Destination Sequenced Distance Vector Research Articles

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PROACTIVE ROUTING PROTOCOLS (DSDV, OLSR) & REACTIVE ROUTING PROTOCOLS (AODV, DSR) IN MANET USING NS-3

The abstract outlines a comprehensive analysis focusing on routing protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs). Ad-hoc networks are dynamic wireless networks without a central infrastructure. This analysis compares two types of routing protocols—proactive (table-driven) and reactive (on-demand)—using simulation analysis. The protocols DSDV, OLSR, AODV, and DSR are evaluated using NS-3, considering various performance metrics under different scenarios. The research aims to provide insights into protocol strengths and weaknesses, aiding network protocol selection and potential enhancements. This investigation contributes to understanding routing behaviours in ever-changing MANETs, benefiting network design and optimization efforts. Keywords: MANET (Mobile Ad Hoc Network), DSDV (Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector), OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing), AODV (Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector), DSR (Dynamic Source Routing), Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

Modifikasi Protokol Routing DSDV Menggunakan Algoritma Dynamic-power transmission untuk Mengurangi Interferensi Sinyal dalam Pengiriman Data Berdasarkan Tingkat Kepadatan Node di Jaringan MANET

Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a decentralized collection of nodes that exchange information temporarily via wireless transmission. When nodes communicate, all nodes in the communication range will be affected by signal interference from other nodes. The problem that arises due to this signal interference is that it will affect or interfere with the signal transmitted to the receiver, resulting in a decrease in network performance which will impact the quality of service (QoS). To overcome the problem of signal interference, use interference management. This study applies the Dynamic-Power Transmission (DPT) algorithm to the Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV) routing protocol framework. DPT-DSDV will adjust the communication range automatically based on the node density level. When a node sends data packets to neighbouring nodes, the communication range will be adjusted automatically based on the selected level. The performance of DPT-DSDV will be compared with standard DSDV and standard AODV by looking at performance based on three parameters, namely throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and end-to-end delay. Based on the results of research trials, applying the dynamic-power transmission algorithm can improve the performance of the standard DSDV routing protocol. Throughput results on DPT-DSDV increased by 0.90%. The packet delivery ratio (PDR) increased by 0.50%, and end-to-end delay decreased by 2.80%.
 Key words: MANET, Interference, Quality of Service, Routing, DSDV, Dynamic-Power Transmission.

Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocols for Vehicle Re-Routing in ITS-based Vehicular Networks

This study aims to assess the performance of routing protocols in Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)-based vehicular networks, specifically in accident and highway scenarios. The effective management of traffic flow in these situations is crucial for ensuring the safety and smooth operation of vehicular networks. Therefore, it is imperative to evaluate routing protocols to identify the most suitable one for these scenarios. The evaluation considers various commonly used routing protocols in vehicular networks, including Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Ad hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV), and Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV). The evaluation is based on several performance metrics, such as packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, network throughput, normalized routing load, and routing overhead. These metrics provide insights into the effectiveness and efficiency of the routing protocols in handling re-routing in accident and highway scenarios. The research is divided into two modules, Module I and Module II, to evaluate the effectiveness of routing protocols in these distinct scenarios using the NS2 simulation tool. The simulation results are analyzed and compared to determine the performance of the routing protocols in each module. The findings indicate that AODV consistently achieves the highest throughput, packet delivery ratio, and lowest end-to-end delay, routing overhead, and normalized routing load, followed by AOMDV and then DSDV. The findings of this study contribute to the understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of different routing protocols in accident and highway scenarios. This knowledge can assist in the development of more efficient and reliable routing protocols for vehicular networks.

