming the correlation of 2,3,6,7-TeCBP with fire episodes. Collectively, 2,3,6,7-TeCBP, because of its toxicity, concentration and persistence, is a crucial compound in the evaluation of the health effects correlated with fires of electrical systems.

Longitudinal Change of PTSD Symptoms in Community Members after the World Trade Center Destruction.

The World Trade Center (WTC) Environmental Health Center (EHC) is a treatment program for community members with exposure to the 9/11 terrorist attack and its physical and emotional aftermath. Compared to the general responders program, the WTC EHC is diverse with equal gender distribution, representation of many races and ethnicities, and a wide range of social economic status. Patients in the WTC EHC were initially enrolled for physical symptoms, most of which were respiratory, however a large portion of the enrollees scored positive for probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this paper we identify patient characteristics associated with probable PTSD. We also determine the characteristics associated with the longitudinal change of PTSD symptoms, including persistence and remittance, using the widely used Posttraumatic Check List-17 (PCL) cut-off value of 44, as well as changes in PCL total score and symptom cluster scores in patients of Low and High PTSD symptom severity. Few patients with elevated scores achieved a score below 44. However, longitudinal improvement in PCL score at follow-up was identified for patients with High PTSD scores (PCL > 57.5). Changes in PCL symptom clusters differed between those with High and Low PCL scores. These data suggest improvement over time in PCL score that differs depending on the severity of the score and variable responses in the PCL symptom clusters.

Abstract 695: Exposure to World Trade Center (WTC) dust initiates a pro-cancer inflammatory signature in mice

Abstract The World Trade Center destruction exposed many individuals to chemicals associated with inflammation and cancer including insulation fibers, asbestos, glass fibers and dioxins. Though the exposure to WTC dust was short, responders experienced an acute intake of harmful dust particles may be at risk for developing long term health problems. To date, responders have shown higher rates of prostate and thyroid cancer compared to non-exposed individuals. Curiously, rates of lung cancer have not shown to increase. To model the effects of WTC dust exposure on inflammation and cancer, we have taken a genetic approach including treatment of Wt C57/Bl6j mice and mice with genetic predisposition to prostate or lung cancer. Using a dosing strategy consisting of 4 consecutive exposures to WTC dust (3 mg/30 ul in PBS dosed via nasal instillation), we assayed for changes in immune and inflammatory gene expression at short term (7 days post exposure) and longer (3 wks. post exposure) time points. RNAs from normal prostate, spleen, lung and blood were assessed using RT2 Profiler PCR Arrays (Inflammation Panel). Organs harvested from WTC dust treated mice showed increased expression of markers including prostate (Ctla4, Cxcl5, IL17a, Il6), lung (Cxcl5, Cxcr1, Bcl2l1), spleen (Ccl20, Cxcl11, Ccl28, Il17a) and blood (Il6) when normalized to PBS controls. As an extreme test of WTC dust effects in a target organ, WTC dust was introduced directly to the mouse prostate (4 mg, orthotoptic injection), resulting in significantly increased prostate size associated with marked elevation of inflammatory/immune gene expression (Cxcl5, Il17a, Ccl20, Il6, Ifng). Histological analysis showed massive immune cell infiltration as well as increased proliferation of prostate epithelia (5-7% Ki67+) compared to PBS controls (0.1%). Collectively, these data indicate that WTC dust can induce a strong inflammatory response systemically or by contact with the cells of the prostate. To determine whether WTC dust exposure promotes cancer progression, we applied two genetically mouse (GEM) models of cancer susceptibility. These include use of prostate specific Cre recombinase (Probasin Cre), to induce susceptibility to prostate cancer by loss of function of key tumor suppressors (Ptenloxp/Wt, p53loxp/Wt) or activation of oncogenes (Krasloxp-G12D) but also to induce cancer susceptibility in lung in a GEM model with Adeno cre virus mediated excision of p53loxp/Wt and KrasG12D. These studies indicate that WTC dust exposure is capable of inducing a strong inflammatory response in mice including elevated expression of multiple cytokines that are associated with human cancer progression. Current studies will determine whether WTC dust exposure can induce cancer or promote progression in responders with or without genetic susceptibility to tumorigenesis. Citation Format: Lin Wang, Andriy Kobryn, Kyeongah Kang, Emanuela Taioli, William Oh, Paolo Boffetta, Shu-Hsia Chen, Stuart Aaronson, David J. Mulholland. Exposure to World Trade Center (WTC) dust initiates a pro-cancer inflammatory signature in mice [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 695.