Nature-Inspired Energy Enhancement Technique for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) play a major role in various applications, yet maintaining energy efficiency remains a critical challenge due to their limited energy availability. Network lifetime is one of the primary parameters for analyzing the performance of a WSN. This proposed work aims to improve the network lifetime of a WSN by enhancing its energy utilization through the Enhanced Monkey Search Algorithm (E-MSA). The E-MSA provides an optimum solution for this issue by finding a better routing decision by analyzing the available energy on the nodes and the distance between the source and destination. Additionally, a Class Topper Optimization (CTO) algorithm is also included in the work for determining an efficient node to be the cluster head and lead cluster head. In this technique, the data packets are collected by the lead cluster head from the other cluster heads for sending the information in a sequential manner to the base station for reducing data loss. A simulation model is implemented in the NS2 platform with 700 nodes in a 300 × 300 square meter area with 0.5 J of energy to each node for finding the efficiency of the proposed E-MSA with CTO algorithm over the traditional On-Demand Distance Vector (ODV) and Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) approaches. The experimental outcome indicates that the proposed work can reach a maximum lifetime of 1579 s which is comparatively better than the ODV and DSDV approaches by 212 and 358 s, respectively. Similarly, a packet delivery ratio of 79% is achieved with a throughput of 0.85 Mbps along with a delay of 0.48 s for the operation of all 700 nodes.

End to end delay distribution analysis and interference aware high throughput for Wireless Mesh Networks

The wireless mesh network is an innovative and efficient wireless communication approach with immense potential to transform future wireless networks. This cutting-edge wireless technology provides a wide range of wireless services for personal, local, campus, and metropolitan environments. The wireless mesh network consists of a cluster of mobile wireless nodes that can dynamically and instantaneously create random and temporary network topologies, forming a wireless ad-hoc network. Ad hoc wireless networks are particularly advantageous due to their cost-effectiveness and ease of deployment. In order to further optimize the performance of ad-hoc networks, different routing algorithms such as Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing Algorithm (DSR) and Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) have been thoroughly researched via simulation.

Evaluation of energy consumption in mobile ad hoc network routing protocols

Rapidly evolving wireless network technology continues to be one of the focal points in academic research. Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) consist of mobile nodes and the efficient transmission of data among these nodes is crucial for the network's operation. In this study, four of the most common routing protocols, namely AODV(Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector), DSR(Dynamic Source Routing), OLSR(Optimized Link State Routing), and DSDV(Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector) were evaluated using different scenarios in the NS-2 simulation environment. As known, the lifetime of a wireless network is proportional to the battery limits of its nodes. Therefore, the choice of routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks is critical for the network's lifetime. In this study, the energy consumption of the aforementioned routing protocols was analyzed under different conditions, and it was concluded that table-driven routing protocols, especially DSDV, demonstrated the best energy performance in various scenarios.

DESTINATION SEQUENCED DISTANCE VECTOR ROUTING TAKING INTO ACCOUNT SIGNAL TO NOISE FOR FLYING AD HOC NETWORK

Flying ad hoc network (FANET) is becoming more popular in both military and civilian applications. The primary characteristic of the FANET is high mobility, which results in a constantly changing topology. This is a significant challenge for protocols that control data transmission from nodes to base stations. As a result, many research groups have recently been attracted to the study of data transmission control protocols in FANET, typically routing protocols. This paper presents the application of the Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) routing protocols for FANET. We improve the DSDV routing protocol by considering signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) when discovering new routes. The simulation results show that the improved DSDV algorithm outperforms the traditional DSDV algorithm in terms of network throughput, end-to-end delay and SNR.

An investigation on applicability of Ad-hoc routing protocols in Fog-assisted smart health care system

Cloud computing is widely adopted as it provides real-time services to users on a respectable scale in alignment with pay-per-use models. The heterogeneity and lively characteristics of the cloud network's components make failure inevitable. The failure also has an impact on the cloud service's dependability and accessibility. A computer paradigm called fog brings cloud computing services closer to edge hardware. Fog computing is being used more and more in applications that require faster real-time services, and the healthcare industry has embraced it heavily due to the urgent need to save lives. This work is aimed to investigate the suitable ad-hoc routing protocol for fog-assisted smart health monitoring system. By simulating with the network simulator NS-2 and using throughput, latency, and packet delivery ratio (PDR) as assessment criteria, the effectiveness of routing protocols is assessed. The protocols Ad-hoc on-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) are being tested. The AODV exhibits encouraging results with other comparative protocols.

Performance Analysis by Improving Energy Efficiency in IoT Based Wireless Sensor Network for Routing Algorithm

Objectives: To improve the energy efficiency in IoT-based wireless sensor networks. To increase the sensor node lifetime in any wireless sensor network (WSN) based on the Energy-efficient cluster and routing in WSN. The advancement in the electronic industry has to develop the low powerconsuming and low-cost devices for multiple purposes. Methods: A new algorithm is proposed to improve the energy efficiency in IoT-based WSN for routing algorithms. The low power consuming devices are wisely chosen for the respected application and their power management. This study is intended to provide efficient routing algorithms with less energy consumption in wireless sensor networks. Findings: A wireless sensor network deployed with a number of non-static nodes in a communication network are beneficial for numerous fields such as the military, medical sector, structural health monitoring, transportation industries, etc. In this paper, the performance parameters like average throughput, average end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, average node energy, and normalized routing load are analyzed. Novelty: We designed and simulated the Distributed IoT-based wireless network system to analyze the information of nodes roaming in the vicinity of the zone area. In proposed technique energy efficiency is increased compared to the conventional algorithm. In node centric routing protocol, energy efficiency is increased from 55% to 68%. In data centric routing protocol, energy efficiency is increased from 65% to 75%. In source-initiated routing protocol, energy efficiency is increased from 68% to 80%. In destination-initiated routing protocol, energy efficiency is increased from 72% to 85%. Keywords: Ad Hoc OnDemand stance Vector (AODV); DestinationSequenced DistanceVector Routing (DSDV); Dynamic source routing (DSR); MQ Telemetry Transport (MQTT); Quality of Services (QoS); Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)

Comparative Analysis of Low and High Scalable VANET in terms of Receive Rate, Packets Received, MAC/PHY Overhead and Average Goodput

The modern advancements in mobile and wireless communications have made an tremendous change in human lifestyles. Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are self-organized and self-configured networks consisting of moving nodes that communicate through wireless communication systems. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is a special category of MANETs with some distinctive set of characteristics. Some common features of VANET are its use of multi-hop communications between mobile vehicles with limited bandwidth and self-organization of the moving vehicles. Also, VANET is differed from MANET by the feature of high mobility of nodes. One significant advantage of VANET over MANET is that the computing devices get continuous power from its vehicles. Scalability refers to a VANET's ability to accept a rising number of communicating vehicles without experiencing disruption or loss in data transfer or traffic loading, which increases administrative complexity and reduces network performance. Because of its difficult properties, designing a scalable and robust network is an open topic of research in VANET. When VANETs go from sparse to dense mode, or from high mobility to slow traffic conditions, several design methods fall short. The performance metrics Average Goodput, MAC/PHY overhead, packet received, and receive rate over four VANET routing protocols- Ad-hoc On Demand Vector (AODV), Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) in a defined area. The results showed that DSR performed well in average goodput,MAC/PHY overhead, receive rate, and packets received in low and highly scalable scenarios.

A Performance Analysis of MANET Routing Protocols

A group of mobile nodes creates an arrangement connected to a remote media, forming a dynamic topology. In adhoc networks, Any time a device sends data to another node, that node uses energy, and occasionally the data transmission will halt when all the power is used up. The difficulty with MANET is reducing the energy consumption of the network's intermediary devices so that the network is active during data transmission because Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) devices are often power-driven. Then, using performance measurements, a performance analysis is carried out across several routing protocols, including Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad-hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV), Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV), and Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV). The performance analysis is done using the NS2.35 simulator.

A Survey on Various MANET Protocols

In recent years, mobile technology is popular among the human society which makes the humans connected virtually to both living things [Social Media] and non living things [IOT]. MANET plays a vital role in wireless network infrastructure. Ad-hoc Wireless network consist of a two or more mobile nodes connected wirelessly in a self configured, self-healing network without having a constant framework. Each and every device in MANET was able to move freely in any directions to share the information between each devices or nodes of network. Many routing protocols for such networks have been proposed so far to find optimized routes from source to the destination and prominent among them are Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV), and Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) routing protocols. The charateristics comparison of these protocols should be considered as the primary step to understand the routing protocol in a perfect manner.