Community impact of the World Trade Center destruction

Community impact of the World Trade Center destruction

Community impact of the World Trade Center destruction

Community impact of the World Trade Center destruction

Community impact of the World Trade Center destruction

Community impact of the World Trade Center destruction

Community impact of the World Trade Center destruction

Community impact of the World Trade Center destruction

Fire Examination of Superhigh-Rise Apartment Building "Wooshin Golden Suites" in Busan, Korea

With rapid advance of construction technology, buildings have become much larger and higher. East Asian cities also have a forest of superhigh-rise buildings backed by their economic development. With many buildings, cities changed their skylines and superhigh-rise buildings with characteristic appearance are now regarded as the landmark of the city. As superhigh-rise buildings are built by fully integrating state-of-the-art construction technology, construction of superhigh-rise buildings and formation of cities having those tall buildings represent the technological or economic strength of the nation. In fact many people believe they are the symbol of the nation. To give some examples of superhigh-rise building fires in recent years, there are cases including destruction of World Trade Center by terrorism in New York, USA in 2001, Windsor building fire in Madrid, Spain in 2005 and CCTV high-rise building fire in Beijing, China in 2009 among others. As seen in these examples, fires in superhighrise buildings often burnt down and entirely destroyed the building, and yet the overcrowding trend of cities seems to continue. Under such circumstances, South Korea entered the rush to build superhigh-rise residential buildings in 1990s mainly in Seoul starting with the construction of 30-story residential building in early 1990s. Eventually in 2000s, buildings principally designed for residential use including superhigh-rise residential and commercial complexes or officetels (buildings with units that can be used as either office or house) became higher than 70 stories. South Korea shows different tendency from other advanced nations in situations that led to build superhigh-rise buildings. The reasons are described here.

Characteristics of a Residential and Working Community With Diverse Exposure to World Trade Center Dust, Gas, and Fumes

To describe physical symptoms in those local residents, local workers, and cleanup workers who were enrolled in a treatment program and had reported symptoms and exposure to the dust, gas, and fumes released with the destruction of the World Trade Center (WTC) on September 11, 2001. Symptomatic individuals underwent standardized evaluation and subsequent treatment. One thousand eight hundred ninety-eight individuals participated in the WTC Environmental Health Center between September 2005 and May 2008. Upper and lower respiratory symptoms that began after September 11, 2001 and persisted at the time of examination were common in each exposure population. Many (31%) had spirometry measurements below the lower limit of normal. Residents and local workers as well as those with work-associated exposure to WTC dust have new and persistent respiratory symptoms with lung function abnormalities 5 or more years after the WTC destruction.

Fourteen Points of Agreement with Official Government Reports on the World Trade Center Destruction

Reports by FEMA and NIST lay out the official account of the destruction of the World Trade Center on 9/11/2001. In this Letter, we wish to set a foundation for productive discussion and understanding by focusing on those areas where we find common ground with FEMA and NIST, while at the same time countering several popular myths about the WTC collapses.