Interpretation and Investigations of Topology Based Routing Protocols Applied in Dynamic System of VANET

The intelligent transportation system is necessary for smart connection among vehicles and roadways equipment. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) where vehicles are linked together through a wireless link is an emerging research area and gaining attention for this smart connection where each vehicle is a node in the ad-hoc network consists of groups of stationary or moving vehicles. This dynamic system of VANET provides an infrastructure that builds new solution for safety and comfort but this implementation presents a hurdle in the selection and designing of a routing protocol which is capable of providing reliable and efficient transportation of packets. The prior objective of this research is to select and suggest reliable routing protocol and gives a performance assessment of the topology based protocol’s properties in terms of high-density dynamic systems of vehicles i.e., Ad Hoc on-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Optimized Link State Routing Protocol, Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector on the grounds of simulation parameters (packet delivery ratio (PDR), overhead (OH), throughput ratio (TR)). The performance is evaluated using network simulator and mobility simulator the Simulation of Urban Mobility. The result shows that in case of TR and OH, protocol DSR outperforms but in case of PDR, protocol AODV outperforms. From the above, conclusion is that this research will assist the researchers in selecting the better routing protocol in the implementation of dynamic system of VANET infrastructure.

Quality of service assessment routing protocols for performance in a smart building: A case study

ABSTRACT Wireless sensor network (WSN) with several sensors is used to group measurements of certain physical quantities or environmental conditions, including sound, temperature, pressure, vibration, motion, or pollution, at various locations and ranges. In WSNs, several protocols address the issue of routing. Sensor nodes in WSN usually have limited energy resources and storage capacities. Therefore, the issue of energy usage in sensors and protocols is very important. This paper analyzes and compares the quality of service (QoS) performances of three important routing protocols of the mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) including Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), dynamic source routing (DSR), and destination sequenced distance vector (DSDV), in a smart building case study. The QoS evaluation metrics include residual energy of nodes, instant throughput (IT), average throughput (AT), packet delivery ratio (PDR), packet loss ratio (PLR), and route discovery latency (RDL) based on IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol standard. The simulation is carried out using NS2, and the WSN has 16 fixed and 4 mobility nodes with different speeds and paths. The simulation results illustrate that average throughput in AODV is 1.985118 (kbps), however, the figures for DSR and DSDV are 1.977780 and 1.720700 (kbps), respectively. PDR, also, in DSR stands at 1.0, but the figures for AODV and DSDV are lower with the range of 0.999572 and 0.997930, respectively. Overall, The DSR protocol provides a better performance compared to AODV and DSDV routing protocols in terms of PLR and PDR. Also, AODV has better efficiency in RDL and AT compared to other assumed protocols.

Investigating Energy Efficiency of Mobile Ad-hoc Network Routing Protocols

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a wireless network that comes with a few routing protocols which have varied mechanisms. Studies show that routing operations consume energy while current research focuses more on MANET routing protocol operation and its performance evaluation, the required energy for successful routing operations equally demands quality attention of researchers. Hence, the need to expand the scope of study on MANET routing protocols to the neglected area of studies. To bridge the research gap between MANET routing protocols and energy consumption, this paper used residual energy to analyze routing protocols’ energy efficiency as a metric to analyze selected routing protocols; Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV) and Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) via simulation. It also compared the amount of energy required to transmit the data packets to their destinations in DSDV and AODV. Results, in terms of energy efficiency, indicated that AODV was better than DSDV because it consumed less energy for its successful routing operations

Wireless Body Area Routing Protocols Impact Analysis on Entity Mobility Models with Static Sink Node

The most important and emerging characteristic of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs), which differentiates them from other wired and wireless area networks, is mobility. Therefore, the routing protocols for WBAN are designed in such a way that they can deal with dynamic changes in topology and provide maximum throughput, packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay, and minimum energy consumption. Thus, achieving optimal values for every performance parameter becomes a big challenge. This work investigates the performance of three separate path discovery protocols, such as Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV), Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), and Ad Hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing protocol (AOMDV), for two different mobility models with a fixed-positioned sink. During experimentation, the AOMDV routing protocol achieves a high packet delivery ratio (PDR), average end-to-end delay, and throughput as compared to other routing protocols.

A Mathematical-Based Model for Estimating the Path Duration of the DSDV Routing Protocol in MANETs

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are kind of wireless networks where the nodes move in decentralized environments with a highly dynamic infrastructure. Many well-known routing protocols have been proposed, with each having its own design mechanism and its own strengths and weaknesses and most importantly, each protocol being mainly designed for specific applications and scenarios. Most of the research studies in this field used simulation testbeds to analyze routing protocols. Very few contributions suggested the use of analytical studies and mathematical approaches to model some of the existing routing protocols. In this research, we have built a comprehensive mathematical-based model to analyze the Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector protocol (DSDV), one of the main widely deployed proactive protocols and studied its performance on estimating the path duration based on the concepts of the probability density function and the expected values to find the best approximation values in real scenarios. We have tested the validity of the proposed model using simulation scenarios implemented by the Network Simulator tool (NS3). The results extracted from both the mathematical model and the simulation have shown that the path duration is inversely proportional to both the speed of the node and the hop count. Furthermore, it had shown that the path duration estimated from the DSDV protocol is less than the actual path duration, due to the implementation of the settling time concept and keeping the “periodic routes’ update” parameter at a constant level, despite the fact that the node’s speed reduces the effective path utilization.

Internet of Vehicles Employing Network as a Service

Background: Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are built on the principles of Mobile Ad-hoc networks, and there are numerous approaches to achieve vehicular communication like vehicle to infrastructure or by vehicle to vehicle with the advantage of Ad-hoc networks. In VANETs, the vehicle to itself and vehicle to roadside architecture both coexist to lend safety, services, and navigation; therefore they are an integral element of the intelligent transportation systems framework. The routing protocols in vehicle-to-vehicle communication are used to optimize the propagation of the messages. Objective: The purpose of this study is to analyze the traits of the routing protocols on the basis of various performance metrics like end-to-end delay, packet drop ratio, and throughput. The routing protocols named Ad-Hoc on-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) have been compared considering a real-life scenario. Objective: The purpose of this study is to analyze the traits of the routing protocols on the basis of various performance metrics like end-to-end delay, packet drop ratio, and throughput. The routing protocols named Ad-Hoc on-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) have been compared considering a real-life scenario. Methods: It evaluates DSDV, DSR & AODV protocols in Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) through the open street map. SUMO mobility file was configured to the Network Simulator 3 to study the performance of AODV, DSDV, and DSR. Results and Conclusion: By examining the protocols, we concluded that AODV is better when evaluated on the parameters named end-to-end delay, packet drop ratio, and throughput. The practical application of our study can be found in collision alert, emergency response community, highway/rail collision avoidance, etc.

SIMULATION AND COMPARISON OF AD HOC NETWORKS ROUTING PROTOCOLS BASED ON OPNET

Ad-hoc routing algorithm has always been a core problem in research of ad-hoc networks. In order to be able to deal with various routing protocol problems on an ad-hoc network like poor validity and large control overhead, this paper classify and compare ad-hoc network routing protocols through OPNET simulation tool and focus on testing two routing protocols' performance namely, table-driven and on-demand routing protocol. The Destination Sequenced Distance Vector routing protocol is the most used table-driven routing protocols, While AODV and DSR routing protocols are the two most used on-demand routing protocols. The performance of these three protocols is simulated with a variety of packet delivery functions, average end-to-end delays, and routing loads. These protocols are also analyzed and compared. The simulation results show that for a high mobility environment, the on-demand routing protocol is the best option.

The Impact of selfishness Attack on Mobile Ad Hoc Network

Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is an infrastructure-less network that has the ability to configure itself without any centralized management. The topology of MANET changes dynamically which makes it open for new nodes to join it easily. The openness area of MANET makes it very vulnerable to different types of attacks. One of the most dangerous attacks is selfishness attack. In this type of attack, each node tries to save its resources, behave selfishly or non-cooperatively by not forwarding packets that are generated by other nodes. Routing in MANET is susceptible to selfishness attack and this is a crucial issue which deserves to be studied and solved. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to study the impact of selfishness attack on two routing protocols namely, Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), as a try to find the most resistant routing protocol to such attack. The contribution of this paper is a new Selfishness Attack Model (SAM) which applies selfishness attack on the two chosen routing protocols in the NS-2 simulator. According to the conducted simulation results, AODV shows higher performance than DSDV under the effect of selfishness attack.