Review of Two Documentary Films from The Cinema Guild: Buried in the Back Yard and Other People's Pictures

Two distinctive 2006 documentaries distributed by The Cinema Guild, Buried in Back Yard (thirty minutes) and Other People's Pictures (fifty-three minutes) are both studies of apparently ordinary people pursuing strange obsessions. However, two obsessions investigated here are wildly different in almost every respect; in thus focusing on odd contemporary preoccupations that co-exist in American popular culture but inhabit totally different spaces within it, these two films-while very similar in format, style, and quality-produce strikingly divergent effects. Buried in Back Yard, which examines attitudes and motivations of regular folks building elaborate bomb shelters in reaction to terrorist attacks, is essentially provocative; tacitly poses more, and far more interesting, questions than explicitly raises and answers. Other People's Pictures, which examines attitudes and motivations of collectors purchasing old snapshots of complete strangers in New York's Chelsea Flea Market, is essentially evocative; its subjects, too, explain why they do what they do, but effect is to invite audience to understand and appreciate their unusual hobby, not, as in Buried in Back Yard, to suggest tacitly that there is a highly ironic alternative interpretation for their intense commitment to it. Amidst sensational headlines proclaiming possibility of A Nuclear 9/11 and voiceovers of government officials, from President Bush to anonymous bureaucrats, asserting that a terrorist threat exists and that greatest asset safeguarding America's security is vigilance and informed awareness of its citizenry, Buried in Back Yard features eight individuals, couples, or families who have built and stocked underground backyard bomb shelters as a reaction to destruction of World Trade Center's twin towers in 2001. These are (mostly) everyday people who feel, as does a young man on streets of New York, that the cold war is over, but always there; one button, and ... always at back of my mind, or, like self-proclaimed survivalist mom, that everyone should be a survivalist... as a way of life, or, like Steve in his Michigan kitchen, that don't know what's going to happen; gonna come out of blue. Don and Barbara began building their Georgia bomb shelter after to try to be prepared for any eventuality. Andre shows off eightytwo-foot tunnel, his emergency exit, leading to a shelter in Massachusetts (built under a fountain erected as a memorial to his deceased wife) that contains (in addition to a shrine housing her ashes) an elaborate monitoring system from which he can maintain surveillance throughout his home and trigger a variety of intricate booby traps planted all over it. Paul, whose child-friendly shelter in Utah no provisions for pets, so his dog will not be going down hatch, acknowledges that it's very difficult ... to find a husband and wife who are both on same page on this but is motivated by Russia's continuing ability to end existence of United States in less than thirty minutes. However, many of his neighbors believe that having a shelter wouldn't do you much good because if goes out to nuclear, doesn't matter what preparations you make; would demolish everything ... except for cockroaches. Jay believes that constantly building and refining elaborate underground shelter on his farm in Utah is part of my calling as a husband and father to look after my family; his wife Kim, who does not get into it as much and concedes that shelter is a source of marital friction, nevertheless thinks that never know what's going to happen. ... but [while] you can go overboard ... I actually think we need to do more. Steve and Jeremy, who decide not to stock cyanide capsules in their Arizona shelter (designed to house fifteen for four months) because the shelter's built to survive, complain that civil defense has been . …

해상테러 위험요소의 구조와 우선순위 분석

전 세계는 테러리스트에 의한 세계무역센터의 공격으로 인해 테러로부터의 안전과 보호를 강화하기 위해 초점이 맞추어져 있다. 본 연구는 해상테러 위험요소의 구조와 우선순위를 분석하고자 한다. 이를 위해 먼저 테러의 유형과 사례를 토대로 브레인스토밍법을 이용하여 해상테러 위험요소를 추출하였고, 퍼지구조모델법을 이용하여 위험요소를 그래프로 구조화 하였으며, 계층분석법을 이용하여 위험요소간의 우선순위를 분석하였다. 그 결과 외부영향이 가장 큰 위험요소인 것으로 나타났다. Since the destruction of World Trade Center the attention of the United States and the wider international community has focussed upon the need to strengthen security and prevent terrorism This paper suggests an analysis prior to risk factor and structure for anti-terrorism in the korean maritime society. For this, in this paper, maritime terror risk factor was extracted by type and case of terror using brainstorming method. Also, risk factor is structured by FSM method and analyzed for ranking of each risk factor by AHP. At the result, the evaluation of risk factor is especially over maximum factor for related external impact.

America Right or Wrong: An Anatomy of American Nationalism

AMERICA RIGHT OR WRONG An Anatomy of American Nationalism Anatol lieven New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. xiv, 274pp, $45.00 cloth (ISBN 0-19-516840-2)Over past fifty years, writes Anatol lieven in preface to this important and controversial book, the United States has stumbled into one disastrously misconceived intervention after another, both large (Vietnam, Iraq) and small (Lebanon, Somalia). It is time that more Americans begin to ask themselves just what is wrong with their bloody system (x). The question of what is wrong with has of course been asked before, classically by such foreign observers as Alexis de Tocqueville and James Bryce, and at home by a long train of critics and dissenters, from Puritan divines to Henry David Thoreau, Mark Twain, Senator J. William Fulbright, and their presentday successors. lieven-a British journalist now resident in Washington who has written on east European nationalism-finds what is wrong with American system to be its nationalism, or, more precisely, the demons of American radical (217).Part polemic, part political sociology, and part comparative history, Right or Wrong is product of a particular time and place: period of great fear, war fever, and intellectual paralysis in George W. Bush's Washington during two years or so immediately following destruction of World Trade Center in September 2001. In his attempt to explain malfunctioning of US system, lieven argues that ugly underside of American nationalism, with its social sources in embittered white middle class, cracker south and frontier-minded west, and in aggressive religiosity of evangelical and fundamentalist Christians, came to fore in nation's capital in newly respectable form in that time of perceived national emergency. This radical nationalism intimidated and silenced all potential centres of political opposition and dangerously threatened secular Enlightenment ideals enshrined in founding documents of American republic. America keeps a splendid and welcoming house, lieven observes, but it also keeps a family of demons in its cellar (i).The sudden political ascendancy in Washington of this bush-league American nationalism, which is fundamentally different from mild, civic nationalism of almost universally admired American creed, lieven continues, brought out worst instincts of Washington's lingering Cold War-era policy elites to produce a vengeful, bullying foreign policy comparable to that of Kaiser's Germany of 1914. Inevitably, this American militarism resulted in estrangement of United States from international community. The problem was exacerbated, particularly in Islamic world, by an unholy alliance that developed between radical American nationalism, with its roots in evangelical religion, and radical Israeli nationalism, with its roots in Israeli fundamentalist religion-and its characteristic intransigence on question of Palestine.Read closely-and Right or Wrong is a book that demands and richly repays close reading-the book's thesis is itself both partly right and partly wrong. lieven's overall argument about nationalist tendencies of Bush-era Republicans, whom author refers to repeatedly as the American Nationalist Party, is, of course, unexceptionable. But his research into that party's current religio-political and regional base serves merely to confirm conventional wisdom among political observers. …

A survey assessment of the level of preparedness for domestic terrorism and mass casualty incidents among Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma members.

The goal of this survey was to establish a benchmark for trauma surgeons' level of operational understanding of the command structure for a pre-hospital incident, a mass casualty incident (MCI), and weapons of mass destruction (WMD). The survey was distributed before the World Trade Center destruction on September 11, 2001. The survey was developed by the authors and reviewed by a statistician for clarity and performance. The survey was sent to the membership of the 2000 Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma spring mailing, with two subsequent mailings and a final sampling at the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma 2001 meeting. Of 723 surveys mailed, 243 were returned and statistically analyzed (significance indicated by p < 0.05). No statistical difference existed between level of designation of a trauma center (state or American College of Surgeons) and a facility's level of pre-paredness for MCIs or WMD. Physicians in communities with chemical plants, railways, and waterway traffic were statistically more likely to work at facilities with internal disaster plans addressing chemical and biological threats. Across all variables, physicians with military training were significantly better prepared for response to catastrophic events. With the exception of cyanide (50%), less than 30% of the membership was prepared to manage exposure to a nerve agent, less than 50% was prepared to manage illness from intentional biological exposure, and only 73% understood and were prepared to manage blast injury. Mobile medical response teams were present in 46% of the respondents' facilities, but only 30% of those teams deployed a trauma surgeon. Approximately 70% of the membership had been involved in an MCI, although only 60% understood the command structure for a prehospital incident. Only 33% of the membership had training regarding hazardous materials. Of interest, 76% and 65%, respectively, felt that education about MCIs and WMD should be included in residency training. A facility's level of pre-paredness for MCIs or WMD was not related to level of designation as a trauma center, but may be positively influenced by local physicians with prior military background. Benchmark information from this survey will provide the architecture for the development and implementation of further training in these areas for trauma surgeons.

Adolescents’ reactions to the world trade center destruction: A study of political trauma in metropolitan New York

This study examined the emotional response of 110 adolescents living in the New York metropolitan area one month and five months after the destruction of the World Trade Center (WTC) by terrorists. The purpose of the study was to assess emerging hypotheses in political psychology that suggest that there are differential emotional responses to a national trauma that recede in predictable directions. The results followed predictions and indicate that adolescents experienced a higher level of emotions related to the Crisis and Bereavement dimension than affect associated with Vulnerability and that the emotional response decreased during the four-month follow-up period. There was no effect on emotional response from the biological sex or political orientation of the respondents, which is inconsistent with other studies in the literature. The absence of a political orientation effect is explained in terms of the lack of a domestic ideological difference in response to the terrorist attack.

Understanding and Preventing Violence: The Psychology of Human Destructiveness

LEIGHTON C. WHITAKER: Understanding and Preventing Violence: The Psychology of Human Destructiveness. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2000, 227 pp., ISBN 0-8493-2265-0. I was reading Understanding and Preventing Violence, when TV images of terrible destruction of World Trade Center and The Pentagon filled my mind. What could help our understanding of suicidal fanatics who would kill over 6,000 innocent civilians? I reread Leighton Whitaker's sections on antigovernment extremists, terrorists, and deadly cults. The background of deadly groups like Aryan Nation and Aum in Japan with their techniques, authoritarian leadership, and distance from victim was helpful. However, these activities seem to pale in comparison with massive destruction requiring huge expenses, planning, secret organization, and utter disregard for life as was inflicted on New York and Washington, D.C. How is one to understand such religious fanaticism mixed with murderous hatred? It is not Whitaker's fault that he does not answer these questions. None of us anticipated this type and amount of violence. It is for future authors to take up these issues when and if nation can heal and look at events with some distance and rationality. That said, author tries to cover a great deal of material in a small book; from dehumanizing effects of ordinary social interaction to explaining Hitler. Whitaker's approach is to emphasize the indirect causative factors or influences that provide and facilitate lethal behavior, not just immediate apparent cause. The second chapter covers a series of observations on social factors and violence. The primary premise is that some solutions to violence-more prisons, more death penalties, more police, and more guns-have actually exacerbated situation. Portrayal of violence in media is particularly described and its relationship to self-reinforcing violence in society is pointed out. This chapter, as do others, attempts to offer constructive suggestions, including improving parenting, teaching, critical thinking, countering racism, reforming education, and filling spiritual void. This is not an easy agenda to meet. Chapter three covers institutionalized aggression and violence, ranging from legal and journalistic professions to extremist and doomsday cults. There is specific information on inhibiting institutional violence and suggestions for inhibiting antigovernment activities. But more generally, what is needed is early education in relationships and democratic living. Chapter four details a long list of CIA's institutional aggression over past fifty years, which involves human rights violations, and outright deaths. Of special note is case of psychiatrist, Dr. Ewen Cameron, funded by CIA, who subjected his patients to aggressive treatment in attempts at depatterning. …